MAIN TREATIES OF MAIN TREATIES OF

EUROPEAN UNIONEUROPEAN UNION

What is the Single European What is the Single European Act? Act?

The major revision of the Treaty of Rome The major revision of the Treaty of Rome ((19571957))

SSigned in Luxembourg on 17 Feb 1986 by nine igned in Luxembourg on 17 Feb 1986 by nine members (members (France, Germany, the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands, France, Germany, the UK, Belgium, the Netherlands,

Spain, Ireland, Luxembourg, PortugalSpain, Ireland, Luxembourg, Portugal) )

EEntered into force on 1 July 1987ntered into force on 1 July 1987

What is the Single European What is the Single European Act?Act?

“ “The Single Act means, in a few words, The Single Act means, in a few words, the the commitment of implementing commitment of implementing

simultaneously the great market without simultaneously the great market without frontiers, more economic and social frontiers, more economic and social cohesion, an European research and cohesion, an European research and technology policy, the strengthen of the technology policy, the strengthen of the European Monetary system, European Monetary system, tthe he

beginning beginning of European social area and of European social area and significant significant actions in environment.” actions in environment.”

Jacques Delorsthe President of the ECbetween 1985-1995

Reasons for the Birth of the Reasons for the Birth of the SEASEA

- coping with democratic deficit- the product of - coping with democratic deficit- the product of the transfer of powers to supranational the transfer of powers to supranational institutions.institutions.

- consensus- consensus in decision-making in decision-making

- improvement of decision making- improvement of decision making

- increasing efficiency- increasing efficiency

- achievement of market liberalization- achievement of market liberalization

- promotion of cohesion- promotion of cohesion

- strengthening of institutions- strengthening of institutions

History of the SEAHistory of the SEA

Stuttgart Declaration of 1983Stuttgart Declaration of 1983

A draft Treaty by Spinelli in 1984A draft Treaty by Spinelli in 1984

The Fountainbleau European Council in 1984The Fountainbleau European Council in 1984

The Dooge Committee in 1984The Dooge Committee in 1984

The White Paper of 1985The White Paper of 1985

The Milan European Council of 1985The Milan European Council of 1985

The Single European Act of 1986The Single European Act of 1986

Structure of the SEAStructure of the SEA

The preamble – The fundamental goals of the Treaty, the The preamble – The fundamental goals of the Treaty, the idea of creating a European Union, cooperation in foreign idea of creating a European Union, cooperation in foreign policypolicy

Title I – Common provisions about political cooperation Title I – Common provisions about political cooperation and the European Communityand the European Community

Title II – Provisions amending the Treaties establishing the Title II – Provisions amending the Treaties establishing the European CommunitiesEuropean Communities

Title III – European cooperation in the sphere of foreign Title III – European cooperation in the sphere of foreign policypolicy

Title IV – General and final provisionsTitle IV – General and final provisions

Contributions of the SEAContributions of the SEA SetSetss a timetable for the completion of a single market a timetable for the completion of a single market (1992)(1992)

ProvidProvideses free movement of goods, capital and people throughout the free movement of goods, capital and people throughout the CommunityCommunity

Improvement of democracy Improvement of democracy -- strengthening the power of strengthening the power of the the PParliamentarliament with the aim of reducing the democratic deficit- with the aim of reducing the democratic deficit-

. . Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)Qualified Majority Voting (QMV)-depends on national population-depends on national population the Council of the Ministers passed laws easierthe Council of the Ministers passed laws easier

QMV-wQMV-weakening the national right of vetoeakening the national right of veto

ProvidProvides a es a bas basiis for the creation common European Foreign, s for the creation common European Foreign, Justice and Home Affairs policiesJustice and Home Affairs policies

Contributions of the SEAContributions of the SEA EncouragEncourageses improvements in the working environment improvements in the working environment

EstablishEstablishes es a Community policy of economic and social a Community policy of economic and social cohesion cohesion rreduce gaps between less developed member states educe gaps between less developed member states for the completion of the single marketfor the completion of the single market

StrengthenStrengthenss the scientific and technological basis for the scientific and technological basis for European industryEuropean industry

Preserving, protection and improvement of environment Preserving, protection and improvement of environment

Formulating and implementation of a European foreign policy Formulating and implementation of a European foreign policy

Importance of the SEAImportance of the SEA

It is responsible It is responsible for creatingfor creating a single market a single market ((19919922))

It opened the wayIt opened the way to to political integration and political integration and economic and monetary unioneconomic and monetary union

It increased democracy within the Community and It increased democracy within the Community and created deeper integration by strengthening the created deeper integration by strengthening the parliamentparliament

It prepared the ground for a European foreign policyIt prepared the ground for a European foreign policy

Maastricht Treaty of 1993Maastricht Treaty of 1993

(TREATY OF THE EUROPEAN (TREATY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION)UNION)

Treaty of Masstricht in 1993Treaty of Masstricht in 1993

As a result of external and internal As a result of external and internal developmentsdevelopments

At external level: level: Collapse of communism in Collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the search for German Eastern Europe and the search for German reunification.reunification.

At internal level:At internal level: Member states wanted a more Member states wanted a more strong emphasis on the progress achieved by strong emphasis on the progress achieved by the the single European actsingle European act with other reforms with other reforms

Treaty of Masstricht of 1993Treaty of Masstricht of 1993

Known also as Treaty of European UnionKnown also as Treaty of European Union

A A TURNING POINTTURNING POINT in the European Integration process in the European Integration process

Changed the official denomination of ECC. Henceforth, it Changed the official denomination of ECC. Henceforth, it will be known as European Unionwill be known as European Union

Marked a new stage in the process of creating a ever Marked a new stage in the process of creating a ever closer union among closer union among peoplespeoples of union. of union.

Objectives of the Maastricht TreatyObjectives of the Maastricht Treaty

Strenghten the democratic legitimacy of Strenghten the democratic legitimacy of the integration process.the integration process.

Improve effectiveness of the integrationImprove effectiveness of the integration Establish economic and monetary union.Establish economic and monetary union. Develop the community and social Develop the community and social

dimension.dimension. Establish a common foreign and security Establish a common foreign and security

policy.policy.

THREE-PILLAR STRUCTURETHREE-PILLAR STRUCTURE..

Economical, social and cultural policyEconomical, social and cultural policy

Common foreign and security policy Common foreign and security policy

Justice and home affairsJustice and home affairs

First PillarFirst PillarEconomical, social and cultural policyEconomical, social and cultural policy

Institution of citizenship of EUInstitution of citizenship of EU.. The creation of European citizenship over national The creation of European citizenship over national

citizenship. Every citizens who is national member also a citizenship. Every citizens who is national member also a citizens of union.citizens of union.

In social protocol:In social protocol: Community’s power is expanded in Community’s power is expanded in social domain.social domain.

improvement of living and working conditions; improvement of living and working conditions; adequate social protection; adequate social protection; social dialogue; social dialogue;

Cont’dCont’d

PPromotion of employmentromotion of employment the integration of persons excluded from the labour the integration of persons excluded from the labour

market. market.

TThe right to circulate and reside freely in the Communityhe right to circulate and reside freely in the Community TThe right to vote and to stand as a candidate for he right to vote and to stand as a candidate for

European and municipal elections in the State in which European and municipal elections in the State in which he or she resides; he or she resides;

Economic and Monetary UnionEconomic and Monetary Union

EMU marks the beginning of the single market.EMU marks the beginning of the single market. Economic policy consists three components.Economic policy consists three components. a) Member states must ensure coordination of their a) Member states must ensure coordination of their

economy policy.economy policy.b) Provide effective control of this coordination and b) Provide effective control of this coordination and

are subjected to financial and budgetary are subjected to financial and budgetary discipline.discipline.

c) Create a single currency and to ensure this c) Create a single currency and to ensure this currency’s stability thanks to price stability and currency’s stability thanks to price stability and respect for market economy.respect for market economy.

Monetary policy is based on on European Monetary policy is based on on European System of Central Bank.System of Central Bank.

SecondSecond PillarPillarCommon foreign and security policyCommon foreign and security policy

This pillar provides member states to take This pillar provides member states to take joint action in field of foreign policy.joint action in field of foreign policy.

This pillar involves an intergovernmental This pillar involves an intergovernmental decision making which relies on unanimitydecision making which relies on unanimity

The commission and parliament has The commission and parliament has modest role and court of justice has no modest role and court of justice has no say in this area.say in this area.

A Test Case: Yugoslav ConflictA Test Case: Yugoslav Conflict

Conflict in former Yugoslavia has shown Conflict in former Yugoslavia has shown that construction of EU common foreign that construction of EU common foreign and security policy was still a long term and security policy was still a long term objective.objective.

USA and NATO were the main actors in USA and NATO were the main actors in defence affairs and European states have defence affairs and European states have still a very weak will nd capacity to carry still a very weak will nd capacity to carry out their own policy.out their own policy.

Third PillarThird PillarCooperation in judicial and home affairsCooperation in judicial and home affairs

Third pillar is based on police and judicial cooperation in Third pillar is based on police and judicial cooperation in criminal matter such as terrorism, illegal immigration, criminal matter such as terrorism, illegal immigration, drug traffic and international crime.drug traffic and international crime.

It concerns in the field of justice and home affairs.It concerns in the field of justice and home affairs. Undertake joint action in order provide European citizens Undertake joint action in order provide European citizens

as high level of protection in the area of freedom , as high level of protection in the area of freedom , security and justice.security and justice.

Institutions Institutions

Masstricht Treaty Masstricht Treaty expands the role of European expands the role of European parliamentparliament also creates new codecision also creates new codecision procedure which allows European parliament to procedure which allows European parliament to adopt acts in conjuction with council.adopt acts in conjuction with council.

This procedure entails This procedure entails stronger contacts stronger contacts between the parliament and the councilbetween the parliament and the council in order in order to reach agreement.to reach agreement.

Treaty Treaty extends majority voting within councilextends majority voting within council to to cover most decisions procedure and all cover most decisions procedure and all decisions under the cooperation procedure.decisions under the cooperation procedure.

Principle of subsidiarityPrinciple of subsidiarity

Principle of subsidiarity is a general rule, which was Principle of subsidiarity is a general rule, which was initially applied environmental policy in single European initially applied environmental policy in single European act.act.

This principle specifies that in areas that are not within This principle specifies that in areas that are not within its exclusive powers community only take action where its exclusive powers community only take action where objectives can be best by action at community rather objectives can be best by action at community rather than at national level.than at national level.

TREATY OF AMSTERDAMTREATY OF AMSTERDAM

Signed in 1997, entered into force in 1999Signed in 1997, entered into force in 1999

Substantial changes to the Treaty of Substantial changes to the Treaty of MaastrichtMaastricht

ImportanceImportance

Greater emphasis on citizenship and rights of individulasGreater emphasis on citizenship and rights of individulas

More powers for European ParliamentMore powers for European Parliament

Achieve more democracyAchieve more democracy

Beginnings of Common Foreign and Security PolicyBeginnings of Common Foreign and Security Policy

A Community area of freedom, security and justiceA Community area of freedom, security and justice

EU will now be able to legislate on immigration, civil law EU will now be able to legislate on immigration, civil law or civil procedure, insofar as this is necessary for the or civil procedure, insofar as this is necessary for the free movement of persons within the EU. free movement of persons within the EU.

Intergovernmental cooperation was intensified in the Intergovernmental cooperation was intensified in the police and criminal justice field so that Member States police and criminal justice field so that Member States will be able to coordinate their activities more effectively. will be able to coordinate their activities more effectively. The Union aims to establish an area of freedom, security The Union aims to establish an area of freedom, security and justice for its citizens. The Schengen Agreements and justice for its citizens. The Schengen Agreements have now been incorporated into the legal system of the have now been incorporated into the legal system of the EU. (Ireland and the UK remained outside the Schengen EU. (Ireland and the UK remained outside the Schengen agreement agreement

Common foreign and security policy, with the Common foreign and security policy, with the emphasis on projecting the EU's values to the emphasis on projecting the EU's values to the outside world, protecting its interests and outside world, protecting its interests and reforming its modes of action. reforming its modes of action.

The The European CouncilEuropean Council will lay down will lay down common common strategiesstrategies, which will then be put into effect by , which will then be put into effect by the Council acting by a qualified majority, subject the Council acting by a qualified majority, subject to certain conditions. In other cases, some to certain conditions. In other cases, some States may choose to abstain "constructively", States may choose to abstain "constructively", i.e. without actually preventing decisions being i.e. without actually preventing decisions being taken taken

The treaty introduced a High Representative for The treaty introduced a High Representative for EU Foreign Policy who, together with the EU Foreign Policy who, together with the Presidents of the Council and the European Presidents of the Council and the European Commission, puts a "name and a face" on EU Commission, puts a "name and a face" on EU policy in the outside world. policy in the outside world.

Amsterdam Treaty did not provide for a common Amsterdam Treaty did not provide for a common defence, yet it did increase the EU's defence, yet it did increase the EU's responsibilities for peacekeeping and responsibilities for peacekeeping and humanitarian work, in particular by forging closer humanitarian work, in particular by forging closer links with Western European Union.links with Western European Union.

Enhanced CooperationEnhanced Cooperation

Closer cooperation may be established, on Closer cooperation may be established, on a proposal from the Commission, in cases a proposal from the Commission, in cases where it is not possible to take joint action, where it is not possible to take joint action, provided that such steps do not undermine provided that such steps do not undermine the coherence of the EU or the rights and the coherence of the EU or the rights and equality of its citizens. equality of its citizens.

The NICE TREATY The NICE TREATY

Negotiated and signed by the 15 Negotiated and signed by the 15 European political leaders at December European political leaders at December 2000.2000.

Enters into force 1st February 2003. Enters into force 1st February 2003.

The Objectives of the Nice TreatyThe Objectives of the Nice Treaty To adapt the working of the European To adapt the working of the European

institutions before the arrival of the new member institutions before the arrival of the new member states.states.

Institutional ReformInstitutional Reform

- The Treaty of Nice opened the way to the - The Treaty of Nice opened the way to the institutional reform needed for the EU institutional reform needed for the EU enlargment with the accession of countries from enlargment with the accession of countries from Eastern and Southern Europe. Eastern and Southern Europe.

Changes Brought by Nice TreatyChanges Brought by Nice Treaty

1.1. Extending qualified majority voting.Extending qualified majority voting.

2.2. A new weighting of votes within the A new weighting of votes within the council.council.

3.3. Making the strengthened cooperation Making the strengthened cooperation arrangements.arrangements.

QMV = Qualified Majority VotingQMV = Qualified Majority Voting

QVM extended into 29 areas.QVM extended into 29 areas.( Legislation, Free Movement, etc.)( Legislation, Free Movement, etc.)

A qualified majority is reached; A qualified majority is reached; • If a majority of member states approve If a majority of member states approve • If a minumum 255 in cast in favour.If a minumum 255 in cast in favour. 73.9%73.9% Except enviromental issuesExcept enviromental issues

Votes Within the CouncilVotes Within the Council

The New EU Council Building Built To Accomodate More The New EU Council Building Built To Accomodate More RepresentativesRepresentatives

Weighting of Votes in the Council Weighting of Votes in the Council with the Nice Treatywith the Nice Treaty

-France, Germany, Italy,UK -France, Germany, Italy,UK 29 29-Poland and Spain-Poland and Spain 27 27-Romania-Romania1414-Netherlands-Netherlands1313-Greece, Czech Rep.,Belgium,Hungary,Portugal-Greece, Czech Rep.,Belgium,Hungary,Portugal1212-Austria,Slovakia-Austria,Slovakia1010-Denmark,Finland,Ireland and Lithuania-Denmark,Finland,Ireland and Lithuania77-Cyprus,Estonia,Slovenia,Latvia,Luxembourg-Cyprus,Estonia,Slovenia,Latvia,Luxembourg44-Malta-Malta33

TOTAL EU:321TOTAL EU:321

Integration at Different SpeedsIntegration at Different Speeds

This is a turn for an arrangement that allows This is a turn for an arrangement that allows different number states to adapt different different number states to adapt different elements of EU policy.elements of EU policy.

For example:For example:

.Britian .Britian Opt out social charter Opt out social charter

.12 states .12 states Implementing single currency Implementing single currency

.Ireland and Finland .Ireland and Finland Rejected European Rejected European

defence system.defence system.

EU Defence and EU IDEU Defence and EU ID

. European Defence Policy: Germany and . European Defence Policy: Germany and France planned to have common EU-France planned to have common EU-Defence policy.However, Fınland and Defence policy.However, Fınland and Ireland rejected this initiative.Ireland rejected this initiative.

Charter of Fundemental Rights: Eu tried to Charter of Fundemental Rights: Eu tried to a new concept of citizenship and create a a new concept of citizenship and create a new EU identity.new EU identity.

ImportantImportant

Treaty of Nice was opportunity to look at Treaty of Nice was opportunity to look at how institutions work, but produced only how institutions work, but produced only changes to the numbers instead of changes to the numbers instead of fundamental structural changes fundamental structural changes

European ConstitutionEuropean Constitution

European Constitution generally known as “Treaty European Constitution generally known as “Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE)”establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE)”

-It -It was an international treaty which aims to create was an international treaty which aims to create a constitution for the European union.a constitution for the European union.

-It was signed in Rome by representatives of the -It was signed in Rome by representatives of the member states on 29 October 2004member states on 29 October 2004

-During the process of ratification, France and -During the process of ratification, France and Netherland rejected the treaty in referendum in 2005.Netherland rejected the treaty in referendum in 2005.

KKey principles ey principles of tof the TCEhe TCE

-the principle of conferral: All EU competences are -the principle of conferral: All EU competences are conferred on it voluntarily by member statesconferred on it voluntarily by member states

-the principle of subsidiarity: Governmental decisions -the principle of subsidiarity: Governmental decisions should be taken at the lowest level possible while still should be taken at the lowest level possible while still remaining effectiveremaining effective

-the principle of proportionality: The EU may only act to -the principle of proportionality: The EU may only act to exactly the extent that is needed to achieve its objectivesexactly the extent that is needed to achieve its objectives

-the -the primacy of EU lawprimacy of EU law: In areas where member states : In areas where member states have made legally binding agreements at EU level, they have made legally binding agreements at EU level, they may not then pass national laws incompatible with those may not then pass national laws incompatible with those EU laws.EU laws.

Common values of the Union's Common values of the Union's member statesmember states

-human dignity-human dignity-freedom-freedom-democracy-democracy-equality-equality-the rule of law-the rule of law-respect for human rights-respect for human rights-minority rights-minority rights-free market-free market

Member states declare to Member states declare to pay pay attention toattention to following principles following principles

in their societyin their society

-pluralism-pluralism

-non-discrimination-non-discrimination

-tolerance-tolerance

-justice-justice

-solidarity-solidarity

-equality of the sexes-equality of the sexes

New provisionsNew provisions

Legal personalityLegal personality-The European Union for the first time has -The European Union for the first time has legal personality under the TCE. legal personality under the TCE.

- I- It t will bewill be able to represent itself as a single able to represent itself as a single body in certain circumstances under body in certain circumstances under international law. international law.

- It will be - It will be able to sign treaties as a single able to sign treaties as a single body where all its member states agreebody where all its member states agree

Functioning of the institutionsFunctioning of the institutions

Qualified majority votingQualified majority voting--Decisions in the Council of Ministers would be to be Decisions in the Council of Ministers would be to be taken by qualified majority voting, requiring a 55% taken by qualified majority voting, requiring a 55% majority of members of the Council representing a majority of members of the Council representing a 65% majority of citizens. 65% majority of citizens.

- U- Unanimous agreement would only be required for nanimous agreement would only be required for decisions on more sensitive issues, such as decisions on more sensitive issues, such as tax, tax, social security, foreign policy and defensesocial security, foreign policy and defense..

Parliamentary power and transparencyParliamentary power and transparency

President of the CommissionPresident of the Commission:: The The candidate for President of the European candidate for President of the European Commission would be proposed by the Commission would be proposed by the European Council, after consultation with MEPs, European Council, after consultation with MEPs, and would be elected by the European and would be elected by the European Parliament. Parliament would have the final say.Parliament. Parliament would have the final say.

Budget:Budget:

The final say over the EU's annual budget would The final say over the EU's annual budget would be given to the European Parliament. be given to the European Parliament. Agricultural spending would no longer be ring-Agricultural spending would no longer be ring-fenced, and would be brought under the fenced, and would be brought under the Parliament's control.Parliament's control.

Role of national parliaments:Role of national parliaments:

Member state’s national parliaments would Member state’s national parliaments would be given be given a new rolea new role in scrutinizing in scrutinizing proposed EU laws, and would be entitled proposed EU laws, and would be entitled to object if they feel a proposal oversteps to object if they feel a proposal oversteps the boundary of the Union's agreed areas the boundary of the Union's agreed areas of responsibility. If the Commission wishes of responsibility. If the Commission wishes to ignore such an objection, it would be to ignore such an objection, it would be forced to submit an explanation to the forced to submit an explanation to the parliament concerned and to the Council parliament concerned and to the Council of Ministers.of Ministers.

Points of contentionPoints of contention

Length and complexityLength and complexity

--over 160,000 wordsover 160,000 words

--technical language usedtechnical language used

Qualified majority votingQualified majority voting

--loss of sovereigntyloss of sovereignty

Union law and national lawUnion law and national law

--Unacceptable for the TCE to enshrine European laws as taking Unacceptable for the TCE to enshrine European laws as taking precedence over national lawsprecedence over national laws

Points of ContentionPoints of Contention

SecularismSecularism-include reference to Christianity-include reference to Christianity

MilitarismMilitarism-Article I-41(3) states that: "-Article I-41(3) states that: "Member States shall undertake Member States shall undertake progressively to improve their military capabilitiesprogressively to improve their military capabilities".".-can increase military capabilities without the will of people-can increase military capabilities without the will of people-can lead worldwide arm race-can lead worldwide arm race

Economic PolicyEconomic Policy-fear of transition from European social model to neoliberal -fear of transition from European social model to neoliberal economic framework.economic framework.-principle of free movement of capital (both inside EU and with third -principle of free movement of capital (both inside EU and with third countries)countries)

The Treaty The Treaty ofof Lisbon=The Reform Treaty Lisbon=The Reform Treaty 13.12.2007=>1.1.2009. 13.12.2007=>1.1.2009. Existing treaties Existing treaties of EU.of EU. Aim: Aim: -to -to provide the EU to tackleprovide the EU to tackle today’s today’s

challenges in today’s world.challenges in today’s world. -to -to reinforce democracyreinforce democracy in the EU to in the EU to

promote the interests of its citizens on a promote the interests of its citizens on a day-to-day basis.day-to-day basis.

The important features of the Lisbon Treaty can The important features of the Lisbon Treaty can be analyzed in be analyzed in 1010 points.points.

1) 1) Some changes for Some changes for ““efficiencyefficiency”” and and common problems: energy security, common problems: energy security, organized crimeorganized crime andand terrorism, globalization, terrorism, globalization, further enlargement, making Europe’s voice further enlargement, making Europe’s voice more effective.more effective.

2) 2) Permanent President of the European Permanent President of the European Council appointed by national governments. Council appointed by national governments. Aim: Aim: provide a greater continuityprovide a greater continuity..

3) 3) High Representative of the Union for High Representative of the Union for foreign affairs and security policy. => foreign affairs and security policy. => appointed by the European Council with the appointed by the European Council with the agreement of commission President.=> agreement of commission President.=> conduct the Union’s common foreign and conduct the Union’s common foreign and security policy, implement commonly agreed security policy, implement commonly agreed policies, present agreed EU positions in policies, present agreed EU positions in international organizations. international organizations. Aim: Aim: Greater Greater Coherence to the EU’s external action.Coherence to the EU’s external action.

4) 4) Gives national parliaments a voice in Gives national parliaments a voice in making European laws for the 1st time. Every making European laws for the 1st time. Every national parliament receives proposals for national parliament receives proposals for new EU legislation directly. new EU legislation directly. Aim: Aim: judging the judging the subsidiarity.subsidiarity.

5) Reduces the size of the European 5) Reduces the size of the European Commission. Now=> one commission for Commission. Now=> one commission for each country. From 2014=> no. will be each country. From 2014=> no. will be reduced. reduced. Aim: Aim: to make commission work to make commission work more effectively and every country takes more effectively and every country takes equal turns. equal turns.

6) It extends Qualified Majority Voting 6) It extends Qualified Majority Voting (QMV) to new policy areas. (QMV) to new policy areas. Aim: Aim: to speed to speed up decision making in a number of up decision making in a number of technical areas. technical areas.

7) QMV to DMV. Double majority voting 7) QMV to DMV. Double majority voting system will take QMV’s place. system will take QMV’s place. Aim: Aim: more more based on population, more democratic.based on population, more democratic.

8) Increases the number of policy 8) Increases the number of policy areas.=> European parliament also have areas.=> European parliament also have to approve EU legislation. to approve EU legislation.

9) Simplifies the rules on “enchanted co-9) Simplifies the rules on “enchanted co-operation”. Rule is that at least a 3rd of operation”. Rule is that at least a 3rd of member states must want to co-operate, member states must want to co-operate, others are free to join at any time. others are free to join at any time.

10) Incorporation the Charter of 10) Incorporation the Charter of Fundamental Rights into EU law. Fundamental Rights into EU law. AimAim: to : to ensure that EU institutions respect those ensure that EU institutions respect those fundamental rights.fundamental rights.

It brings more democracy to EU. It brings more democracy to EU. Prepares member states to today’s, current Prepares member states to today’s, current

challenges. challenges. It provides more strenght and prestige to It provides more strenght and prestige to

Europe in the world stage. Europe in the world stage. National issues become more easier to National issues become more easier to

cope with. cope with. The possibility of judging the decisions is The possibility of judging the decisions is

more possible.more possible.

It creates a more peaceful ground It creates a more peaceful ground between EU members and the rest of the between EU members and the rest of the states.states.

It makes countries freer. It makes countries freer.