Course: Introduction to Management

Assignment Title : Major Management Approaches

Course Instructor : Miss Afshan RaufDeadline: 19 Aug 2014Name :Fahad TariqID:FA14-BB-0036

Historical Approaches

• Organized Endeavors have existed for thousand of years.

• The Egyptians Pyramids and The Great Wall Of China.

• Adam Smith: Proposed Division of Labor• Industrial Revolution: Guided the requirement

of managing large organizations.

Classical Approach

Scientific ManagementF.W Taylor

1) To develop a science for each element of an individual’s work to replace the old rule-

of-thumb.2)Scientifically select and then train, teach

and develop the worker.

General AdministrativeHenry Fayol 1)Focused more on what managers and what

constituted good management practice.

Behavioral Approach

Early Advocates

Robert Owens 1700s

Hugo Munsterberg Early

1900s

Mary Parker Follet Earlyv1900s

Chester Bernard 1930s

Actual Managers who thought organizations were social required cooperation.

Pioneer in field of industrial psychology

Concerned about deplorable working conditions.

One of the first to believe that organizations could be viewed from perspective of an individual

Behavioral Approach (contd)

To examine

the effect of various lighting

levels on workers.

As the level of light is increased so do the

output

The decrease in the level of light also caused the

output to increase.

Hawthorne Studies

Quantitative Approach

Total Quality Management

Intense focus on customer

Process focused

Empowerment of employees

Concern for continuous

improvement

Contemporary Approach

• System Approach :• A set of unrelated and interdependent parts

arranged in a manner that produces an unified whole.

• There are 2 types of systems closed and open systems.

• Closed system doesn’t interacts with the environment nor is influenced by anything. While open system are influenced by and also interact with the environment.

Contemporary Approach (contd.)

• Contingency Approach:• Sometimes referred to as situational approach

says that organizations are different and they face different problems and they therefore require different ways of managing.