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ELECTRICAL WIRING

Electrical wiring is generally refers to

insulated conductor used to carry current

and associated device. This article

describes general asects of electrical

wiring as used to rovide ower in

buildings and structures! co""only

referred to as building wiring.

Tyes of wiring according to uses#. $o"estic wiring.

%. Co""ercial wiring.

&. Industrial wiring.

'ACT(R A''ECTING T)E

C)(ICE (' WIRING*#. $urability* Tye of wiring selected should confor" to standard

secifications! so that it is durable i.e. without being affected by

the weather conditions! fu"es etc.

%. +afety* The wiring "ust rovide safety against lea,age! shoc, and

fire ha-ards for the oerating ersonnel.

&. Aearance* Electrical wiring should give an aesthetic aeal to

the interiors.

. Cost* It should not be rohibitively e/ensive.0. Accessibility* The switches and lug oints rovided should be

easily accessible. There "ust be rovision for further e/tension of

the wiring syste"! if necessary.

1. 2aintenance Cost* The "aintenance cost should be a "ini"u"

3. 2echanical safety* The wiring "ust be rotected against any

"echanical da"age

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Tyes of Wiring

Cleat wiring

CT+ wiring or TR+ wiring or batten wiring

2etal sheathed wiring or lead sheathed wiring

Casing and caing

Conduit wiring

Cleat Wiring*

Introduction

The tyes of wiring to be adoted is deendent on various factors! vi-!

durability! safety! aearance! cost! consu"er4s budget etc.

Cleat Wiring

This +yste" uses insulated Cables sub rotected in orcelain cleats.

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Cleat wiring is reco""ended only for te"orary installations. The

cleats are "ade in airs having botto" and to halves. The botto" half

is grooved to receive the wire and the to half is for cable gri. Initially

the botto" and to cleats are fi/ed on the wall loosely according to the

layout. Then the cable is drawn! tensioned and the cleats are tightened

by the screw. Cleats are of three tyes! having one! two or three grooves!

so as to receive one! two or three wires. Two tyes of cleats.

Cleat wiring is one of the cheaest wiring considering the initial cost

and labor! and is "ost suitable for te"orary wiring. This wiring can be

5uic,ly installed! easily insected and altered. When not re5uired! thiswiring could be dis"antled without da"age to the cables! cleats and

accessories.

• Cleats

All cleats shall consist of two arts! a base iece and a ca. Cleats shall

be fi/ed at distances not "ore than 16 c" aart and at regular

intervals.

Where cleat wiring is laid along an iron 7oist! orcelain cleats shall be

inserted either with varnished wood fillets or varnished wood cla"s

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securely fi/ed so as to revent the conductors fro" co"ing in contact

with the "etal along witch they are assing.

'i/ing of cleats

In ordinary cases! cleats shall be attached to wooden lugs fi/ed to the

walls.

$istance aart of wires

'or ressure u to %06 volts! cleats shall be of such di"ensions that in

the case of branch loads! conductors shall not be less than %.0 c" aart!

centre to centre! and in the case of sub8"ains not less than c" aart!

centre to centre. Care shall be ta,en in selecting the si-e of cleats

articularly for branch distribution wiring where two8way and three8way orcelain cleats are essential and the difference in si-e shall be

reasonable. Care should also be ta,en ensure that grooves f orcelaincleats are essential and the difference in si-e shall be reasonable. Care

should also be ta,en ensure that grooves of orcelain cleats do not

co"ress the insulation nor be too wide for a loose fit. 9nder no

circu"stances two wires shall be laced in one groove of the orcelain

cleats.

Advantages*

#: Easy installation.

%: 2aterials can be retrieved for reuse.

&: 'le/ibility rovided for insection! "odifications and e/ansion.

: Relatively econo"ical.

0: +,illed "anower not re5uired.

$isadvantages*

#: Aearance is not good.

%: (en syste" of wiring re5uiring regular cleaning.

&: )igher ris, of "echanical in7ury.

;atten Wiring

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In this wiring syste"! wires sheathed in tough rubber are used which

are 5uite fle/ible. They are clied on wooden battens with brass clis


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2etal +heathed or Lead +heathed wiring*

The wiring is si"ilar to that of CT+ but the conductors


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$isadvantages*

#. )ighly infla""able.

%. 9sage of unseasoned wood gets da"aged by ter"ites.

+,illed wor,"anshi re5uired

Conduit wiring*

In this syste" =>C IR cables are run through

"etallic or =>C ies roviding good rotection against "echanical

in7ury and fire due to short circuit. They are either e"bedded inside thewalls or suorted over the walls! and are ,nown as concealed wiring or

surface conduit wiring


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1. $urable and "aintenance free

3. Aesthetic in aearance

$isadvantages*

#. >ery e/ensive syste" of wiring.

%. Re5uires good s,illed wor,"anshi.

&. Erection is 5uiet co"licated and is ti"e consu"ing.

. Ris, of short circuit under wet conditions C! TR+! and >IR are used. The wires "ay be of single

strand or "ulti strand. Wires with co"bination of different dia"eters

and the nu"ber of cores or strands are available.

'or e/a"le* The >IR conductors are secified as #?%6! &?%%[email protected]?%6@@@

The nu"erator indicates the nu"ber of strands while the deno"inator

corresonds to the dia"eter of the wire in +WG


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is the criteria then alu"inu" conductors are referred. In that case! for

the sa"e current rating "uch larger dia"eter of wire is to be used.

+WITC)E+*

In electrical engineering! a switch is an electrical co"onent that can

brea, an electrical circuit! interruting the current or diverting it fro"

one conductor to another.

The "ost fa"iliar for" of switch is a "anually oerated

electro"echanical device with one or "ore sets of electrical contacts!

which are connected to e/ternal circuits. Each set of contacts can be inone of two states* either BclosedB "eaning the contacts are touching and

electricity can flow between the"! or BoenB! "eaning the contacts are

searated and the switch is nonconducting. The "echanis" actuating

the transition between these two states


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In circuit theory*

An ideal switch would have no voltage dro when closed! and would

have no li"its on voltage or current rating. It would have -ero rise ti"e

and fall ti"e during state changes! and would change state withoutBbouncingB between on and off ositions.

=ractical switches fall short of this ideal! and have resistance! li"its on

the current and voltage they can handle! finite switching ti"e! etc. The

ideal switch is often used in circuit analysis as it greatly si"lifies the

syste" of e5uations to be solved! however this can lead to a less accurate

solution. Theoretical treat"ent of the effects of non8ideal roerties is

re5uired in the design of large networ,s of switches! as for e/a"le used

in telehone e/changes.

>arious Tye (' +witches*

+=+T*

+ingle =ole +ingle Throw* A si"le on8off switch* The

two ter"inals are either connected together or

disconnected fro" each other. An e/a"le is a lightswitch.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rise_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_switch


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+=$T*

+ingle ole! double throw* A si"le changeover switch*

C


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$=+T*

$ouble =ole +ingle Throw* E5uivalent to two +=+T

switches controlled by a single "echanis".

$=$T*

$ouble ole $ouble Throw* E5uivalent to two +=$T

switches controlled by a single "echanis".

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$=C(*

$ouble =ole Change (ver (R $ouble =ole Centre (''*

E5uivalent to $=$T. +o"e suliers use $=C( forswitches with a stable off osition in the centre and

$=$T for those without.

INTER2E$IATE +WITC)*

$=$T switch internally wired for olarity8reversalalications* only four rather than si/ wires are

brought outside the switch housing.

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2AN9'ACT9RING C(2A=NIE+*

ANC)(R +WITC)E+*

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)A>ELL+ +WITC)E+*

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AC =(WER =L9G AN$

+(CET+*

AC ower lugs and soc,ets are devices that allow electrically oerated

devices to be connected to the ri"ary alternating current


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Generally the lug is the "ovable connector attached to an electrically

oerated deviceDs "ains cable! and the soc,et is fi/ed on e5ui"ent or a

building structure. =lugs have "ale circuit contacts! while soc,ets have

fe"ale contacts. The lug has rotruding rongs! blades! or ins that fit

into "atching slots or holes in the soc,et. A soc,et is also called a

recetacle! outlet! or ower oint


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