living computers! (at least very basic computations run by bacteria) shunzaburo kida biomedical...
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LIVING COMPUTERS!
(At least very basic computations run by bacteria)
Shunzaburo KidaBiomedical Engineering
April 2010 BME 482
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Overview
Definition of computer Design of experiment Future Outlook Results Conclusion
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Computer
As defined by www.merriam-webster.com, a computer is a “programmable object that can store, retrieve, and process data.”
Conventional computers (silicon-based) run through possible solutions one at a time, excluding multi-cores
In this journal they utilize Escherichia coli (E. Coli) to execute DNA-based computations along with a protein (Hin) taken from salmonella bacteria
This system of using organic living cells allows for millions of solutions being run at once since each baterium acts as a single computer
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Design of Experiment
The special bacteria is designed to run a very simple program of “The Burnt Pancake Problem”
This outline consists of two pancakes of different sizes each with a burnt side.
Flip so largest is on bottom Flip again until burnt sides are down 8 total possible ways of executing
DNA is flipped around until a required order is established for a gene to be activated, which releases a resistance to an antibiotic
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Hin Protein
The Hin protein from salmonella acts as the “spatula”
Hin cuts the specific pieces of DNA and shuffles them around (flipping the pancakes), and then reattaches
Also acts as an on/off switch for another protein production if the proper sequence of DNA is achieved
If incorrect resistance to applied antibiotic is dispersed and bacteria dies
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Results
Bacterial colonies that created a resistance to tetracycline had accomplished The Burnt Pancake Problem
This can be checked by examining the specific DNA coding
At established time intervals reflects the minimal number of flips required to complete the task
Hin complex was able to flip single “pancakes” of varying size, adjacent segments,and sort multiple segments all at once
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Future Outlook
The same group conducted another study using the same E.coli and applied it to another mathematical problem.
This new problem is called the Hamiltonian Path Problem taking in 3 cities as a goal
In past, bacteria was programmed to form patterns, shapes, and colors – using this to perhaps create distinct tissues
Overtime hopefully bacterial computers become more advanced and can process more complex problems
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Pros
Can compute millions of scenarios all at once due to each bacterium acting as a single computer
Once identified, solution can be reproduced cheaply
Over an increased time the bacterial computer will increase in power due to the fact that bacteria reproduces
In vitro DNA inversion takes place rapidly (<1 minute)
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Cons
Not easy to program problems Will not in near future replace conventional
silicon based computers Currently can only solve simple problems Hin protein can't be fully controlled so random
shuffling is used to fulfill task
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Hamiltonian Path Problem
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Conclusion
Hin/hix DNA recombination can solve a two adjacent segment inversion system in vivo
Hin/hix complexes were used to regulate inversion efficiency since in vitro DNA inversion was observed as too rapid to detect proper calculations
The hin complex used indicates that this system when recoded could be utilized to compute more complex pancake stacks
This study could be used to observe the synthetic genome rearrangement that have occurred in nature
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References
Aron, Jacob. "Bacteria Make Computers Look like Pocket Calculators." Science Blog. Science Blog, 24 July 2009. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2009/jul/24/bacteria-computer>.
Bland, Eric. "Discovery News: Bacteria-Run Computer Solves Math Puzzle." Discovery Channel : Science, History, Space, Tech, Sharks, News. 28 May 2008. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/05/28/bacteria-computer-02.html>.
"Computer - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary." Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/computer>.
Haynes, Karmella A. "Engineering Bacteria to Solve the Burnt Pancake Problem." Journal of Biological Engineering. 20 May 2008. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.jbioleng.org/content/2/1/8>.
Nelson, Bryn. "Living Computers Solve Complex Math Puzzle - Frontiers- Msnbc.com." Breaking News, Weather, Business, Health, Entertainment, Sports, Politics, Travel, Science, Technology, Local, US & World News- Msnbc.com. 2 June 2008. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/24880713/ns/technology_and_science-innovation/page/2/>.
Quick, Darren. "First Living Computer Used for Flipping Pancakes." Gizmag Emerging Technology Magazine. 21 May 2008. Web. 15 Apr. 2010. <http://www.gizmag.com/first-living-computer-used-for-flipping-pancakes/9352/>.