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Locating innovation in the urban cultural economy: in the urban cultural economy: the case of screenbased industries in Toronto Charles H. Davis, Ph.D. RTA School of Media l fC i i & i Faculty ofCommunication & Design Ryerson University February, 2012 For presentation at the session on “Searching for the Right Space for Innovation, AAAS annual meeting, Vancouver, Feb. 17, 2012

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Page 1: Locating innovation in the urban cultural economysites.utoronto.ca/isrn/publications/Presentations/PresSlides... · Locating innovation in the urban cultural economy: the case of

Locating innovation in the urban cultural economy:in the urban cultural economy:  

the case of screen‐based industries in Toronto

Charles H. Davis, Ph.D.RTA School of Media

l f C i i & iFaculty of Communication & DesignRyerson University

February, 2012

For presentation at the session on “Searching for the Right Space for Innovation, AAAS  annual meeting,  Vancouver, Feb. 17, 2012

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agendaagenda

• Innovation in culture‐producing industriesInnovation in culture producing industries

• Some characteristics of the screen‐based industries in Ontarioindustries in Ontario

• How to understand innovation outcomes in lt d i i d t i ? Fi iculture‐producing industries?  Five generic 

innovation pathways

• conclusions

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Innovation in culture industriesInnovation in culture industries

• Understanding  (and improving) innovation in culture‐producing industries raises several challenges (Davis, Creutzberg & Arthurs, 2009)

– sectoral boundaries are increasingly fuzzy (so statistics are often unavailable)unavailable)

– the OECD‐sanctioned TPP model of innovation is not adequate (i.e. innovation is not primarily about how R&D improves production efficiencies)production efficiencies)

– no conventions exist for measuring increments of innovation

– we cannot assume that rate of product innovation reliably predicts commercial success

– “spillovers” or externalities play an important role

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The Ontario Entertainment and lCreative Cluster

• Ontario’s Entertainment and Creative Cluster encompasses  book and magazine publishing, music, interactive digital media, and film and television production

• The Ontario Media Development Corporation h f h l $estimates the economic size of the cluster at $12.2B 

(larger than Mining, Agriculture & Forestry, and Energy sectors in Ontario) (Th St 2012)Energy sectors in Ontario) (Thorne‐Stone, 2012)

• The cluster is growing rapidly, and around 75% of it is located in the Toronto regionlocated in the Toronto region.

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90% of all film and TV production and post‐production in Canada takes place in three centres: Montreal, Toronto, and Vancouver

Millions of dollars

80.0%

90.0%

100.0%

5000

6000

30 0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

all others

QC

ON2000

3000

4000

All others

QC

ON

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0% BC

0

1000

BC

Note: in each province, the respective principal city‐region accounts for >80% of production volume.Source: CFTPA/CMPA, various years

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Production and post‐production firms in Ontario

HAL, 2009

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Within the GTA, most film/TV production and post‐production firms are located in the central core in three areas: King West‐Liberty Village, the Distillery District, and Yonge St.  b Bl d E libetween Bloor and Eglinton

Ontario Film & TV 

Post‐Production

HAL, 2008

Production Companies

HAL, 2009

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Innovation pathway #1: from production to IP rights management

• Much European media research accepts that p pcountries have indigenous film and TV industries.  – The issue then is what are the implications of convergence, 

i ti ti i li ti l b li ti di iti ti tprivatization, regionalization, globalization, digitization, etc., on indigenous content‐producing industries and their audiences.

• Much North American research, in contrast, has regarded the development of centres outside Hollywood and New York in terms of “runaway” or 

d doutsourced production.   – The issue then is what are the long‐term development prospects for 

the resulting “satellite” production centers.

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Each of the three principal Canadian screen industry production centres has developed specialized capabilitiesVancouver: service production dominates

Toronto: English‐language Canadian‐owned IP

Montreal: French‐language Canadian‐owned IP

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Innovation pathway #2: i li i b i h dcommercialization by startups with new products

• About 20 digital media incubators / accelerators have emerged in Ontario

• Ryerson’s Digital Media Zone is currently i b ti th 30 iincubating more than 30 companies.

• Demand is very high for places in incubators and laccelerators

• Cost of validating a business idea has declined substantially•BUT most of the current generation of digital media firms are technology plays , content aggregators, or games

•It remains a challenge to incubate firms that offer narrative‐based contentbased content.

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Innovation pathway # 3: k l d llknowledge spillovers (Frontier Economics, 2007)

• Culture‐producing firms acquire new capabilities through adoption of advanced ICTs

• Recent examples: 3D film or tv, mobile digital television, Internet connected television, explosion of SFX into mainstream film & tv

Mr X Inc – scene from Lust, Caution

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Innovation pathway # 4: d llproduct spillovers (Frontier Economics, 2007)

• In the product spillover pathway, creative products andIn the product spillover pathway, creative products and services induce demand for complementary products in other industries.  Example: GeoFreakz (CCI)

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Innovation pathway #5: k llnetwork spillovers (Frontier Economics, 2007)

In a networkIn a network spillover, cultural infrastructure can induce h i hchanges in the surrounding environmentenvironment.  Example: TIFF Bell LightBoxg

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conclusionsconclusions• Innovation in culture‐producing industries is less of an exact science than in other industriesof an exact science than in other industries

• Spillovers or externalities can be significant factors in the value creation and capture process

• Innovation ‘spaces’ for cultural products are not exclusively geographic but also have key institutional technological and socialinstitutional, technological, and social dimensions.

• It is important to find ways to extend innovation p ypolicy and strategy to the content‐producing industries.

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Bibliography

David  Arthurs, Erin Cassidy, Charles H. Davis, and David Wolfe (2009).  “Indicators to Support Innovation Cluster Policy", International Journal of Technology Management 46(3/4): 263‐279. 

CMPA.  Profile, various years.  Ottawa: Canadian Media Production Association

Charles H. Davis  (2011). “Media Clusters and Public Policy", pp. 72‐98 in C. Karlsson and R. Picard, eds., Media Clusters Across the Globe: Developing, Expanding, and Reinvigorating Content Capabilities. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 

Charles H. Davis  (2011).  "The Toronto Media Cluster: between culture and commerce", pp. 223‐250 in C. Karlsson and R. Picard, eds., Media Clusters Across the Globe: Developing, Expanding, and Reinvigorating Content Capabilities. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. 

Charles H. Davis  (2010).  “New Firms in the Screen‐based Media Industry: Startups, Self‐employment, and Standing Reserve", pp. 165‐178 in M. Deuze, ed., Managing Media Work.  Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Charles H. Davis and Janice  Kaye (2010).  “International Production Outsourcing and the Development of Indigenous Film and Television Capabilities – the Case of Canada", pp. 57‐78 in G. Elmer et al., eds., Locating Migrating Media.  Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield.

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Charles H. Davis and Nicholas Mills (2012).  "Innovation and Toronto's Cognitive‐Cultural Economy ", in D. Wolfe, ed., Innovation and Creativity in City‐Regions [TBD].  Toronto: University y , , , y y g [ ] yof Toronto Press, in press.

Charles H. Davis, Tijs Creutzberg and David  Arthurs (2009).  “Applying an Innovation Cluster Framework to a Creative Industry: the Case of Screen based Media in Ontario" Innovation:Framework to a Creative Industry: the Case of Screen‐based Media in Ontario , Innovation: Management, Policy & Practice 11(2): 201‐214. 

Frontier Economics (2007).  Creative Industry Spillovers ‐ Understanding Their Impact on the Wider Economy.   London: Frontier Economics Ltd.

HAL (2009).  Ontario's Creative Cluster Study: Music ‐ Film and TV ‐Magazines ‐ Books ‐Interactive Digital Media. Ottawa: Hickling Arthurs Lowe for the Ontario Ministry of Culture.Interactive Digital Media.  Ottawa: Hickling Arthurs Lowe for the Ontario Ministry of Culture.

Richard  Hawkins and Charles  H. Davis (2012). “Innovation and Experience Goods: a Critical Appraisal of a Missing Dimension in Innovation Theory”, unpublished manuscript. 

Karen Thorne‐Stone (2012).   “Bucking the Trend – Ontario’s Thriving Creative Industries,” speech to the Economic Club of Canada, 7 Feb. 2012.