LOGIC 102lesson 02

Sh. Safdar Razi

1. Perspective 1

• The subject is a true particular (jus’ie haqeeqie) or a universal (kullie)

• 4 forms:1. Personal (shakhsiyya)

2. Natural (tabee’iyya)

3. Unattended (muhmalla)

4. Specific (mahsoura)

a. Personal (shakhsiyya)

• Definition:The subject is a true particular (juz’ee haqeeqee).

• Example:Muhammad is a Prophet.Dearborn is city.This person is not a poet.

b. Natural (tabee’yya)

• Definition:The subject is a universal (kullee) without paying attention to its particulars.

• Example:Man is a species.Animal is a genus.

c. Unattended (muhmalla)

• Definition:The subject is a universal with special attention paid to its particulars, without reference to the amount of its particulars.

• Example:Man is in a state of loss. (Surat Al-Asr: 2)A faithful worshipper does not lie.The verb can not be predicated. (I.e., you can not predicate run to run e.g. run run.)

d. Constrained / Specific

• Arabic: mahsoora/musawwarra• Definition:

The subject is a universal with special attention paid to its particulars, with reference to the amount of its particulars, as either: some or all.

• Is of two types: 1. All 2. Some

Types of Constrained:

1. All (kulliyya):Definition: All of its particles

Example: Every Imam is infallable.None of ignorance is beneficial.

Continued…

2. Some (juz’ee):Definition:Some of the particulars or the parts that make up that concept.Example:Some people lie.Little of my servants are thankful.Not every man is a scholar.

Notes:1. Notice that in the predicative constrained

syllogism is of four types:a) Positive universal (all (kull), every, in general,

for every (li) and the rest of the expressions that imply the general)

b) Negative universal (Nothing, none of, not one, the negation of a general statement)

c) Positive particular (some, one, many, little..)d) Negative particular (not some, some…are not,

not all,…)

Notes continued…

2.The most used syllogisms by the logician are the constrained type.

3.The Personal (shakhsiyya) has no generality and the logical syllogisms are general.

4. The natural syllogisms look specifically at the universal concept, and is not beneficial because it is not general on its particulars.

Notes continued…

5. The unattended, though it does take its particulars into account, does not do so with respect to their amount. Therefore, it has no limit.Example:The leader of a men is their servant.*Here, is every leader a servant? Is that true, or are some leaders servants to their people? The second is realistic because it shows the amount (this predicative is a constrained particular).

2. Perspective Two

• The subject being in the positive (moujaba) whether universal (kullie) or particular (juz’ee).

Definition of Moujaba

• The predicative positive syllogism predicates something to the subject.

• In order for this to happen the subject must exist.

• If the subject does not exist, how can we predicate something to it?!!

• Example: Sa’eed does not exist, yet we predicate happiness to him. This is not possible because he does not exist in the first place.

Continued…• And vice versa with respect to the negative

syllogism.• The negative syllogism does not require the

presence of its subject.• Because for something that does not exist,

everything can be negated from it.• And so, we say that the negative is confirmed

without the existence of the subject.• Example: “The father of Jesus (as) never ate or

drank.” is a true statement because “the father of Jesus does not exist.

What is the point here?

• The point here is that in order for the positive syllogism to be true, its subject must exist, otherwise it is a lie or false.

• Example:“The father of Jesus (as) eats and drinks.” is a false syllogism because his father, the subject, does not exist.

The Positive Syllogism

In the Positive the existence of the subject comes in three forms:

1. Mental (dhihniyya)

2. External (khaarijiyya)

3. True (haqeeqiyya)

1. Mental (dhihniya)

• Arabic: dhihniyya• Definition:

The subject does not externally but they exists as proven concepts mentally (in the mind).

• Example:– Every mountain of rubies can possibly exist.– Every meeting of two contraries is different than

every meeting of two similars.

2. External (khaarijiyya)

• Arabic: khaarijiyya• Definition:

The subject exists outside the mind with attention given to the particulars with respect to time (past, present and future).

• Example:– Every soldier in the base is trained to carry a

weapon.– Some of the men in this community divorce their

wives.– These men are divorced because they lied.

3. True

• Arabic: haqeeqiyya• Definition:

The subject exists in reality by itself. Meaning that the judgement falls on the individuals that exist in reality, and have the ability to exist. And so, even though it may not exist, it forces its presence in the judgement and is included within it.

Continued…

• Example:– Some triangles have right angles.– Every water is purified (taahir).– Every man is capable of graduate studies.