macromolecules of life you are what you eat!. why do we eat? for energy for nutrients for...
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MACROMOLECULES
Of LIFE
You are what you You are what you eat!eat!
Why Do We Eat?Why Do We Eat?
For energy For energy For nutrientsFor nutrients For pleasure?For pleasure?
NUTRIENTS: needed by all organisms for 1. __________ and 2. __________________energy building
blocks
6 Types of Nutrients:6 Types of Nutrients:
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates Fats (Lipids)Fats (Lipids) ProteinsProteins VitaminsVitamins MineralsMinerals WaterWater
WHAT DO WE EAT?.
ORGANIC VS. INORGANIC a) Fill in the type of nutrient for each category.
MACRONUTRIENT(need to consume
______)
ORGANIC (made by living
things)
1.
2.
3.
INORGANIC 1.
MICRONUTRIENT(need to consume
______)
ORGANIC 1.
INORGANIC 1.
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids (fats)
water
vitamins
minerals
lots
little
CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATES ““CARB” is not a four-letter word!CARB” is not a four-letter word! Refers to the “sugar” familyRefers to the “sugar” family Contain the Contain the elements C, H, & O C, H, & O Examples:Examples:
Glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, etc.
Starch, cellulose,etc.
Simple Carbs:Simple Carbs: Monomer:Monomer:
one building block of a larger molecule
Simple carbohydrates “SUGAR” Monosaccharide (e.g. 1 glucose)
glucose, fructose (fruits) Disaccharides
Disaccharides: maltose (beer), sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk)
= 6 carbon
ring
.
CARBOHYDRATES
I. CARBOHYDRATES : Contain elements _____, _____, _____
Monomer = _______________ Diagram:
General function: ______________
C H O
glucose ring
energy
.
CARBOHYDRATES
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
No. of Units
DiagramEXAMPLES
FOOD SOURCE SPECIFIC FUNCTION NUTRIENT TEST
1.mono- saccharide
1 1.glucose honey direct fuel for
mitochondria
Benedict’s blue orange (when heated)
2.fructose fruit
2.di-saccharide
2 1.sucrose
table sugar
enzymes break disaccharides into monosaccharides for energy none
2.lactose
dairy products
Complex Carbs
Polysaccharide:Polysaccharide:3 or more sugars linked together in chainsE.g. Starch & Cellulose in plantsE.g. Glycogen in animals
.
CARBOHYDRATES
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
No. of Units
DiagramEXAMPLES
FOOD SOURCE
SPECIFIC FUNCTION NUTRIENT TEST
3.poly-saccharide
1. starch
grains potatoesrice
1.Digested into 1000’s of monosaccharides for energy2.how plants store energy
iodine yellow dark blue (looks black)
2. glycogen
muscleliver
how animals store energy
3. cellulose
cell walls (celery)
-tough, insoluble-no enzyme to break it down-provides roughage to help keep you regular
....1000’s
.
CARBOHYDRATES
Plants and animals cannot directly store glucose in their cells because __________________________________________.
Plants change glucose into ___________________ while animals store it as_____________________.
All carbohydrates are digested into _____________________ before entering the blood stream.
it is soluble & would diffuse (flow) away (out of cell)
starch
glycogen
monosaccharides (like glucose)
Why CARBs?Why CARBs?
CHO’s provide the body with immediate energy CHO’s provide the body with immediate energy needsneeds
Should be 50 – 55% of your calories Should be 50 – 55% of your calories 4 calories per gram of CHO4 calories per gram of CHO Sources:Sources:
Fruits, vegetables, grains, breads, pasta, cereals, etc.
Low CARB Diets???Low CARB Diets???
The The End!!!End!!!
PROTEIN:PROTEIN:
The The building building blocks of blocks of
life!life!
PROTEIN:PROTEIN:
Used to make and repair many of the Used to make and repair many of the structures of our bodystructures of our body
Proteins are chains of amino acids linked Proteins are chains of amino acids linked togethertogether
.
PROTEINS II. Proteins : Contain elements ____, ____, ____, ____ ( ____)
Monomer = _______________
Diagram:
C H O
amino acids (a.a.)
N S
= amino acids (aa)
20 different kinds
.
PROTEINS
TYPES OF PROTEINS
SPECIFIC FUNCTION EXAMPLES NUTRIENT TEST
1. structural proteins
insoluble proteins which make up all body parts
muscles, bone, hair, skin
Biuretturqoise violet
2. enzymes soluble proteins which speed up chemical reactions in your body
found in saliva, gastric juice
3. hormones
soluble proteins made in glands & carried by the blood to target cells regulate metabolism
testosteroneestrogeninsulinadrenalin
.
PROTEINS
All proteins are digested into ________________ before entering the blood stream.
Your body takes these building blocks and makes its own characteristic proteins.
20 different aa’s
essential a.a.’s = _______ ______ = non-essential a.a.’s
complete proteins incomplete proteins
amino acids
Your body can’t make these so you must consume them in your food
Your body can
make these
contain all 8
essential a.a.’s
don’t contain
all 8 essential
a.a.’s
ex. animal proteins like meat, fish,
eggs
ex. plant proteins like nuts, seeds,
beans
8 12
Amino Acids:Amino Acids:
All AA’s have the same general structure, but All AA’s have the same general structure, but one portion of the molecule varies (“R group”)one portion of the molecule varies (“R group”)
PROTEIN:PROTEIN:
Should be 15 – 20 % of our calories.Should be 15 – 20 % of our calories. Sources:Sources:
Meat, fish, cheese, eggs, beans, etc.
PROTEIN… PROTEIN… Can There Be Too Much of a Good Thing?Can There Be Too Much of a Good Thing?
Recommended intake Recommended intake is around 1 g per kg of is around 1 g per kg of body weight (more for body weight (more for children and extreme children and extreme athletes)athletes)
Most North Americans Most North Americans take in around twice take in around twice the RDA!the RDA!
FATS (LIPIDS)FATS (LIPIDS)
You are what you eat???You are what you eat???
FATSFATS
Fats are a necessary evil… they are a Fats are a necessary evil… they are a tremendous source of energy!tremendous source of energy!
9 calories per gram9 calories per gram Should be 30% of calories Should be 30% of calories 4 “fat-soluble” vitamins (D, E, A, K)4 “fat-soluble” vitamins (D, E, A, K)
FATSFATS
Are made up of chains of C & H called Are made up of chains of C & H called fatty acidsfatty acids
Triglyceride:Triglyceride: a glycerol molecule linking 3 fatty acids
.
LIPIDS (FATS) III. LIPIDS (FATS) : Contain elements _____, _____, _____
Monomers = _______________ & ___________________
General functions: 1. energy: twice as much energy as carbohydrates
2. insulation: helps keep heat in & cold out
3. cushions: layer of fat around vital organs
4. storage: long term energy storage
5. cell membrane: major component
6. dissolves fat-soluble vitamins
Diagram:
C H O
glycerol 3 fatty acids
Types of FatTypes of Fat
Saturated Fats:Saturated Fats: Solid at room temperature found in butter, meat, etc. (animal fats) all carbons are “saturated” with hydrogen
Types of FatTypes of Fat
Unsaturated fats:Unsaturated fats: Liquid at room temperature, usually called oils Plant Fats: canola oil, olive oil, corn oil, etc. Fatty acids contain double bonds (missing H’s)
.
LIPIDS III. LIPIDS (FATS) :
TYPES OF LIPIDS CHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLES DANGERS NUTRIENT TEST
1. SATURATED
solid at room temperature
animal fat i.e. bacon, butter
•cholesterol•arteriosclerosis (arteries harden)•atherosclerosis (arteries get clogged
Trans-luscent stain test
2. UNSATURATED
liquid at room temperature
plant fati.e. olive oil
obesity
heart attack
All fats are digested into _______________________
before they can enter the body.
glycerol & 3 fatty acids
FATTY ISSUES!FATTY ISSUES!
High fat = high High fat = high calorie!calorie!
High fat = High fat = increase health increase health problems problems (diabetes, CHD, (diabetes, CHD, stroke, etc.)stroke, etc.)
The End!!!The End!!!
Homework
Page 35 # 1, 3 – 5, 15 (a, b)
.
MONOMERS
= 6 glycerol
= fatty acid (FA)
= amino acids (aa)
20 different kinds
b) Use the simplified images of the monomers shown below to draw a sketch of each of the following tables.
MONOMER: