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Technology – Client Services 600 Avenue de la Montagne, Shawinigan, Quebec Canada G9N 7N5

Technical Report

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda

LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

André Laperrière

February 2011

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda

LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public Copy No. _______

Author: André Laperrière

Collaborators: Chrisnel Blot, Spectralux Noel Lanouette, Rouyn-Noranda Pierrette Leblanc, Natural Resources Canada Patrick Martineau, Hydro-Québec Project Manager: André Laperrière Under Project: Advanced Lighting Technologies J-4024

Requestor: Client Platform Business Unit Project Manager: Patrick Martineau

Approved by:

My Dung Handfield

Chief of Technology, Client Services

Hydro-Québec Research Institute

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda iii LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

DISTRIBUTION LIST

COMPLETE REPORT COPY NO. My Dung Handfield – Chief – Technology – Client Services 1

Michel Dostie – Chief Consultant – Energy Use 2

Noël Lanouette – Municipality of Rouyn-Noranda 3 + PDF

Maurice Gendron – Genex Vision Inc. 4

Pierrette Leblanc – NRCan 5 + PDF

André Laperrière – Researcher, LTE 6

Roger Bellemare – S.C.U.E. 7

Patrick Martineau – S.C.U.E. 8

Omer Lemay – S.C.U.E. 9

Chrisnel Blot – Spectralux 10

Nathalie Blanchard, Optical Design, INO 11

Jeremy Snyder – Lighting Research Center 12

Hydro-Québec Lighting Committee (Livelink site) (PDF)

LTE Library (original)

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda v LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

Executive Summary

In the field of lighting technologies, LED technology is beginning to offer energy saving

opportunities in some applications. But as with any new technology, we need to know how it works,

its physical underpinnings and its limitations, among other things. The US Department of Energy

and other bodies have started to promote use of the technology for street lighting. Some studies,

however, have shown that caution should be used and that the energy savings are not as

impressive as claimed in all cases.

Concurrent with a pilot project in the city of Rouyn-Noranda, a laboratory test campaign was

conducted by Spectralux Industries Inc. The lab tests considered photometric, colorimetric and

electrical factors, including mesopic correction and nighttime vision, for both LED and conventional

high pressure sodium (HPS) technologies. This is a new concept, specifically, that our eyes see

differently at night in low light levels (scotopic vision or S-vision) as compared with daylight

conditions (photopic vision or P-vision) and that it is possible to adapt spectral distribution

accordingly to optimize energy use. In the conventional method, all calculations are based on

daylight corrections, i.e., photopic corrections, whereas in reality, mesopic correction (between

photopic and scotopic) should be used.

Photopic (daytime

vision)(lumens)

Scotopic (nighttime

vision)(lumens)Ratio S/P

LED luminaire 3143 5686 1.81

HPS luminaire (ballast factor 1)

6603 4043 0.61

The City of Rouyn-Noranda conducted a survey regarding the pilot project. The analysis showed

that it is possible to reduce electricity consumption from 130 watts (100 watt HPS lamp) to 55 watts

with LED technology. However, illuminance levels diminish in comparison with previous levels.

Nonetheless, luminosity levels in local streets were satisfactory. As for collector roads, i.e., roads

that "collect" traffic flowing from local streets, illuminance levels were low. The laboratory tests,

including numerical simulations, confirmed the performance observed in the field.

vi Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

Figure S-1 shows how the two technologies compare on a local residential street with 140 feet

between lamp standards, mounting height of 30 feet and street width of 24 feet (2 lanes). IES

standard RP-8 recommends a luminance level of 0.3 cd/m2 for local streets with low traffic volume.

Simulations show that LED technology provides adequate performance in some applications. It is

noted that, with this rapidly evolving technology, new applications will become feasible. Caution is

in order, requiring that findings be formulated with great care. Even since this pilot project was

launched, new products have emerged that offer improvements over the products installed for this

study.

Figures S-2 and S-3 illustrate the distribution of lumens from LED and HPS luminaires. It can be

seen that with the HPS luminaire, 3754 lumens fall on the street side with 130 W of power, whereas

with the LED luminaire, that area receives 2066 lumens with 55 W of power. It is noted that 1 lux

represents 1 lumen per square metre of surface. One should further note that the LED luminaire

outputs the same photometric performance even if the voltage driving it varies up or down by 10%,

but the result is quite different with the HPS luminaire with magnetic ballast.

A European standard issued by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) prescribes

levels of illuminance that are even lower than the North American standard RP-8. That factor is

analyzed in this report.

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda vii LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

0.82 cd/m2 left side

0.67 cd/m2 right side 0.35 cd/m2 left side 0.21 cd/m2 right side

0.44 cd/m2 left side 0.33 cd/m2 right side

Figure S-1: Initial calculated luminance levels for 2-lane local street (24 ft wide), standards 140 ft apart and mounting height 30 ft.

Mesopic correction

y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748

x the photopic luminance

MULTIPLICATION FACTOR = 1.58

Mesopic correction

y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748



HPS LED

viii Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

New lamp with reference ballast: 9516 lumens

Luminaire output (BF = 0.9): 5567 lumens (luminaire efficacy 58.5%)

Downward lumens: 5346 Upward lumens: 221

Downward house side lumens Downward street side lumens

1592 lumens 3754 lumens

Figure S-2: Lumens distribution from luminaire with 100 W HPS lamp

(130 W total)

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda ix LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

Total lumens: 3084



Figure S-3: Lumens distribution from LED luminaire (55 W total)

In conclusion, it is hoped that this report will enable readers to make an informed decision regarding

the new advanced technologies for street lighting.

_________________________________

André Laperrière, Researcher, Technology, Client Services, Energy Technology Laboratory (LTE)

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda xi LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

Acknowledgements

The principal author wishes to thank all those who were involved in the preparation of this report.

He wishes also to acknowledge the excellent collaboration of the municipality of Rouyn-Noranda

for, in a sense, "lending" the city to serve as a science laboratory. This pilot project (Rouyn-

Noranda: LED Urban Lighting Project) was also made possible through the financial support of

Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). On March 2, 2011, the Union des municipalités du Québec

was pleased to announce that 17 innovative projects were recognized in the seventh edition of the

Ovation municipale awards. The Rouyn-Noranda project was a winner in the Environment and

Sustainable Development category. To be nominated, projects must represent an outstanding

benefit to the community and must make an original and innovative contribution to the life and

development of the community or its regional municipality. Nominations are evaluated on four

criteria: originality (counting for 35% of the total score), potential for application in other

municipalities (25%), local benefits (25%) and resource optimization (15%).

Finalists made a presentation on their projects at the 2011 UMQ congress, held in the Municipal

Innovation Pavillion, allowing judges to complete their evaluation to determine the winning

municipalities. Since the UMQ Ovation municipale awards program was launched in 2005, over 300

projects from across Quebec have been nominated.

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda xiii LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

Table of Contents

Pages

1. STREET LIGHTING AND PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................3 1.1 Illuminance and luminance.....................................................................................................4

1.1.1 Illuminance ...................................................................................................................4 1.1.2 Luminance....................................................................................................................6

1.2 Recommended luminance values ..........................................................................................8 2. CIE STANDARD 115:2010 – LIGHTING OF ROADS FOR MOTOR AND PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC ..........11

EVALUATION OF LED TECHNOLOGY

3. LABORATORY TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRE IN INTEGRATING SPHERE.........................................13

4. GONIOPHOTOMETER TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRES ..................................................................15

5. MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR LED.............................................................................................21

6. ASSIST AND MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR LED ........................................................................27

7. SIMULATIONS FOR LED LUMINAIRE ON LEMIRE STREET (35 FT WIDE) .......................................28

EVALUATION OF HPS TECHNOLOGY

8. SPHERE TESTS OF USED HPS LAMPS AND BALLASTS ...............................................................31

9. SPHERE TESTS OF NEW HPS LAMPS WITH NEW BALLASTS........................................................33

10. GONIOPHOTOMETRY TESTING OF USED HPS LAMPS AND LUMINAIRES .......................................35

11. GONIOPHOTOMETER TESTS OF USED LUMINAIRES AND NEW HPS LAMPS WITH REFERENCE BALLAST ................................................................................................................................39

12. SIMULATIONS FOR HPS LUMINAIRE ON LEMIRE STREET (35 FT WIDE) .......................................43

13. MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR HPS ............................................................................................47

14. ASSIST AND MESOPIC CORRECTION FOR HPS ........................................................................51

COMPARISON OF LED AND HPS

15. ASSIST AND LED VERSUS HPS.............................................................................................53

16. FIELD MEASUREMENTS OF LED LIGHTING ................................................................................55

17. SURVEY RESULTS ...................................................................................................................57

xiv Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................63

APPENDIX A: SPHERE TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRES ............................................................................71

APPENDIX B: MIRROR PHOTOMETER TESTING OF LED LUMINAIRES .......................................................87

APPENDIX C: KEY DATES IN PILOT PROJECT .........................................................................................99

APPENDIX D: PHOTOS FROM LED LIGHTING PROJECT IN ROUYN-NORANDA........................................ 103

APPENDIX E: LEVELS REQUIRED FOR URBAN AREAS OF OTTAWA ....................................................... 107

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda xv LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

List of Figures

Pages Figure 1: How illuminance (in lux) is measured .................................................................................. 5 Figure 2: Observer angles for calculating illuminance and luminance................................................ 6

Figure 3: Observer angles for calculating veiling luminance vL ......................................................... 7

Figure 4: Calculation grid for area between 2 luminaires.................................................................... 8 Figure 5: LED luminaire mounted in integrating sphere.................................................................... 13 Figure 6: Spectral distribution of LED luminaire................................................................................ 14 Figure 7: Chromaticity diagram for LED luminaire ............................................................................ 14 Figure 8: Luminaire angles for full cutoff classification ..................................................................... 16 Figure 9: BUG rating zones............................................................................................................... 18 Figure 10: Coefficients of utilization, test S1010131-R1 ................................................................... 20 Figure 11: Spectral power distribution of LED lighting ...................................................................... 22 Figure 12: LED luminous flux distribution by vision type................................................................... 24 Figure 13: Configuration of Lemire Street ......................................................................................... 28 Figure 14: Results of LED simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height,

6 ft setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1010131-R1.ies......................................................................... 30 Figure 15: Overall efficacy of existing HPS system, used and dirty.................................................. 37 Figure 16: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast (BF

of 1) ................................................................................................................................................... 40 Figure 17: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and BF of 0.9............... 41 Figure 18: Overall efficacy of new LED luminaire ............................................................................. 42 Figure 19: Results of simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height, 6 ft

setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1011052-R1.ies ............................................................................... 45 Figure 20: HPS luminaire mounted in sphere ................................................................................... 47 Figure 21: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire .................................................................. 48 Figure 22: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire in test L1011045-C1................................. 49 Figure 23: HPS luminous flux distribution by vision type .................................................................. 50 Figure 24: Effect of mesopic correction by luminance level.............................................................. 54 Figure 25: Illuminance levels measured on Lemire Street................................................................ 56 Figure 26: Comparison of HPS and LED (mounting height 30 ft, street width 24 ft, with and without

mesopic correction) ........................................................................................................................... 67 Figure 27: Effect of source spectral distribution on (mesopic) visual effect ...................................... 67 Figure 28: Luminance: mounting height 30 ft, standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft ............ 68

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda xvii LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

List of Tables

Pages Table 1: Illuminance levels prescribed in IES standard RP-8 ............................................................. 3 Table 2: Recommended luminance and luminance ratio values ........................................................ 9 Table 3: CIE 115-2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, and category P........... 11 Table 4: Flux with LED luminaire in integrating sphere..................................................................... 15 Table 5: Positions of maximum intensity by luminaire type .............................................................. 15 Table 6: Quantity of light measured with mirror photometer ............................................................. 16 Table 7: Lumens distribution by zone ............................................................................................... 17 Table 8: Maximum lumens for criterion B.......................................................................................... 18 Table 9: Maximum lumens for criterion U ......................................................................................... 19 Table 10: Maximum lumens for criterion G ....................................................................................... 19 Table 11: Lumens measured with LED in integrating sphere ........................................................... 23 Table 12: Photopic and scotopic lumens from LED luminaire, by wavelength ................................. 24 Table 13: Measurements in the integrating sphere........................................................................... 25 Table 14: S/P ratio for 0.3 cd/m2, according to ASSIST.................................................................... 27 Table 15: S/P ratio for 0.24 and 0.26 cd/m2, according to ASSIST .................................................. 27 Table 16: Results of LED luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street, ........................................ 29 with standards 140 ft apart ................................................................................................................ 29 Table 17: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street..... 30 Table 18: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts.................................................................. 31 Table 19: Colorimetry of used HPS lamps and ballasts.................................................................... 31 Table 20: Power of used HPS lamps with reference ballast ............................................................. 32 Table 21: Sphere tests of new HPS lamps with new ballasts ........................................................... 33 Table 22: Tests with new ballasts and new HPS lamps ................................................................... 34 Table 23: Effect of voltage on lamp luminous flux............................................................................. 34 Table 24: Luminous flux of HPS luminaire (dirty and clean) with used lamps .................................. 35 Table 25: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts.................................................................. 35 Table 26: Luminaire performance ..................................................................................................... 36 Table 27: Clean used luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast.............................................. 39 Table 28: New lamp with reference ballast ....................................................................................... 39 Table 29: Data used for simulations on Lemire Street...................................................................... 43 Table 30: Results of HPS luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street,........................................ 44 with standards 140 ft apart and street width 35 ft ............................................................................. 44

xviii Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

Table 31: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street..... 45 Table 32: Lumens measured in sphere with HPS luminaire and reference ballast .......................... 49 Table 33: Photopic lumens and scotopic lumens from HPS luminaire, by wavelength .................... 49 Table 34: S/P ratio according to ASSIST for HPS at 0.3 cd/m2 ........................................................ 51 Table 35: LED/HPS ratio by luminance level .................................................................................... 53 Table 36: Summary of experimental measurements from Lemire Street ......................................... 55 Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue .................................................................................... 57 Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area............................................................................................... 60 Table 39: Comparison of illuminance measurements and illuminance simulations.......................... 63 Table 40: Comparison of HPS and LED in Lemire Street simulation................................................ 64 Table 41: Scotopic lumens and photopic lumens by technology ...................................................... 65 Table 42: Results of simulations based on modified Lemire Street, ................................................. 66 with standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft ............................................................................. 66

Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda 1 LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

Introduction

In street lighting, new LED technology is slowly gaining ground and creating increasing interest.

Consumers are increasingly looking for technologies that will reduce energy costs while providing

acceptable visual performance. It was in this context that a trial was conducted in the municipality

of Rouyn-Noranda using LED luminaires supplied by Genex Vision Inc.

An experiment procedure was developed in order to evaluate this new technology in the field. The

luminaires were first evaluated in the lab by Spectralux Industries Inc. of Montreal. In the lab test

phase, both the integrating sphere and goniophotometer methods were used to test LED

technology and the current high pressure sodium (HPS) technology. Next, simulation tests were

conducted using Visual Roadway Lighting Tool software.

The methodical investigation continued over time, and field trials were conducted to validate the

illuminance levels determined in the simulations. In this report, the objective is to examine this new

technology in a specific application: street lighting. The practical aim is to determine the potential

for energy savings without sacrificing lighting quality.


1. Street lighting and principles

IES standard RP-8 applies to roadway lighting, and it is important to understand how the relevant

calculations are done. The "local" roadway category consists of residential streets.

Table 1: Illuminance levels prescribed in IES standard RP-8

Road and Pedestrian Conflict Area

Route Pedestrian Conflict Area

R2 & R3 lux

Uniformity ratio

Eavg / Emin

(Max allowed)

Veiling luminance

ratio LVmax / Lavg

(Max allowed)

Freeway Class A

9.0 3.0 0.3

Freeway Class B

6.0 3.0 0.3

High 14.0 3.0 0.3

Medium 12.0 3.0 0.3

Expressway

Low 9.0 3.0 0.3

High 17.0 3.0 0.3

Medium 13.0 3.0 0.3

Major

Low 9.0 3.0 0.3

High 12.0 4.0 0.4

Medium 9.0 4.0 0.4

Collector

Low 6.0 4.0 0.4

High 9.0 6.0 0.4

Medium 7.0 6.0 0.4

Local

Low 4.0 6.0 0.4

IES RP-8 prescribes illuminance levels in lux1 for different types of paved surfaces, routes and

pedestrian conflict areas. The term "pedestrian conflict area" refers to pedestrian activity and the

number of pedestrians per hour:

1 Source: Internet

4 Advanced Lighting Technologies: LED Street Lighting in Rouyn-Noranda LTE-RT-2011-0026 – Distribution to General Public

High: 100 or more pedestrians per hour

Medium: 11 to 99 per hour

Low: 10 or less per hour

Asphalt pavement is generally classified as type R3 due to its reflectance properties. Under IES

RP-8 criteria, the method based on recommended values according to the luminance method is

described later. To clarify the difference between these two methods – illuminance and luminance –

we start with the following definition:

The density of luminous flux at a given point on a surface is defined as the luminous flux per unit of

area.

1.1 Illuminance and luminance

1.1.1 Illuminance

The density of luminous flux is also referred to as the illuminance level. The SI unit used to

quantify illuminance is the lux (lx); 1 lx = 1 lumen per square metre. A photometer is used to

measure illuminance (as shown in Figure 1). Note: the illuminance level on a surface is

independent of the reflectance of that surface.

dAdEhϕ

=


2

Figure 1: How illuminance (in lux) is measured

Where hE represents horizontal illuminance and I represents luminous intensity in cd/m2, the

inverse square law can be used to calculate illuminance using the angles φ and γ shown in

Figure 2.

2

)(),(D

LLFCosIEh××

=γγφ

Or, )(γCos

HD = and last:

2

3 )(),(H

LLFCosIEh××

=γγφ

Light loss factor (LLF) is defined as the factor used to determine luminosity degradation over time

due to aging of the source, soiling and other elements.

2 http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/publications/equipement/eclairage/section3.cfm?attr=4


Figure 2: Observer angles for calculating illuminance and luminance

1.1.2 Luminance

Luminance is defined as the quantity of light that is reflected by a surface and reaches the eye of an

observer. In other words, it is the quantity of light that reaches the observer's eye. IES standards

traditionally have been based on the illuminance method, but now the luminance method has been

adopted because it provides a more accurate depiction of reality and takes into consideration the

type of surface involved. The observer is located 83.07 m from the point and the observer's eyes

are 1.45 m above the surface of the street, and the observer looks at the surface at an angle of 1°

from the horizontal.3

3 ROADWAY LIGHTING DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND EVALUATION; Olkan Cuvalci

(Western Kentucky University Engineering Technology Department Kentucky); Bugra Ertas (A&M University Mechanical Engineering Department Turbomachinery Laboratory College Station, Texas), 2000 Society for Design and Process Science


Figure 3: Observer angles for calculating veiling luminance vL

Luminance is calculated as follows, r being roadway reflectance:

∑=

=n

i

iiiip H

IrL

12

,

10000),()( γφγβ

And last, 22 )()( obeHD −+−=

The luminaire projects light directly at the observer's eye, causing discomfort and a reduction in

visual performance. The discomfort is such that the luminance can exceed that produced by light

reflected from the roadway surface. This "veiling luminance" is calculated empirically as shown

below.

θθ 5,1102 +

= vv

EL


vE being the vertical level on the plane of the observer's pupil

θ being the angle contained by the observer's line of sight and the line from eye to luminaire in

degrees.

In the IES method, the veiling luminance ratio is calculated by dividing the maximum veiling

luminance by the average luminance on the road surface, yielding an indicator of the discomfort

caused by glare or disability glare.

1.2 Recommended luminance values

Between two luminaires A and B, the 20 values shown below can be calculated for each. The

concept is that one can determine an average value and a uniformity indicator for a grid. One can

imagine a situation in which the average value would be high but distribution would be very poor.

As a result, some spots would be unlit or too brightly lit, meaning the lighting system is not

sufficiently optimized.

Figure 4: Calculation grid for area between 2 luminaires


avgL average luminance between 2 luminaires

minL minimum luminance between 2 luminaires

maxL maximum luminance between 2 luminaires

vL veiling luminance, maxvL being the maximum veiling luminance

Luminance is hard to measure on the ground, while measuring illuminance is quite a simple matter.

For that reason, field surveys are often done by measuring illuminance with a luxmeter. Table 2

shows the required average luminance and the uniformity ratios for different types of route and

traffic levels. One of the points of interest in this project is lighting for local roadways, i.e., residential

streets with low pedestrian conflict, for which an average luminance of 0.3 cd/m2 is required.

Table 2: Recommended luminance and luminance ratio values4

Road and Pedestrian Conflict Area

Route Pedestrian Conflict Area

Average luminance Lavg (cd/m2)

Uniformity ratio Lavg /

Lmin (Maximum allowed)

Uniformity ratio Lmax /

Lmin (Maximum allowed)

Veiling luminance ratio Lvmax /

Lavg (Maximum allowed)

Freeway Class A 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3

Freeway Class B 0.4 3.5 6.0 0.3

High 1.0 3.0 5.0 0.3 Medium 0.8 3.0 5.0 0.3 Expressway

Low 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3 High 1.2 3.0 5.0 0.3

Medium 0.9 3.0 5.0 0.3 Major Low 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.3 High 0.8 3.0 5.0 0.4

Medium 0.6 3.5 6.0 0.4 Collector Low 0.4 4.0 8.0 0.4 High 0.6 6.0 10.0 0.4

Medium 0.5 6.0 10.0 0.4 Local Low 0.3 6.0 10.0 0.4

4 Source: Internet.


As shown in the table above, the luminance characteristics set out below are required on local

routes with low pedestrian conflict. In North America, illuminance values (lux) were traditionally

used, but luminance values (cd/m2) will be used in future, based on the following criteria.

1. CRITERION 1: avgL greater than 0.3 cd/m2

This ensures that luminance on the pavement is sufficient. If spacing is too great, the required

luminance will not achieved. Note that the luminance level increases as traffic carrying capacity

and pedestrian conflict rise.

2. CRITERION 2: ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡

minLLavg < 6.0

This criterion is intended to maximize luminance uniformity. If minimum luminance is very low, the

ratio will tend to infinity. In such a case, the result will be

∞=⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡=⎥

⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡0min

avgavg LLL

3. CRITERION 3: ⎥⎦

⎤⎢⎣

⎡

min

max

LL

< 10.0

This criterion is intended to ensure uniformity of luminance and maximize the ratio of maximum

luminance to minimum luminance.

4. CRITERION 4: ⎥⎥⎦

⎤

⎢⎢⎣

⎡

avg

v

LL max < 0.4

vL being veiling luminance, maxvL being maximum veiling luminance. If maximum veiling

luminance exceeds 40% of the average luminance, glare is created, causing discomfort and

impairing vision. Veiling luminance adds to the effect of luminance from light reflected off the

surface.

These are the four criteria to consider when evaluating street lighting. Any evaluation must

therefore consider not only luminance but also uniformity and glare.


2. CIE standard 115:2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic

Technical report CIE 115:2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, issued by the

International Commission on Illumination (CIE), is a 2010 update of the report released in 1995, and

is intended to consider such additional factors as energy efficiency and control systems with a view

to decreasing lighting levels during periods of reduced activity. Systems are categorized as M, C or

P. Calculations are based on the following:5

• Motorized traffic, M, (for drivers of motorized vehicles – luminance)

• Conflict areas, C, (where traffic streams intersect, or run into areas with pedestrians and

cyclists, or there is a change in geometry or parking areas – luminance or illuminance)

• Pedestrian and low speed areas, P, ( for needs of pedestrians – illuminance, H and V)

In this pilot project, the residential area under study is categorized as type P, a pedestrian and low

speed area.

Table 3: CIE 115-2010 – Lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian traffic, and category P

Additional criteria if face recognition is necessary

Cat.

Average horizontal

illuminance

avhE , (lux)

Minimum horizontal illuminance

min,hE (lux)

Minimum vertical illuminance

min,vE (lux)

Minimum semi-

cylindrical vertical illuminance

min,scE (lux)

P1 15 3.0 5.0 3.0

P2 10 2.0 3.0 2.0

P3 7.5 1.5 2.5 1.5

P4 5.0 1.0 1.5 1.0

P5 3.0 0.6 1.0 0.6

P6 2.0 0.4 0.6 0.4

5 CIE and Roadlighting, Steve Jenkins, Division 4 Representative


3. Laboratory testing of LED luminaire in integrating sphere

The results of the lab tests with a 2 m integrating sphere are provided in Appendix A. In this test the

luminous flux of the source was evaluated by means of spectroradiometry measurements.

Figure 5: LED luminaire mounted in integrating sphere

For test L1010112-C1, total flux was measured at 3118 lumens and luminaire input power was

54.19 W, revealing an overall efficacy of 57.5 lumens/W.

Colour temperature was 5204°K, with a colour rendering index (CRI) of 69. Samples of the

measured values are presented in the figures below. It is interesting to note that, at 69, the CRI is

high compared to conventional HPS technology, at 20.


Figure 6: Spectral distribution of LED luminaire

Figure 7: Chromaticity diagram for LED luminaire


4. Goniophotometer testing of LED luminaires

LED luminaires were tested for absolute photometry with a mirror photometer by Spectralux

Industries Inc. It is interesting to compare the luminous flux values integrated on the mirror

photometer with those obtained with the integrating sphere. The average electrical values observed

are provided in Table 4. Note the high power factor and average lumens value of 3142 for an

average power of 54.6 W. In the sphere, luminous efficacy in lumens per watt was 57.6 lm/W.

Table 4: Flux with LED luminaire in integrating sphere

TEST Voltage (Vac)

Current (A)

Power (watts)

Power factor Lumens

S1010131-R1 120.3 0.458 54.5 0.990 3151 S1010132-R1 120.3 0.463 54.5 0.978 3158 S1010141-R1 120.3 0.461 54.8 0.988 3118

Positions of maximum intensity by IES class are provided in Table 5. Max cd represents maximum

readings in candelas and the position of maximum intensity. Also, at vertical angle 90°, maximum

intensity is 0 cd, while at 80° it is 63 cd.

Table 5: Positions of maximum intensity by luminaire type

TEST MAX CD. MAX LOC. MAX 90V MAX 80V IES CLASS. S1010131-R1 1799 70.0 H, 45.0 V 0 63 Type III, Short, Full Cutoff S1010132-R1 1865 75.0 H, 50.0 V 0 63 Type II, Short, Full Cutoff S1010141-R1 1838 75.0 H, 50.0 V 0 64 Type II, Short, Full Cutoff

Full cutoff means that at an angle greater than 90°, luminous intensity is nil; at an angle of 80° or

more above nadir, luminous intensity in cd does not exceed 10% of the luminous flux of the

luminaire. Average luminous flux of the luminaire was 3142 lumens. Ten per cent of that value is

314.2. At 80°, maximum intensity was 63 cd, which, being less than 314.2, is consistent with the

full cutoff classification. Figure 8 shows the luminaire angles for full cutoff classification. Clearly, a

good luminaire should be designed to minimize the light projected at angles of 80° and 90° above

nadir.


Figure 8: Luminaire angles for full cutoff classification6

Table 6 shows the quantity of light emitted by the luminaire on the house side, street side and at

90° above nadir, an area of interest with regard to night sky pollution.

Table 6: Quantity of light measured with mirror photometer

TEST DSSL DHSL DTL USSL UHSL UTL TLL S1010131-R1 2057 995 3052 0 0 0 3052 S1010132-R1 2067 1027 3094 0 0 0 3094 S1010141-R1 2074 1031 3105 0 0 0 3105

DSSL: Downward street side lumens

DHSL: Downward house side lumens

DTL: Downward total lumens

USSL: Upward street side lumens

UHSL: Upward house side lumens

UTL: Upward total lumens

TLL: Total luminaire lumens

It is noted that the luminaire lumen readings taken with the mirror photometer are roughly the same

as those with the integrating sphere. Table 7 provides the lumens distribution by zone for the three

tests. It is interesting to note the low lumens emission readings (1%) at angles of 80° to 90°. Most

lumens are emitted in the 30° to 60° zone.

6 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Lighting Research Center website.


Table 7: Lumens distribution by zone

S1010131-R1 S1010132-R1 S1010141-R1 Angle Street side % Total lumens 2057 2067 2074 100 0°–30° FL 420 436 431 21% 30°–60° FM 1202 1204 1212 58% 60°–80° FH 423 416 420 20% 80°–90° FVH 12 11 11 1% Angle House side % Total lumens 995 1207 1031 100 0°–30° BL 242 249 249 23% 30°–60° BM 545 562 563 52% 60°–80° BH 197 204 207 19% 80°–90° BVH 11 12 12 1% Angle Uplight 90°–100° UL 0 0 0 100°–180° UH 0 0 0

IES standard TM-15-07, issued in 2007, classifies luminaires according to backlight, uplight and

glare (BUG) at different angles. The backlight (B) factor aims to minimize light trespass, i.e., light

falling where it is not wanted, such as property adjacent to the area that needs to be illuminated.

The uplight (U) factor aims to minimize sky glow. The glare (G) factor aims to reduce light projected

at the observer's eyes. The angles used to establish the BUG rating are shown in Figure 9.


Figure 9: BUG rating zones

The object is to limit the quantity of lumens emitted in these zones.

Table 8: Maximum lumens for criterion B


Table 9: Maximum lumens for criterion U

Table 10: Maximum lumens for criterion G

In the three tests, the LED luminaire was rated B1 U1 G1. Note, however, that these ratings are

based only on the quantity of lumens emitted in each zone, and not on the percentage of the total

lumens emitted by the luminaire.

Test S1010141-R1: Rating B1 U1 G1 Test S1010132-R1: Rating B1 U1 G1 Test S1010131-R1: Rating B1 U1 G1


Figure 10: Coefficients of utilization, test S1010131-R1

The maximum coefficient of utilization that a luminaire could achieve is approximately 68% on the

street side and 32% on the house side.


5. Mesopic correction for LED

Photometry is the measurement of emitted radiant energy corrected for the sensitivity of the human

eye. At photopic levels, luminous efficacy values are corrected using the function V(λ). But for

nighttime vision, a photopic correction V'(λ) is used. The mesopic region is a region for which

illuminance levels range from 0.001 to 10 cd/m2, i.e., between nighttime vision and daytime vision.

According to Helsinki University, the correction factor V(λ) currently used to determine the quantity

of lumens is not applicable to conditions for which function V(λ) was obtained:

It is acknowledged in CIE publication N° 41 (Light as a true visual quantity: principles of measurement, 1978) that: “Since the luminous efficiency function of the human eye is known to vary with a wide variety of viewing conditions, the assessment of radiant power can give accurate values only when the measured light corresponds to conditions under which V(λ) was obtained.”

Where do we need mesopic photometry?

The most relevant mesopic lighting applications are street and road lighting and other outdoor lighting.

CIE set up technical committee 1-58 – Visual Performance in the Mesopic Range, involved in

MOVE – Mesopic Optimization of Visual Efficiency. Based on this committee's work, CIE in

September 2010 published a photometry system based on mesopic photometry.7

In North America, the ASSIST model is based on mesopic correction. LED luminaires were

evaluated based on both scotopic correction and photopic correction for three samples.

7 Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry Based on Visual Performance, Commission Internationale

de L'Eclairage (CIE) / 01-Sep-2010 / 81 pages ISBN: 9783901906886


Spectral Power Distribution

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800

Wavelength (nm)

w/n

m

Photopic (Vλ)Scotopic (V'λ)SPD Sample 1SPD Sample 2SPD Sample 3

Figure 11: Spectral power distribution of LED lighting

Luminous flux in lumens for daytime vision is given by the equation:


∫=nm

nmdPV

780

380)()(686 λλλφ

where

P(λ) is spectral power density in W/nm

V(λ) is the photopic correction for daytime vision

Φ is luminous flux in lumens for daytime vision

Luminous flux in lumens for nighttime vision is given by the equation:

∫=nm

nmdPV

780

380)()('1699 λλλφ

where

P(λ) is spectral power density in W/nm

V’(λ) is the scotopic correction for nighttime vision

Φ is luminous flux in lumens for nighttime vision

It should be noted, however, that lumen values provided by manufacturers are always lumens for

daytime vision with photopic correction. Table 11 contains the experiment measurements.

Table 11: Lumens measured with LED in integrating sphere

TEST

Voltage (Vac)

Current

(A)

Power (watts)

Photopic lumens (P)

Scotopic

lumens (S)

RATIO

S/P L1010132-C1 119.8 0.4634 54.6 3151 5686 1.80 L1010122-C1 119.8 0.4641 54.3 3158 5734 1.82 L1010112-C1 119.7 0.4588 54.2 3118 5639 1.81


Table 12: Photopic and scotopic lumens from LED luminaire, by wavelength

Daytime vision Nighttime vision Photopic Scotopic Violet Lumens (380–430 nm) 1 44 Blue Lumens (430–480 nm) 61 1584 Green Lumens (480–560 nm) 1528 3538 Yellow Lumens (560–590 nm) 943 457 Orange Lumens (590–620 nm) 471 59 Red Lumens (620–700 nm) 139 4 Dark Red Lumens (700–780 nm) 0 0 TOTAL lumens 3143 5686

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

4 000

Violet Lumens(380-430 nm)

Blue Lumens(430 - 480 nm)

Green Lumens(480-560 nm)

Yellow Lumens(560 - 590 nm)

Orange Lumens(590 - 620 nm)

Red Lumens(620 - 700 nm)

Dark RedLumens (700 -

780 nm)

Longueur d'onde en nm

Lum

inou

s flu

x (lu

men

s)

PhotopicScotopic

Figure 12: LED luminous flux distribution by vision type


The data show that the benefits of LED lighting for low illuminance levels (typically roadway and

other outdoor lighting) are based on the spectral distribution of the source. A 2008 study entitled

LED Street Lighting8 indicates:

However, a lumen for lumen replacement scenario for LED outdoor retrofits does not account for improvements in colour rendering, lighting distribution, and enhanced night time lighting conditions (scotopic or mesopic vision advantages) that might allow for a reduction in total output from LED light sources relative to HPS. Recognizing the increasing interest in nighttime performance of LEDs, the DOE study notes that more energy savings would be possible if these factors were taken into account. Because this is increasingly a part of the lighting design and energy planning discussion, evaluation of photopic and scotopic illuminance to characterize nighttime lighting performance of LED street light is included in this assessment.

Traditional methods using the quantity of light emitted for daytime vision do not take into account

the spectral distribution of LEDs for nighttime vision. For that reason, conventional HPS technology

must not be compared on a lumen-for-lumen basis. With this scientific premise established, the

detailed results of colorimetry measurements in the sphere are reported in Appendix A.

Table 13: Measurements in the integrating sphere

Test No. L1010132-C1 L1010122-C1 L1010112-C1 Light source type 50W LED 50W LED 50W LED Correlated colour temperature (CCT) in °K 5194 5229 5204 Colour rendering index (CRI) 68 69 69 Chromaticity (x) 0.3409 0.3398 0.3406 Chromaticity (y) 0.3658 0.3626 0.3655 Lamp power (watts) 54.6 54.3 54.19 Photopic lumens 3152 3158 3118 Scotopic lumens 5686 5734 5639 Photopic lumens per watt 58 58 58 Scotopic lumens per watt 104 106 104 Ratio of scotopic lm to photopic lm 1.80 1.82 1.81

8 LED Street Lighting; Host Site: City of San Francisco, California; Final Report prepared in support of the US

DOE Solid-State Lighting Technology Demonstration Gateway Program and PG&E Emerging Technologies Program, December 2008; page 3


6. ASSIST and mesopic correction for LED

Table 2 shows that, based on the standard method and photopic correction, the luminance level

required for local routes with low traffic volume is 0.3 cd/m2. For calculation purposes, the S/P ratio

from the previous section and Table 13 is 1.8. The values below are taken from ASSIST Table 3.

Table 14: S/P ratio for 0.3 cd/m2, according to ASSIST

S/P Photopic luminance of 0.3 cd/m2

1.75 0.3514 1.85 0.3566

For an S/P ratio of 1.8, the luminance value is 0.354 cd/m2. Consequently, changing to a white light

source increases luminance. Conventional streetlights use yellowish HPS lamps.

Table 15: S/P ratio for 0.24 and 0.26 cd/m2, according to ASSIST


Photopic luminance of 0.26 cd/m2

1.75 0.2944 0.3138 1.80 0.2972 0.3166 1.85 0.3000 0.3193

For an S/P ratio of 1.8, the value extrapolates to 0.243 cd/m2. In conclusion, when LED lighting is

installed with an S/P ratio of 1.8, a luminance value of 0.243 cd/m2 can be used to achieve the

same effect as 0.3 cd/m2. The illuminance level is improved by a factor of 0.3/0.243, i.e., a 23%

increase solely due to the S/P ratio.


7. Simulations for LED luminaire on Lemire Street (35 ft wide)

Simulations were done using the characteristics of Lemire Street in Rouyn-Noranda. The

simulations used LED luminaires with a mounting height of 30 ft, setback of 6 ft and arm length of 8

ft.

8 feet arm length

30 fe

et m

ount

ing

heig

ht

Street width 35 feet

Usefullzone

6 feet setback

Left side Right side

Figure 13: Configuration of Lemire Street

The distance between luminaires was measured at 140 ft. In this case, for simulation purposes, the

route was classified as local (residential) with asphalt surface, consistent with the designation

R2/R3. Simulations were based on the three trial luminaires. The street was divided into two

sections: right side and left side. The results of the simulations are reported in Table 16.


Table 16: Results of LED luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street,

with standards 140 ft apart

S1010141-R1.ies S1010131-R1.ies S1010132-R1.ies IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet 140 feet Average

Luminance on right side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.12

Maximum (cd/m2) 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.33 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 6 Average / minimum 3.00 3.00 2.75 2.92

10 Maximum / minimum 8.25 8.25 8.25 8.25 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.26 0.28 0.29 0.28

Luminance on left side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.33 0.32 0.33 0.33

Maximum (cd/m2) 0.72 0.71 0.74 0.72 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 6 Average / minimum 3.30 3.20 3.30 3.27

10 Maximum / minimum 7.20 7.10 7.40 7.23 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17

Total average street luminance Average (cd/m2) 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 S1010141-R1.ies S1010131-R1.ies S1010132-R1.ies

IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet 140 feet Illuminance on right side

4 Average (lux) 2.46 2.47 2.4 2.44 Maximum (lux) 6.34 6.35 5.91 6.20 Minimum (lux) 0.58 0.57 0.57 0.57 6 Average / minimum 4.24 4.33 4.21 4.26

10 Maximum / minimum 10.93 11.14 10.37 10.81 Illuminance on left side

4 Average (lux) 5.41 5.31 5.48 5.40 Maximum (lux) 11.61 11.21 11.83 11.55 Minimum (lux) 0.95 0.93 0.95 0.94 6 Average / minimum 5.69 5.71 5.77 5.72

10 Maximum / minimum 12.22 12.05 12.45 12.24 Total average street illuminance Average (lux) 3.94 3.89 3.94 3.92

As the right side of the street is farther from the luminaire, it is normal for that side to be less

illuminated than the left side.


Table 17 shows the average luminance values on the right and left sides. It is interesting to note

that the right-side value of 2.44 lux is lower than the 4 lux prescribed by IES RP-8 but higher than

the 2 lux prescribed by CIE 115:2010 – Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic and

Class P, specified for class P6.

Table 17: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street

Average luminance

(cd/m2) Average illuminance

(lux) Right side 0.12 2.44 Left side 0.33 5.4 Street average 0.22 3.92

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Espacement des luminaires (pieds)

Rat

io

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

0,14

0,16

0,18

Lum

inan

ce (c

d/m

2 )

Moyenne / minimumMaximum / minimumIES Moyenne/minimumIES Maximum / minimumMoyenne (cd/m2)

IES Moyenne / Minimum

IES Maximum / Minimum

165 pieds

Figure 14: Results of LED simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height, 6 ft setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1010131-R1.ies


8. Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts

To characterize the existing HPS system, three used luminaires were obtained from the municipality

of Rouyn-Noranda. The tests were done also with the reference ballast.

Table 18: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts

Test Lamp Ballast Voltage Current Power Lumens Ballast (Vac) (A) (watts) factor

L1005073-C1 CS13 310008-06 120.28 0.980 115.43 5387 0.797 L1005074-C1 CS13 REF 120.20 2.225 113.77 6762 N/A

L1005103-C1 CS14 310008-06 120.04 1.158 138.51 7314 0.974 L1005104-C1 CS14 REF 119.88 1.966 119.71 7510 N/A

L1005112-C1 CS15 310008-06 119.73 1.120 131.97 9974 0.935 L1005113-C1 CS15 REF 120.11 2.107 119.07 10665 N/A

Table 19: Colorimetry of used HPS lamps and ballasts

Test CHRO-x CHRO-y CRI CCT Temp. Humidity Input

Voltage Input

Current (°K) (°C) (%) THD THD

L1005073-C1 0.5320 0.4133 3 1957 26 29.8 2.4 6.2 L1005074-C1 0.5334 0.4105 8 1930 26.2 28.2 3.4 N/A

L1005103-C1 0.5351 0.3945 19 1821 26.5 24.1 2.3 4.0 L1005104-C1 0.5371 0.3945 20 1806 26.6 23.6 2.3 N/A

L1005112-C1 0.5319 0.4087 16 1930 26.2 25.6 2.5 5.2 L1005113-C1 0.5305 0.4073 17 1933 27.2 26.7 2.7 N/A

In these tests we note that the colour rendering index (CRI) is 20 and the colour temperature about

2000°K, which are typical values for this technology. However, there was one anomaly involving

the first ballast, i.e., test L1005073-C1, lamp CS13.

As for lamp lumens, the values varied widely, as the number of hours that each lamp had been

used was not known. In any event, the observed lumen values are 5387, 7314 and 9974.


Manufacturer data for the GE Lucalox® High Pressure Sodium ED23.5 – Street Lighting, type ANSI

S54, indicate an initial flux of 9500 lumens, maintained flux 8550 lumens, colour temperature

2000°K and CRI 22. As for electrical wave quality, the current harmonic distortion was low: under

10%. The power factor was over 0.98 and harmonic distortion was low, and the overall results

showed that current HPS ballast technology is consistent with the power quality on the electric

power grid. This is a reference, comparing conventional HPS with new LED technology.

Table 20: Power of used HPS lamps with reference ballast

Test Lamp Ballast Voltage Current Power (Vac) (A) (watts)

L1005074-C1 CS13 REF 120.2 2.225 113.77 L1005104-C1 CS14 REF 119.88 1.966 119.71 L1005113-C1 CS15 REF 120.11 2.107 119.07

The used lamps obtained from the luminaire were installed on the reference ballast in order to

characterize the power of the lamp, which explains why the notation "REF" appears. Power at the

lamp on the reference ballast exceeded 100 watts: two lamps read 119 W and the other read

115 W.


9. Sphere tests of new HPS lamps with new ballasts

Ten ballasts were tested in this series of tests. New ballasts made by Venture and Advance were

purchased, as well as new lamps. This was done to determine new performance and to validate

original-condition performance. During testing, voltage was varied upward and downward by 10%

in order to quantify the effect on luminous performance.

Table 21: Sphere tests of new HPS lamps with new ballasts

Test number Ballast Supply voltage Test name

1 Venture ballast 1 –10% of nominal voltage L1011036-C1

2 Venture ballast 1 Nominal voltage L1011035-C1

3 Venture ballast 1 +10% of nominal voltage L1011037-C1



6 Advance ballast 1 –10% of nominal voltage L1011023-C1

7 Advance ballast 1 Nominal voltage L1011022-C1

8 Advance ballast 1 +10% of nominal voltage L1011024-C1




Table 22: Tests with new ballasts and new HPS lamps

Test Voltage % Voltage (Vac) Current (A) Ballast power(watts)

Lamp power (watts) Lumens BF

L1008032-C1 REF 124.05 2.343 120.96 101.68 9516 1.00

Advance

L1011023-C1 93% 111.39 0.997 107.26 78.53 7333 0.771

L1011024-C1 110% 131.84 1.230 156.08 112.71 12056 1.267

L1011022-C1 Nominal 119.63 1.078 124.66 91.22 8983 0.944

L1011025-C1 Nominal 119.58 1.148 133.92 98.15 10,079 1.059

L1011034-C1 Nominal 118.19 1.072 121.50 87.11 8519 0.895

Venture

L1011036-C1 91% 108.10 1.026 108.74 78.39 7335 0.771

L1011037-C1 112% 132.20 0.996 126.55 91.63 9109 0.957

L1011035-C1 Nominal 118.15 1.010 116.46 84.82 8164 0.858

L1011038-C1 Nominal 120.12 1.024 119.72 87.48 8527 0.896

L1011042-C1 Nominal 119.98 1.019 118.96 86.81 8389 0.882

In the above table, test L1008032-C1 showed the power of a new lamp with the reference ballast

was 101.68 W and luminous flux 9516 lm. It is also noted that voltage variations in the power grid

affect luminous flux. It is recognized that the voltage in the power grid can vary upward or

downward by 10% of nominal voltage. In other words, if the nominal voltage is 120 Vac, actual

voltage can be anywhere from 108 to 132 Vac. This means one customer could see 132 Vac while

another sees 108 Vac. It also means one luminaire could produce 9109 lm while at a different

location another luminaire would produce 7335 lm. It is noted that 9109 is 124% of 7335.

Table 23: Effect of voltage on lamp luminous flux

Lumens Lumens % Voltage % 7335 90% 91% 8164 100% 100% 9109 112% 112%


10. Goniophotometry testing of used HPS lamps and luminaires

In this phase the HPS luminaire obtained from the municipality was installed directly in the sphere

and on the mirror goniometer to determine luminaire loss and distribution. It is the commercial

ballast in the luminaire that supplies power to the lamps. Three HPS luminaires were tested,

including:

i) the dirty HPS luminaire received directly from the municipality, and

ii) the clean luminaire, after the lens, reflector and luminaire were cleaned.

Table 24: Luminous flux of HPS luminaire (dirty and clean) with used lamps

Test LUMCAT DSSL DHSL DTL USSL UHSL UTL TLL Cond. S1005032-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#1-D 2318 906 3224 42 33 75 3299 Dirty S1005041-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#1-C 2470 963 3433 43 34 77 3510 Clean S1005042-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#2-D 3233 1051 4284 73 36 109 4393 Dirty S1005051-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#2-C 3306 1098 4404 72 38 110 4514 Clean S1005062-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#3-D 4610 1766 6376 93 63 156 6532 Dirty S1005063-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#3-C 4760 1825 6585 94 63 157 6742 Clean

The abbreviations in the top row of the above table are defined on page 16.

Each luminaire has a different output, and their output is also influenced by the lamp's age and

condition. For comparison purposes, the readings from the integrating sphere tests are reproduced

below.

Table 25: Sphere tests of used HPS lamps and ballasts

Test Lamp Ballast Voltage Current Power Lumens Ballast

(Vac) (A) (watts) factor

L1005073-C1 CS13 310008-06 120.28 0.980 115.43 5387 0.797

L1005074-C1 CS13 REF 120.20 2.225 113.77 6762 N/A

L1005103-C1 CS14 310008-06 120.04 1.158 138.51 7314 0.974

L1005104-C1 CS14 REF 119.88 1.966 119.71 7510 N/A


L1005112-C1 CS15 310008-06 119.73 1.120 131.97 9974 0.935

L1005113-C1 CS15 REF 120.11 2.107 119.07 10665 N/A

Based on the data in these two tables, luminaire performance was determined as follows:

Table 26: Luminaire performance

Luminaire No. Lamp alone A

Dirty luminaire B

Efficacy

(B/A)

Luminaire No. 1 5387 3299 61.2%

Luminaire No. 2 7314 4393 60.1%

Luminaire No. 3 9974 6532 65.5%

Average 7558 4741 62.7%


Used lamp alone: 7558 lumens

Luminaire output: 4741 lumens (luminaire efficacy: 62.7%)




Figure 15: Overall efficacy of existing HPS system, used and dirty


11. Goniophotometer tests of used luminaires and new HPS lamps with reference ballast

Since the lamps were used, the luminaires were evaluated with a new lamp powered by the

reference ballast. The luminaires were cleaned before being tested on the mirror photometer.

Table 27: Clean used luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast

Test LUMCAT Lamp power

(watts) DSSL DHSL DTL USSL UHSL UTL TLL

S1011053-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#2-C 100.7 4217 1683 5900 139 110 249 6149S1011052-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#3-C 99.3 4207 1707 5914 129 106 235 6149S1011082-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#1-C 100.0 4089 1917 6006 136 114 250 6256

When the new lamp was tested on the reference ballast, it produced 9516 lumens. The average

lumens output of the three luminaires was 6185 (the average of 6149, 6149 and 6256).

Table 28: New lamp with reference ballast

Test Voltage % Voltage

(Vac)

Current

(A)

Ballast power (watts)

Lamp power (watts)

Lumens BF

L1008032-C1 REF 124.05 2.343 120.96 101.68 9516 1.00

The above data can be used to illustrate the lumens distribution achieved with a clean used

luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast. This test was used to create a new HPS luminaire

with a new lamp and ballast factor 1.



Luminaire output (BF = 1.0): 6185 lumens (luminaire efficacy: 65.0%)




Figure 16: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and reference ballast (BF of 1)



Luminaire output (BF = 0.9): 5567 lumens (luminaire efficacy: 58.5%)




Figure 17: Overall efficacy of clean existing HPS luminaire with new lamp and BF of 0.9


The above case can be compared with LED luminaires, resulting in an output of 2066 lumens

on the street side, as shown in the figure below.

Total lumens: 3084



Figure 18: Overall efficacy of new LED luminaire


12. Simulations for HPS luminaire on Lemire Street (35 ft wide)

Simulations were done using the characteristics of Lemire Street in Rouyn-Noranda. The

simulations used HPS luminaires with a mounting height of 30 ft, setback of 6 ft and arm length of

8 ft, and the street was 35 ft wide.

The distance between luminaires was measured at 140 ft. In this case, for simulation purposes, the

route was classified as local (residential) with asphalt surface, consistent with the designation

R2/R3. Simulations were based on the three trial luminaires with the reference ballast. For tests

S1011053-R1, S1011052-R1 and S1011082-R1 the ballast factor was 1, while a commercial ballast

has a ballast factor of 0.9.

Table 29: Data used for simulations on Lemire Street

Test LUMCAT

Lamp power (watts)

DSSL DHSL DTL USSL UHSL UTL TLL

S1011053-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#2-C 100.7 4217 1683 5900 139 110 249 6149S1011052-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#3-C 99.3 4207 1707 5914 129 106 235 6149S1011082-R1 Cobra-100HPS-#1-C 100.0 4089 1917 6006 136 114 250 6256

The street was divided into two sections: right side and left side. The simulation results are

reported in Table 30, based on the .ies files, but using a ballast factor of 0.9.


Table 30: Results of HPS luminaire simulations based on Lemire Street,

with standards 140 ft apart and street width 35 ft

S1011053-R1.ies Ballast factor 0.9



IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet 140 feet Average Luminance on right side

> 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.38 0.38 0.37 0.38 Maximum (cd/m2) 0.73 0.78 0.89 0.80 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14

< 6 Average / minimum 2.53 2.71 2.64 2.63 < 10 Maximum / minimum 4.87 5.57 6.36 5.60 < 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.44 0.46 0.50 0.47

Luminance on left side > 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.69 0.73 0.86 0.76

Maximum (cd/m2) 1.01 1.04 1.21 1.09 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.48 0.51 0.52 0.50

< 6 Average / minimum 1.44 1.43 1.65 1.51 < 10 Maximum / minimum 2.10 2.04 2.33 2.16 < 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.25

Total average street luminance Average (cd/m2) 0.54 0.56 0.62 0.57



S1011082-R1.ies Ballast

factor 0.9 IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet 140 feet

Illuminance on right side > 4 Average (lux) 5.59 5.48 4.97 5.35

Maximum (lux) 10.75 10.31 9.96 10.34 Minimum (lux) 2.9 2.76 2.42 2.69

< 6 Average / minimum 1.93 1.99 2.05 1.99 < 10 Maximum / minimum 3.71 3.74 4.12 3.86

Illuminance on left side > 4 Average (lux) 8.38 8.73 9.25 8.79

Maximum (lux) 18.84 21.34 19.14 19.77 Minimum (lux) 1.98 1.98 2.80 2.25

< 6 Average / minimum 4.23 4.41 3.30 3.98 < 10 Maximum / minimum 9.52 10.78 6.84 9.05

Total average street illuminance Average (lux) 6.99 7.11 7.11 7.07

As the right side of the street is farther from the luminaire, it is normal for that side to be less

illuminated than the left side.


Table 31 shows the average luminance values on the right and left sides. It is interesting to note

that the right-side value of 5.35 lux exceeds the 4 lux prescribed by IES RP-8.

Table 31: Average luminance and average illuminance values (initial values) on Lemire Street

Average luminance

(cd/m2) Average illuminance

(lux) Right side 0.38 5.35 Left side 0.76 8.79 Street average 0.57 7.07

0,2

0,3

0,3

0,4

0,4

0,5

0,5

0,6

0,6

100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180

Espacement des luminaires (pieds)

Lum

inan

ce (c

d/m

2 )

Moyenne

Veiling luminance

IES moyenne

IES Veiling luminance

IES Moyenne

IES veiling luminance

180 pieds

100 pieds

Figure 19: Results of simulation for Lemire Street, right side (35 ft wide, 30 ft mounting height, 6 ft setback, 8 ft arm) – luminaire S1011052-R1.ies


13. Mesopic correction for HPS

One section of this study was devoted to mesopic correction for LED lighting. The same method

was used, but for the HPS luminaire. The HPS luminaire was mounted in the integrating sphere in

order to determine the spectral power distribution of the luminaire according to wavelength.

The process involved mounting the luminaire in the sphere and taking photometer readings.

Figure 20: HPS luminaire mounted in sphere

Three luminaires were used, with all lamps powered by the reference ballast, which accounts for the

lamp power being measured at close to 100 W, i.e., approximately 99 W.


Spectral Power Distribution

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

1,0

400 440 480 520 560 600 640 680 720 760 800

Wavelength (nm)

w/n

m

Photopic (Vλ)Scotopic (V'λ)SPD Luminaire #1SPD Luminaire #2SPD Luminaire #3

Figure 21: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire


Figure 22: Spectral power distribution of HPS luminaire in test L1011045-C1

Photopic and scotopic lumen values are reported in Table 32. This nomenclature is incorrect,

however, since lumens are normally calculated with photopic correction.

Table 32: Lumens measured in sphere with HPS luminaire and reference ballast

Test Lamp power (watts)

Photopic lumens (P)

Scotopic lumens

(S)

RATIO S/P

L1011045-C1 99.21 6605 4049 0.61 L1011044-C1 99.22 6558 4014 0.61 L1011043-C1 99.13 6646 4065 0.61

Table 33: Photopic and scotopic lumens from HPS luminaire, by wavelength


Daytime vision Nighttime vision Photopic Scotopic Violet Lumens (380–430 nm) 1 29 Blue Lumens (430–480 nm) 26 573 Green Lumens (480–560 nm) 497 1624 Yellow Lumens (560–590 nm) 3308 1464 Orange Lumens (590–620 nm) 2518 345 Red Lumens (620–700 nm) 254 8 Dark Red Lumens (700–780 nm) 0 0 TOTAL lumens 6603 4043

0

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

3 500

Violet Lumens(380-430 nm)

Blue Lumens(430 - 480 nm)

Green Lumens(480-560 nm)

Yellow Lumens(560 - 590 nm)

Orange Lumens(590 - 620 nm)

Red Lumens(620 - 700 nm)

Dark RedLumens (700 -

780 nm)

Longueur d'onde en nm

Lum

inou

s flu

x (lu

men

s)

PhotopicScotopic

Figure 23: HPS luminous flux distribution by vision type


14. ASSIST and mesopic correction for HPS

Table 2 shows that, based on the standard method and photopic correction, the luminance level

required for local routes with low traffic volume is 0.3 cd/m2. For calculation purposes, the S/P

ratio from the previous section and Table 3 is 0.61. The values below are taken from ASSIST

Table 3.

Table 34: S/P ratio according to ASSIST for HPS at 0.3 cd/m2


0.55 0.2532 0.65 0.2659

For an S/P ratio of 0.61, the luminance value is 0.2608 cd/m2. It seems as though the HPS

lamp was not optimized for spectral power distribution in nighttime lighting.


15. ASSIST and LED versus HPS

The table below compares HPS and LED technologies according to ASSIST.

Table 35: LED/HPS ratio by luminance level

P luminance Unified luminance value (ASSIST)

(cd/m2) HPS

S/P = 0.61 LED

S/P = 1.81 LED/HPS 0.2 0.1598 0.2577 1.61 0.22 0.1792 0.2780 1.55 0.24 0.1990 0.2978 1.50 0.26 0.2192 0.3171 1.45 0.28 0.2399 0.3360 1.40 0.3 0.2608 0.3545 1.36 0.32 0.2821 0.3727 1.32 0.34 0.3037 0.3905 1.29

It is noted that for a photopic luminance of 0.3 cd/m2, the ratio is 0.36, i.e., a 36% increase in the

luminance visible to the eye, due to the spectral distribution of the two sources.

Mesopic correction factor = y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748

where x is the level of photopic luminance

R2 = 0.9995


y = 3,0622x2 - 3,9611x + 2,2748R2 = 0,9995

1

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4

Luminance (cd/m2)

Rat

io D

EL /

HPS

de

la lu

min

ance

uni

fiée

selo

n A

SSIS

T

Figure 24: Effect of mesopic correction by luminance level

The lower the luminance level. the greater the benefit of LED technology in terms of nighttime

vision. It is noted that, at a luminance value of 0.6, the ratio is 1 (unity) and there is no benefit in

terms of lamp spectral distribution. This is important, since mesopic correction is often wrongly

used for high luminance levels.


16. Field measurements of LED lighting

On October 2010, field measurements were made on Lemire Street in Rouyn-Noranda, between

two LED luminaires standing 140 ft apart, with a street width of 35 ft.

The table below contains the values measured between the two luminaires, and individual values

are provided in the figure following the table.

Table 36: Summary of experimental measurements from Lemire Street

Left side

Right side

Average

Average illuminance in lux 4.8 2.1 3.5

Maximum illuminance in lux 11.3 5.4 11.3

Minimum illuminance in lux 0.8 0.6 0.6

Ratio: average illuminance divided by minimum illuminance

6.0 3.6 5.8

Ratio: maximum illuminance divided by minimum illuminance

14.1 9.0 18.8


Luminaire side

7.6 5.7 3.8 1.9 0.9 0.9 2.1 5.1 7.7 8.6

9.0 6.9 4.3 2.0 0.9 0.9 2.0 5.2 9.8 11.3

9.1 7.6 4.2 1.8 0.9 0.8 1.8 4.4 7.6 9.8

5.2 4.5 3.2 1.6 0.8 0.7 1.5 3.4 3.7 5.4

2.6 2.2 2.1 1.4 0.7 0.6 1.5 2.2 2.5 3.3

1.9 1.5 1.6 1.1 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.5

Figure 25: Illuminance levels measured on Lemire Street

Right side

Left side


17. Survey results

Residents were surveyed by the municipality of Rouyn-Noranda. The residents were satisfied

overall, but the luminosity on Taschereau Boulevard was considered inadequate. Taschereau is a

collector route, and it had to be expected that the luminaire selected would be unsuitable for this

type of street.

Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue9

.

9 TRANSLATOR’S NOTE: The French text incorrectly cites Guertin Street, which does not exist in this

municipality.


Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue (cont'd)

The survey showed that 86% of residents are in favour of concentrating lighting on the street and

sidewalk. It indicated that 68% of residents are satisfied, whereas 14% feel the lighting is roughly

the same as with conventional HPS luminaires. Only 18% are not satisfied with the new system.

As regards illuminance, 5% find the street is too brightly lit, and 29% feel it is too dark. As for colour

discrimination, 47% feel it has improved and 29% feel it is about the same.


Table 37: Survey results for Guertin Avenue (cont'd)

Comments provided by 129 respondents include remarks to the effect that the lighting causes less

glare and that it is better for homes with bedrooms at the front.


Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area


Table 38: Survey of Taschereau area (cont'd)


Findings

This study provided an opportunity to validate the performance of LED technology in comparison

with conventional technology. The analysis led to the following findings.

1) The illuminance levels calculated for and measured on Lemire Street are relatively

consistent, and it must be borne in mind that the simulated values were based on new

luminaires and the measured values were based on slightly degraded luminaires.

Table 39: Comparison of illuminance measurements and illuminance simulations

Right side Left side Average

Average illuminance measured in the

field (lux) 2.1 4.8 3.5

Average illuminance simulated from lab

measurements (lux) 2.44 5.4 3.9

2) The measured illuminance levels for the LED luminaire were 2.1 lux on the right side

and 4.8 on the left side. The right-side value (2.1 lux) is below the 4 lux prescribed by

IES RP-8.

3) Laboratory testing indicates that the street side value output from the LED luminaire

was 2066 lumens versus 3754 lumens for the HPS luminaire with a ballast factor of 0.9.

The tests showed that the HPS luminaire produced more lumens, i.e., 3754 / 2066, for

a ratio of 1.82. It is therefore normal that the illuminance level be higher with the HPS

luminaire compared to the LED luminaire. It should be borne in mind that the

illuminance level in lux represents the quantity of lumens per unit of area.

4) As to the comparison of the illuminance performance of the two technologies, the data

in the table below were derived from the Lemire Street simulation.


Table 40: Comparison of HPS and LED in Lemire Street simulation

LED technology HPS technology

Right

side

Left

side

Right

side Left side

Average illuminance in simulation based on lab measurements (lux )

2.44 5.4 5.35 8.79

Maximum illuminance in simulation based on lab measurements (lux )

6.20 11.55 10.34 19.77

Average luminance in simulation based on lab measurements

(cd/m2) 0.12 0.33

0.38

0.76

Veiling luminance ratio in simulation based on lab measurements 0.28 0.17 0.47 0.25

NOTES: 1) Objective of 4 lux according to IES RP-8 (low speed, low traffic) 2) Objective of 0.3 cd/m2 average luminance according to IES RP-8 (low speed, low traffic) 3) Objective of 0.4 or less veiling luminance ratio .

5) The HPS luminaire produces a great deal of veiling luminance (glare). Although IES

RP-8 indicates that veiling luminance ratio should not exceed 0.4, the observed value

with HPS was almost double the value observed with LED (0.47 with HPS, 0.28 with

LED).

6) It is interesting to note that CIE standard 115:2010 – Lighting of Roads for Motor and

Pedestrian Traffic and P Class specified for class P6 an average horizontal illuminance

of 2 lux, and 3 lux for class P5. As can be seen, there are lower classes in terms of

illuminance levels than the minimum required under RP-8.

7) The tests indicate that the HPS luminaire outputs 6603 photopic lumens and 4043

scotopic lumens. Tests with the LED luminaire showed 3143 photopic lumens and

5686 scotopic lumens. In tabular form:


Table 41: Scotopic lumens and photopic lumens by technology

Photopic

(daytime vision)

(lumens)

Scotopic

(nighttime vision)

(lumens)

Ratio S/P

LED luminaire 3143 5686 1.81

HPS luminaire (ballast factor 1)

6603 4043 0.61

8) For a luminance value of 0.3 cd/m2, the observed values indicate a 33% increase due

to the spectral distribution of the source.

9) A street width of 35 ft was used for the simulations. For a street width of 24 ft, i.e., two

lanes, which is more common for local routes, the results are shown in the table below.


Table 42: Results of simulations based on modified Lemire Street,

with standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft

LED

S1010131-R1.ies

HPS S101052-R1.ies

Ballast factor 0.9 IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet

Luminance on right side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.21 0.67

Maximum (cd/m2) 0.53 1.04 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.06 0.35 6 Average / minimum 3.50 1.91 10 Maximum / minimum 8.83 2.97 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.23 0.30

Luminance on left side 0.3 Average (cd/m2) 0.35 0.82

Maximum (cd/m2) 0.71 1.16 Minimum (cd/m2) 0.14 0.57 6 Average / minimum 2.50 1.44 10 Maximum / minimum 5.07 2.04 0.4 Veiling luminance ratio 0.16 0.22

Total average street luminance Average (cd/m2) 0.28 0.75

LED

S1010131-R1.ies

HPS S101052-R1.ies

Ballast factor 0.9 IES RP-8 140 feet 140 feet

Illuminance on right side 4 Average (lux) 4.10 9.20 Maximum (lux) 10.56 20.61 Minimum (lux) 0.77 4.63 6 Average / minimum 5.32 1.99 10 Maximum / minimum 13.71 4.45

Illuminance on left side 4 Average (lux) 5.39 9.33 Maximum (lux) 11.20 23.76 Minimum (lux) 1.02 2.16 6 Average / minimum 5.28 4.32 10 Maximum / minimum 10.98 11.00

Total average street illuminance Average (lux) 4.75 9.27


0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

0,7

0,8

0,9

DEL HPS DEL corrected mesopic

Type de source

Lum

inan

ce (c

d/m

2 )

Côté droitCôté gauche

Note : Minimum de 0,3 cd/m2

selon l'IES RP-8

Figure 26: Comparison of HPS and LED (mounting height 30 ft, street width 24 ft, with and without mesopic correction)

y = 3,0622x2 - 3,9611x + 2,2748R2 = 0,9995

1

1,1

1,2

1,3

1,4

1,5

1,6

1,7

0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35 0,4

Luminance (cd/m2)

Rat

io D

EL /

HPS

de

la lu

min

ance

uni

fiée

selo

n AS

SIST

Figure 27: Effect of source spectral distribution on (mesopic) visual effect


0.82 cd/m2 left side

0.67 cd/m2 right side 0.35 cd/m2 left side 0.21 cd/m2 right side

0.44 cd/m2 left side 0.33 cd/m2 right side

Figure 28: Luminance: mounting height 30 ft, standards 140 ft apart and street width 24 ft

Mesopic correction

y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748



Mesopic correction

y = 3.0622 x2 - 3.9611 x + 2.2748



HPS LED


10) The pilot project shows that for local residential routes, LED lighting can reduce energy

consumption from 130 watts to 55 watts. Although the levels of illuminance are lower than

before, they are still satisfactory.

11) The tests showed that the performance of LED technology can be satisfactory for local route

lighting. However, some products performed poorly. One case in point is the product supplied

by LeDel International, which was purchased by the municipality concurrent with this pilot

project. The pilot project with Hydro-Québec and Natural Resources Canada used only the 90

luminaires supplied by Genex Vision Inc.

12) IES is currently drafting standards for product performance. The aim is to avoid the problems

that arose when compact fluorescents were introduced in the early 1990s.

13) It is interesting to note that municipalities such as Ottawa (Appendix E) have defined average

levels and performance criteria which are lower than those prescribed in IES RP-8. Their

required average luminance value is 0.15 cd/m2, compared with the 0.3 cd/m2 required under

IES RP-8. Therefore, it seems that LED streetlight technology can now be adopted for local

residential routes, and that the roadblocks have thus been lifted.


Appendix A: Sphere testing of LED luminaires


Appendix B: Mirror photometer testing of LED luminaires


Appendix C: Key dates in pilot project


Appendix D: Photos from LED lighting project in Rouyn-Noranda

Figure D-1: LED lighting with products from Genex Vision Inc.


Figure D-4: Yellowish cast of conventional HPS lighting


Appendix E: Levels required for urban areas of Ottawa10

URBAN AREA

LUMINANCE GLARE ILLUMINANCE ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION

AREA CLASSIFICATION

Average luminance Lv (cd/m2)

Uniformity ratio

Lv / Lmin

Veiling luminance ratio LVmax / Lv

Minimum maintained average Ev

(lux)

Uniformity ratio

Ev / Emin

Mixed use centre / Central area

1.20 3.0 0.3 17.0 3.0

Employment / Enterprise area

0.90 3.0 0.3 13.0 3.0

ARTERIAL

General urban area / Other

0.60 3.5 0.4 9.0 4.0

Mixed use centre 0.80 3.0 0.3 12.0 3.0


0.60 4.0 0.4 9.0 4.0

MAJOR COLLECTOR

AND COLLECTOR


0.40 4.0 0.4 6.0 4.0

10 http://www.ottawa.ca/residents/planning/design_plan_guidelines/completed/lighting/chapter2/2_2_en.html


LUMINANCE

GLARE

ILLUMINANCE

ROADWAY CLASSIFICATION

AREA CLASSIFICATION

Average luminance Lv (cd/m2)

Uniformity ratio

Lv / Lmin

Veiling luminance ratio LVmax / Lv

Minimum maintained average Ev

(lux)

Uniformity ratio

Ev / Emin


0.60 3.5 0.4 9.0 4.0


0.40 4.0 0.4 6.0 4.0

COLLECTOR


0.30 4.0 0.4 4.5 4.0


0.30 6.0 0.4 4.5 6.0


0.25 6.0 0.4 3.5 6.0

LOCAL


0.15 6.0 0.4 2.0 6.0

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