1

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

biznes-inJineringis fakulteti

xelnaweris uflebiT

mamuka qafianiZe

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis sabrZolo iaraRis

koleqciis atribucia da eqspertiza

doqtoris akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad

wardgenili disertaciis

avtoreferati

Tbilisi

2012 weli

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sadisertacio naSromi Sesrulebulia saqarTvelos erovnul

muzeumsa da saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis biznes-

inJineringis fakultetis, sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa

departamentis, saqarTvelos istoriisa da qarTuli kulturis

istoriis mimarTulebaze.

samecniero xelmZRvaneli:

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis

sruli profesori: /g.inaniSvili/

TanaxelmZRvaneli:

istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

mTavari kuaratori: /e.nadiraZe/

recenzentebi:

istoriis doqtori,

andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis

qarTuli universitetis profesori: /n.SoSitaSvili/

istoriis doqtori,

metalurgiis institutis

mecnier TanamSromeli: /b.amaRlobeli/

disertaciis dacva Sedgeba 2012 wlis 15 ivniss 16 saaTze,

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis biznes-inJineringis

fakultetis sadisertacio sabWos kolegiis sxdomaze.

0175, Tbilisi, kostavas q. #77.

disertaciis gacnoba SeiZleba saqarTvelos teqnikuri

universitetis biblioTekaSi, xolo avtoreferatis – stu-s

vebgverdze.

sadisertacio sabWos mdivani,

filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

stu-s sruli profesori: /b. imnaZe/

3

SUMMARY

The thesis by Mamuka Qapianidze – “Attribution and Expertise of Collection of Weapons of the National Museum of Georgia” is offered on 162 computer pages. The thesis consists of introduction, review of special literature, results of the studies carried out by the author and their discussion given in five chapters, conclusion, list of references and the annex.

The introduction substantiates the actuality of the studied theme, modern state of its scientific research, the goal of the study, problems, objectives, theoretical and practical bases and information base. The principal directions of the work and its scientific novelty are formulated. Its practical significance is shown.

Review of special literature describes the present status of the problem study and the alternate methods for the resolution of the flaws and modern scientific approaches of their extirpation.

The first chapter offers the history of the fund of weapons of Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia, and the ways of filling of the fund/corpus are described: these are the materials obtained as a result of expeditions, exhibits which had been donated to churches and later were transferred to the museum, accidentally acquired weapons, confiscated and handed over by the collectors or purchased from them. The same chapter offers biographical data of some collectors found in the archives of the museum.

The second chapter considers the methods of investigation, applied in the process of the present study. These are historical, descriptive, comparative, stylistic-typological analyses, spectral (determination of chemical composition of the material) and metallographic analysis (micro structural study of weapon steel, evaluation of structure and determination of technological characteristics) of cold arms. The scheme of the complex method of the study is considered, which determines the possibility of attribution-expertise of the exhibits.

The third chapter offers classification of the material of the weapon fund. Arms are divided into two types, those for attack and for defense. Weapons for attack are:

Pricking weapon –“horoli (oroli) spear, lance, bayonet, “gmuri”, halberd, “libandaki”, “alebardi”; throwing-procking weapons “mazraki”, “khufani”, “satkhedi” (hand-spear), “geoni”; throwing weapons: sling-shot, “filakavani”; shooting weapons –bow and arrow, arbalest/cross-bow; striking arms – whip, “gurzi”, “goguti”, crook, “argani”, “chuglugi”, battle axes, “ghajiebi”; cutting arms – sword, dagger, sabre, knife, poniard.

Arms for defense are:”sakaco and satskheno” (”for men” and “for horse”) From the means of defense of the warrior the hoods, chest protecting and limb

protecting means are considered. Battle hoods –helmet, cask, “chabalakhi”, “fafanaki”; for chest protection – coat

of mail, chain shirt, “begtari” (with metal plates) “tori” (whole iron or two-sectional) “kafi”, “yalmagi” (coat made of chains); limb-protecting means–“khelnavi”, chain

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“safuxre”, for knees –“sakirmuza”, for hips. (chain for protection of legs), trousers made of chains.

From the defense weapons/means the shield is described separately which was used from times immemorial in battle art.

The same chapter considers the equipment of a warrior, before and after the firearms were introduced.

Each type of arms is considered on the basis of correlation of the results of the studies of archaeological material and ethnographic data. Scheme of development and refining of the weapon was developed on the basis of the data available in Georgia. Simultaneously with the Georgian material the weapons of other countries and ethnic groups kept at the fund are considered.

The fourth chapter deals with the cold arms collection, which is presented by 500 swords/sabres. Classification of swords is made according to their origin, as follows: Japanese, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Turkish, European, Russian, Caucasian, Middle Asian and Georgian. Definite type of swords is described separately, according to the fund material. Thus for example among the Japanese swards we isolated. These are “tekuto” – old straight sward; “tanto” – knife, up to 30 cm in length; “vakidzashi” –small sword from 39 cm to 60 cm; “tati” – big sword from 60 cm and longer (was carried with its tip down); “katana” – a big sword (which was carried with the tip up). From the Chinese swards:”vodao” and “chan ma dao”, which describes its designation and function – “sword, which cuts horses” etc.

In typological attribution of swords the main attention was devoted to thorough study of Georgian weapons. Diversity of Georgian sword was expressed in terminology too. There are ten types of Georgian swords, which were preserved in Georgian life very long. In the depository of the National Museum of Georgia we have “gorda”, “kaldy”, “kabiani”, “davitperuli”, “franguli” (French) (with imprint of a wolf), “khevsuruli”, “lekuri/cholauri” (sabre), ungruli” (Hungarian), “tbilisuri and Iranian type Georgian sword. Irrespective of the fact that these forms of swards gradually, because of definite practical designation or vogue, acquired names of foreign made swords, they in the principle still express the character of locally made weapons and fall in the category of “Georgian swords” without any problem.

The fifth chapter considers the stages of development of firearms: I –guns/rifles with wick (XV-XVI cc), II – rifles-pistols with rolls (XVI-XVII cc), III- flintlock rifles and pistols (XVI-XVIII), IV –percussion muskets and revolvers (XIX c. I half), V- rifle with needle (XIX cent., II ,half). Classification of the weapon fund was made where several groups were distinguished according to the origin: Georgian, Circassian, Daghestanian, Russian, Turkish, European and American. Chronological frame of weapons covers XVI-XIX centuries. Weapon of each group in its turn was divided into types. Thus, for example from the Georgian weapons we identified and characterized the guns –“gvelistucha”, “Mustafa”, “erejib”, “khirimi”, “machakhela” et al.

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Special attention was paid to the contribution of the King Erekle the II to a matter of development of art of making Georgian weapons. The weapon making craft of the regions of Georgia where the firearms were manufactured is described as thoroughly as possible..

Memorial guns kept at the weapon fund were studied. Attribution of firearms, study of identification marks and deciphering/interpretation of the existing inscriptions enables us to identify and examine some dozen samples of unknown till now samples. At the same time, the studies carried out on the basis of historical sources enabled us to associate some weapons with definite historical facts of Georgia.

Conclusion offers the main results of the implemented research.

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naSromis zogadi daxasiaTeba

sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba. iaraR-saWurveli materialuri

kulturis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sferoa. kacobriobis

ganviTarebis yvela etapze SeiaraRebis istoriis saxeobaTa

rekonstruqciisaTvis arsebiT eTnografiul wyaros, maTi

kompleqsuri kvlevis Sedegebi warmoadgens.

adre da ganviTarebuli Suasaukuneebis periodis satevars,

maxvils, xmals, Subs, mSvildisars, damcav saSualebas fars,

abjars, muzarads da SeiaraRebis sxva elementebs liTonwarmoebis

done gansazRvravs, vidre XV-XVI saukuneebis didma gardatexam

sabrZolo xelovnebaSi, SeiaraRebis mTavar da gadamwyvet faqtorad

cecxlsasroli iaraRi ar moavlina.

aRsaniSnavia, rom XVII-XIX saukuneebis qarTul iaraRTan

dakavSirebuli monografia dRemde ar Seqmnila. informaciis

vakuumia maRali poligrafiis, mecnierulad damuSavebuli

katalogebis gamocemis kuTxiT. amdenad, warmodgenili sakiTxi did

interess iwvevs saqarTvelo-kavkasiis regionSi gvianSuasaukuneebis

iaraRwarmoebis istoriis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT.

sakvlevi Temis aqtualobas gansazRvravs aseve is faqtic, rom

erovnuli muzeumis iaraRis koleqciebis didi nawili ar aris

mecnierulad Seswavlili. unikaluri masala srulyofil,

istoriul-tipologiur da teqnologiur identifikacias saWiroebs.

naSromis mizani. sadisertacio naSromis mizans warmoadgens

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis XVII-XIX saukuneebis sabrZolo

iaraRis koleqciebSi daculi eqsponatebis kompleqsuri, istoriul-

tipologiuri da teqnologiuri gamokvleva. am mimarTulebiT

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis Seswavlis sakiTxTa sfero

da dRemde arsebuli araerTi sakvanZo problema, axlebur

gadawyvetas moiTxovs.

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saqarTvelo-kavkasiis regionSi aRniSnuli periodis istoriul-

teqnologiuri da TavdacviTi problemebis axsnisaTvis arsebiTia

Semdegi sakiTxebis kvleva:

XVII-XIX saukuneebis civi da cecxlsasroli iaraRis

istoriul-tipologiuri analizi.

sabrZolo iaraRis saxeobebis mixedviT erovnuli muzeumis

iaraRis fondis eqsponatTa klasifikacia.

iaraRis fondis masalis eTnikuri kuTvnilebis Sesabamisi

lokalizacia.

fondis iaraRis saxeobaTa warmomavlobis gansazRvra.

fondis civi iaraRis qimiur-teqnologiuri analizi.

fondis memorialuri iaraRis kuTvnilebiTi gamokvleva.

qarTuli warmoebis iaraRis adgili kavkasiis xalxTa

SeiaraRebis sistemaSi.

kvlevis obieqti da sagani. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis

simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis fondebSi daculi

sabrZolo iaraRis koleqciebi (eTnologiisa da axali istoriis

koleqciebis iaraRis 3000-ze meti eqsponati).

kvlevis meTodika. sakvlevi problemidan da obieqtidan

gamomdinare, gamoyenebulia kvlevis kompleqsuri meTodi:

1. istoriuli, aRwerilobiTi da SedarebiTi

statistikuri analizi.

2. stilistur-tipologiuri analizi.

3. interdisciplinaruli gamokvleva _ eqsponatTa

morfologiur-makroskopuli, metalografiuli da

speqtruli analizi.

4. saiaraRo foladis teqnologiuri gamokvleva

(struqturis Sefaseba, meqanikuri maxasiaTeblebis

dadgena).

5. saiaraRo eqsponatis sruli atribucia, eqspertiza

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6. saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculi iaraRis

koleqciis ZiriTad eqsponatTa katalogis Seqmna.

naSromis mecnieruli siaxle. naSromi moicavs saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis fondebSi dacul da Seuswavlel koleqciebs,

maT mecnierul identifikacias:

1. sabrZolo iaraRi warmodgenilia horizontalur

ganfenilobaSi, qveynebis mixedviT (saqarTvelo, kavkasiis

qveynebi, TurqeTi, irani, ruseTi, safrangeTi, inglisi,

germania, indoeTi, CineTi, iaponia, afrikis qveynebi, amerika)

da vertikalur WrilSi, iaraRis ganviTarebis istoriuli

etapebis mixedviT.

2. gansazRvrulia zogierTi iaraRis srulyofilebis

kriteriumebi.

3. samecniero mimoqcevaSi pirvelad Sedis simon janaSias

saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis cecxlsasroli iaraRis

koleqciebis istoriul-tipologiuri daxasiaTeba.

4. dadgenilia qarTuli sabrZolo iaraRis tipologia,

Catarebulia warmomavlobiTi klasifikacia.

5. Seswavlilia memorialuri warwerebis da saiaraRo

damRebis saxe, mimoxilulia iaraRis ganviTarebis etapebi

da dadgenilia maTi kavSiri istoriul movlenebTan da

faqtebTan.

6. Sesrulebulia ramdenime aTeuli nivTis eqspertiza.

7. Sedgenilia saiaraRo fondis ZiriTadi eqsponatebis

katalogi.

naSromis praqtikuli mniSvneloba. naSromis kvlevis Sedegebi

samuzeumo eqsponatebis identifikaciasa da pasportizaciaze

aisaxeba.

naSromis Sedegebs warmatebiT gamoiyeneben Tanamedrove

qarTveli, xelovani meiaraRe ostatebi, popularizacias gauweven

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qarTul istoriul iaraRs da saTanado adgils daikaveben

saqarTvelos eTnografiuli turizmis ganviTarebaSi.

,,omebis istoriis” qveyanaSi qarTul sabrZolo iaraRze

Sesrulebuli sadoqtoro naSromi sakiTxis Seswavlis erT-erT

pirvel cdas warmoadgens.

miRebuli daskvnebiT da debulebebiT SeiZleba Seivsos

umaRlesi skolis saqarTvelos istoriis saswavlo programebi.

naSromis aprobacia. sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi

debulebebi moxsenda saerTaSoriso konferenciebze:

1. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis studentTa 78-e Ria

saerTaSoriso samecniero konferencia. Tema _ ,,qarTuli

xmali _ gorda, kaldimi”, Tbilisi, 2010.

2. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, biznes-inJineringis

fakulteti, sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa departamenti.

saerTaSoriso konferencia msoflio da kavkasia. Tema _

,,qarTvel mefeTa da warCinebulTa cecxlsasroli iaraRi

erovnuli muzeumis koleqciebidan”, Tbilisi, 2011. daibeWda

Tezisebi.

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disertaciis Temaze daculi iqna ori Tematuri saseminaro naSromi:

1. ,,saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculi sabrZolo iaraRis

teqnologiuri atribucia (civi iaraRi)”. saqarTvelos

teqnikuri universiteti, biznes-inJineringis fakulteti,

dekemberi, 2010.

2. ,,saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis cecxlsasroli iaraRis

koleqciebi”. saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti, biznes-

inJineringis fakulteti, dekemberi, 2011.

publikacia. sadisertacio Temis irgvliv gamoqveynebulia rva

mecnieruli naSromi.

disertaciis moculoba da struqtura. sadisertacio naSromi

moicavs kompiuterze nabeWd 162 gverds da ilustraciebis danarTs.

naSromis ZiriTadi teqsti Sedgeba Sesavlis, literaturis

mimoxilvis, xuTi Tavisa (Svidi qveTavis) da daskvnisagan.

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naSromis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi

SesavalSi dasabuTebulia sakvlevi Temis aqtualoba,

daxasaTebulia misi mecnieruli kvlevis Tanamedrove mdgomareoba,

gadmocemulia kvlevis mizani, problemebi, obieqti, sagani,

Teoriul-praqtikuli safuZvlebi da informaciuli baza.

Camoyalibebulia naSromis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi da mecnieruli

siaxle. naCvenebia misi praqtikuli mniSvneloba.

literaturis mimoxilvaSi mocemulia problemis Seswavlis

mdgomareoba da misi gadaWris alternatiuli meTodebi,

naklovanebebi da maTi aRmofxvris Tanamedrove mecnieruli gzebi.

pirvel TavSi ganxilulia simon janaSias saxelobis

saqarTvelos muzeumis iaraRis fondis istoria. daxasiaTebulia

fondis Sevsebis gzebi: eqspediciebis Sedegad moZiebuli masalebi,

eklesiaSi Sewiruli nivTebis muzeumSi gadmotanili eqsponatebi,

SemTxveviTi SenaZenebi, konfiscirebuli da kerZo

koleqcionerebisgan gadmocemuli an SeZenili nivTebi. Aamave TavSi

moyvanilia erovnuli muzeumis arqivSi moZiebuli ramdenime

koleqcioneris biografiuli cnobebi.

meore TavSi saubaria kvlevis meTodebze, romelic

gamoyenebulia winamdebare naSromis momzadebisTvis: istoriuli,

aRwerilobiTi, SedarebiTi, stilistur-tipologiuri analizebi,

civi iaraRis speqtruli (masalis qimiuri Sedgenilobis gansazRvra)

da metalografiuli analizi (saiaraRo foladis

mikrostruqturuli gamokvleva, struqturis Sefaseba da

teqnologiuri maxasiaTeblebis dadgena). ganxilulia kvlevis

kompleqsuri meTodis sqema romelic eqsponatis atribucia-

eqspertizis SesaZleblobas ganapirobebs.

mesame TavSi mocemulia iaraRis fondis masalis klasifikacia.

saomari saSualebebi zogadad dayofilia or saxeobad _ Semtev da

Tavdasacav iaraRad. Semtevi iaraRis nairsaxeobad miCneulia:

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saZgerebeli iaraRi _ horoli (oroli) Subi, laxvari, gmuri,

xiSti, libandaki, alebardi; satyorcn-saZgerebeli iaraRi _

mazraki, zufani, saTxedi (xelSuba), geoni; satyorcni iaraRi _

Surduli, filakavani; sasroli iaraRi _ mSvild-isari, arbaleti;

dasartymeli iaraRebi _ laxti, gurzi, goguTi, kverTxi, argani,

Cuglugi, sabrZolo culebi, Rajiebi; mkveTeli iaraRi _ xmali,

maxvili, daSna, dana, xanjali.

Tavdasacavi iaraRis nairsaxeobebi: ,,sakaco da sacxeno”.

meomris Tavdasacavi saSualebidan ganxilulia _ Tavsaburavi,

gulmkerdis sacavi da kidursacavi iaraRebi.

sabrZolo Tavsaburavebi _ muzaradi, CaCqani, Cabalaxi,

fafanaki; gulmkerdis sacavi _ javSani, jaWvis perangi, begTari

(liTonis firfitebiani), Tori (mTliani rkina, an ornawiledi), qafi,

ialmagi (jaWvTa garegan sacmeli); kidursacavi iaraRebi _ xelnavi,

jaWvis safuxre, samuxle-sayirmuza, sabarkuli, saCerne (sawvive

jaWvi), jaWvis Sarvali.

Tavdasacavi iaraRebidan calkea gamoyofili fari, romelic

uxsovari droidan gamoiyeneboda sabrZolo xelovnebaSi. A

amave TavSi saubaria meomris ekipirebaze cecxlsasroli

iaraRis damkvidrebamde da mis Semdeg. G

iaraRis TiToeuli saxeoba ganxilulia arqeologiuri

masalisa da eTnografiul monacemTa kvlevis Sedegebis SejerebiT.

iaraRis ganviTareba-srulyofis sqema Sesrulebulia saqarTvelos

monacemTa magaliTze. qarTuli masalis paralelurad saubaria

fondSi daculi sxva qveynebisa da eTnikuri kuTvnilebis iaraRze.

meoTxe TavSi saubaria civi iaraRis koleqciaze, romelic 500-

mde erTeuli xmliT aris warmodgenili. iaraRis klasifikacia

warmomavlobis mixedviT Semdegnairia: iaponuri, Cinuri, induri,

sparsuli, Turquli, evropuli, rusuli, kavkasiuri, Sua aziuri da

qarTuli. fondis masalis mixedviT gamoyofilia xmlebis calkeuli

tipi. magaliTad, iaponur xmlebSi gamovyaviT: tekuto _ Zveleburi

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swori xmali; tanto _ dana, sigrZiT 30sm-mde; vakiZaSi _ patara

xmali 30sm-dan 60 sm-mde; tati _ didi xmali 60sm-dan zeviT

(atarebdnen wveriT qvemoT); katana _ didi xmali (atarebdnen wveriT

zeviT). Cinuri xmlebidan: ,,vodao” da ,,Can ma dao”, rac mis

daniSnulebas da funqcias niSnavs _ ,,xmali, romelic cxenebs

Cexavs” da a.S.

xmlebis tipologiur atribuciaSi mTavari yuradReba daeTmo

qarTuli iaraRis yovelmxriv Seswavlas. qarTuli xmlis

mravalgavaroba terminologiaSic aisaxa. ganxilulia qarTuli

xmlis aTi tipi, romelic gvianobamde SemorCa qarTul yofaSi.

saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculia: gorda, kaldimi, kabiani,

daviTferuli, franguli (mglis damRiani), xevsuruli,

lekuri//Wolauri (SaSka), ungruli, Tbilisuri da iranuli tipis

qarTuli xmali. miuxedavad imisa, rom xmlis am saxeobebs droTa

ganmavlobaSi, sxvadasxva praqtikuli mosazrebebisa Tu moduri

gatacebis gamo, ucxo qveynebSi warmoebuli xmlebis saxelebi

SeuZeniaT, isini principulad gamoxataven adgilobrivi warmoebis

xasiaTs da daubrkoleblad Tavsdebian ,,qarTuli xmlebis”

kategoriaSi.

mexuTe TavSi ganxilulia cecxlsasroli iaraRis

ganviTarebis etapebi: I _ fiTiliani Tofebi (XV_XVI ss.), II _

gorgolaWiani Tof-dambaCebi (XVI-XVII s.), III _ kaJiani Tof-dambaCebi

(XVI-XVIII), IV _ fistoniani Tof-dambaCebi da revolverebi (XIXs.-is

I naxevari), V _ nemsiani SaSxanebi (XIX s-is II naxevari).

ganxorcielda iaraRis fondis masalis klasifikacia, sadac

warmomavlobis mixedviT gamoiyo ramdenime jgufi _ qarTuli,

Cerqezuli, daRestnuri, rusuli, Turquli, evropuli da amerikuli.

iaraRebis qronologiuri CarCo ganisazRvra XVI-XIX saukuneebiT.

TiToeul jgufSi Semavali iaraRi Tavis mxriv daiyo tipebad.

magaliTad, qarTuli iaraRebidan identifikacia gaukeTda Tofebs _

gvelistuCa, mustafa, erejibi, xirimi, maWaxela da sxv.

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gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo mefe erekle II-is Rvawls

qarTuli saiaraRo saqmis ganviTarebaSi. SeZlebisdagvarad

daxasiaTebulia saqarTvelos yvela im kuTxis saiaraRo warmoeba

sadac mzaddeboda cecxlsasroli iaraRi.

gamokvleulia iaraRis fondSi daculi memorialuri Tofebi.

cecxlsasroli iaraRis atribuciam, damRebis Seswavlam da

arsebuli warwerebis gaSifrvam, jer kidev ucnobi ramdenime

aTeuli egzemplaris identifikaciis da eqspertizis saSualeba

mogvca. amave dros istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT Catarebulma

kvlevam ramdenime nivTi saqarTvelos istoriul faqtebs

daukavSira.

daskvnaSi Camoyalibebulia sadisertacio naSromis kvleva-

Ziebis ZiriTadi Sedegebi.

iaraRis fondis istoria

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis simon janaSias saxelobis

saqarTvelos muzeumis axali istoriisa da eTnografiuli

koleqciebis iaraRis fondis istoria muzeumis daarsebasTan erTad

iwyeba. 1852wlis aprilSi, TbilisSi arsebul ruseTis geografiuli

sazogadoebis kavkasiis ganyofilebasTan Camoyalibda kavkasiuri

muzeumi eTnografiuli kabinetiTurT, romlis pirveli kuratori

iyo eTnografi da poeti r. erisTavi. eTnografiul kabinetSi,

momavali iaraRis fondisTvis, imave wels Semosulia sabrZolo

iaraRi. Semdgom wlebSi ivseboda da mdidrdeboda iaraRis fondi

sxvadasxva kerZo koleqcionerebisagan SeZenili Tu eTnografiuli

eqspediciebis Sedegad miRebuli masalebiT, romelTa saerTo

raodenoba sami aTas erTeuls aWarbebs.

1915 wels kavkasiis muzeumSi Semovida metad Zvirfasi

koleqcia, romelic ekuTvnoda spars diplomat general majd-os-

saltanes, urmiis yofil gubernators da Tavrizis olqis deputats,

romelic im xanad cxovrobda TbilisSi, semionovis #4-Si. saltanes

cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaze Zalzed mwiri cnobebi mogvepoveba.

15

TbilisSi Camosvlisas saltane ukve flobda sakmaod mdidar

koleqcias. nivTebis SeZenas Semdgom wlebSic agrZelebda, igi

yidulobda da yidda antikvarul nivTebs.

ruseT-iranis urTierTobis gauaresebis gamo, politikurma

mowinaaRmdegeebma saltane mefisnacvalTan daasmines. mas sxvadasxva

braldebiT (iranis agentoba...) patimroba emuqreboda, amitomac 1915

wels ojaxTan erTad Tbilisidan iranSi gaiqca. misi mdidari

koleqcia daluqes da 24 oqtombris #123 dadgenilebiT (erovnuli

muzeumis arqivi) daayadaRes. amave wels (1916?) binis mepatrone

kavkasiis muzeumis direqtors sTxovs aunazRauron im oTaxis qira,

sadac Caketili iyo saltanes koleqcia (erovnuli muzeumis arqivi

86,1916,14). kavkasiis muzeumis maSindelma direqtorma al. kaznakovma

260 maneTi gadauxada binis mepatrones. amgvarad mejid-os-saltanes

Zvirfasi koleqcia muzeumSi aRmoCnda.

1926 wels saqarTvelos muzeums Seemata saucxoo koleqcia

iaraRisa da budisturi koleqciebis saxiT, romelic ekuTvnoda

polkovnik zurab simonis Ze kobiaSvils.

zurab kobiaSvils samxedro samsaxuris dros, xSirad uwevda

mogzauroba aRmosavleTisa da evropis qveynebSi. igi iaraRis kargi

mcodne da specialisti iyo. wlebis ganmavlobaSi man Seagrova

aRmosavluri da evropuli iaraRis Zvirfasi koleqcia, maT Soris

zogi istoriuli mniSvnelobisa.

erovnuli muzeumis arqivSi daculi masalis mixedviT (fondi

#17, arqivi #7) irkveva, rom kobiaSvilis koleqciis SeZenis sakiTxi

muzeumma ramdenimejer ganixila da 1925 wels 15 000 maneTi oqroTi

misi SeZenis sakiTxi dadebiTad gadawyvita.

1903 wlis dasawyisSi, gustav rades gardacvalebis Semdeg,

saimperatoro akademiis krebam, kavkasiis muzeumis direqtoris

movaleobis Semsruleblad aleqsandre nikolozis Ze kaznakovi

airCia. kaznakovi gansakuTrebuli yuradrebiT epyroboda iaraRis

koleqciiT muzeumis Sevsebas. man sakmaod kargad Seiswavla

16

kavkasiuri iaraRi, kavkasiel ostatTa damRebi da niSnebi. kavkasiis

mefisnacvalTan molaparakebiT man muzeumisTvis kavkasiel mTielTa

CamorTmeuli iaraRis gadacemis nebarTvas miaRwia. 1904 wels

kaznakovis mimarTvis safuZvelze finansTa saministrom kavkasiis

muzeums konfiscirebuli koleqcia gadasca (erovnuli muzeumis

arqivi. saqme 9,1904w).

fondi gamdidrebulia aseve kerZo koleqcionerebis

mirzoevisa (100-mde nivTi) da kafarovis (70-mde iaraRi) piradi

koleqciebiT.

saqarTvelos muzeumis saWurvlis koleqciebiT gamdidrebis

erT-erTi wyaro iyo saWurvlis taZrebisaTvis Sewirvis wesi.

eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiT es sayuradRebo Cveuleba, rogorc

Cans, gvianobamde moqmedebda. am wesma Tu ritualma bevri

saintereso nivTi Semogvinaxa, romelTac Semdgom muzeumSi daides

bina.

XIXs-Si siZveleTa yoveli moyvaruli Zalauneburad erTgvari

koleqcioneri xdeboda. qarTul ojaxebSi saerTod wesad iyo

miRebuli saWurvelis TvalsaCino adgilas dakideba. binis aseTi

kuTxe Tavisebur gamofenas warmoadgenda. saqarTveloSi aseTi

tradiciebi imdroindel mesveurebs samuzeumo wamowyebaSi

gadautaniaT. muzeumis fondebSi mravladaa Semosuli iaraRi

swored aseTi ojaxebidan.

kvlevis meTodika

sabrZolo iaraRis kvlevisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs mis

vizualur daTvalierebas, saidanac momdinareobs misi stilistur-

tipologiuri analizi. magaliTad, xmlis eqspertizisTvis saWiroa

Catardes xmlis taris, piris, vadajvris da qarqaSis sruli

vizualuri daTvaliereba, stilisturi analizi, ris mixedviTac

dgindeba xmlis tipologia (vadajvaris formebis mixedviT SeiZleba

dadgindes nivTis wamomavloba, Sesabamisad iaraRi ganirCeva taris

da piris formebis mixedviTac). G

17

nivTis kompleqsuri Seswavlisas, didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

damRebs. maT kvlevas konkretul meiaraRe ostatamde mivyevarT

(meiaraRis vinaoba, erovneba da qveyana sadac damzadebulia iaraRi).

eqsponatis eqspertizisas didi yuradReba eTmoba iaraRze

Sesrulebul warwerebs, ZiriTadad xelosnis, an damkveTis

aRniSvniT. warweris arseboba gadamwyvetia nivTis memorialurobis

gansazRvrisaTvis (nivTis unikaluroba da faseuloba izrdeba misi

mflobelis vinaobis dadgenisas).

saeqsperto daskvnis Sedgenisas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba

agreTve nivTis daculobas, restavracias da popularobas.

iaraRis eqspertiza moicavs eqsponatis pasportizacias, sadac

gaTvaliswinebulia nivTis Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi: saxelwodeba,

masala, zoma, wona, warmomavloba, periodi, kulturuli kuTvnileba,

personaluri kuTvnileba, aRwera, damzadebis teqnika-teqnologia,

dekori, damRa, warwera, legenda, daculoba, publikacia.

gamoyenebuli kompleqsuri meTodi, vizualur daTvalierebasa

da stilistur-tipologiur analizTan erTad, iTvaliswinebs nivTis

masalis (xis, tyavis, liTonis, zedapiruli damuSavebis)

interdisciplinarul gamokvlevas (masalis raoba, qimiuri

Sedgeniloba, damzadebis teqnologiuri sqema). meTodi moicavs civi

iaraRis kompleqsuri kvlevis process _ laboratoriul

eqsperiments, liTonis metalografiul, makro-mikrostruqturul

analizs, qimiuri Sedgenilobis gansazRvras, rac individualuria

calkeuli eqsponatisTvis.

liTonis masalis metalografiuli analizi Catarda

NEOPHOT_30 markis optikur mikroskopze da JEM_1000 eleqtronul

mikroskopze. gaTvaliswinebulia kvlevis meTodis universaloba da

maRali sizuste, rac mniSvnelovania nivTis masalis damzadeba-

damuSavebis teqnologiuri sqemis agebisaTvis.

18

metalografiuli kvlevis SedegebiT dadgenilia XVIII-XIX

saukuneebis civi iaraRis masalis, bulatis foladisa da

maRalnaxSirbadiani foladis struqturuli agebuleba, rac am

periodis iaraRwarmoebis maRal dones gansazRvravs.

kvlevis kompleqsurma meTodma ganapiroba masalis

mravalmxrivi analizis eqsperimentuli warmatebebi da miRebuli

Sedegebis efeqturoba. saSualeba mogvca Tanamedrove monacemTa

bazaze Segveswavla XVIII-XIX saukuneebis qarTuli iaraRis

sabrZolo Tvisebebi da warmatebebi, gagverkvia misi adgili

kavkasiis regionis liTondamuSavebisa da iaraRwarmoebis sistemaSi.

iaraRis fondSi daculi masalis klasifikacia

(qarTuli saWurveli)

Eerovnuli muzeumis fondebSi daculi saomari saSualebebi

iyofa or saxeobad: Semtev da Tavdasacav iaraRad. meomris garda

ijavSneba cxenic. cxenis SejavSnis tradicia gaCnda aRmosavlur

qveynebSi da aqedan gavrcelda danarCen samyaroSi, maT Soris

saqarTveloSic. sabrZolo iaraRis klasifikacia gansakuTrebiT

cecxlsasroli iaraRiT ganisazRvreba.

qarTuli iaraRis saxeobebTan erTad fondSi daculia

sxvadasxva qveynebisa da eTnosis sabrZolo iaraRi: iaponuri _

xmlebi, Subebi, mSvildi, samurais mTliani aRkazmuloba. Cinuri _

xmlebi. induri (indo-sparsuli) _ xmlebi, yamebi. Sua aziuri _

xmlebi, xanjlebi. sparsuli _ farebi, xmlebi, xanjlebi, bebuTebi,

muzaradebi, xelnavebi, culebi, kverTxebi. Turquli _ muzaradebi,

xmlebi, iataganebi, yamebi, Tof-dambaCebi, mSvildebi. afrikuli _

Subebi, farebi, xmal-xanjlebi. evropuli (franguli, germanuli,

inglisuri, italiuri, ungruli, albanuri) _ xmlebi, Tof-dambaCebi,

muzaradi, Tori. amerikuli _ cecxlsasroli iaraRi (vinCesteri,

gaseri, kolti). qurTuli _ farebi. kavkasiuri (Cerqezuli,

daRestnuri, osuri, somxuri da azerbaijanuli) _ xmal-xanjlebi,

muzaradebi, jaWvis perangebi, Tof-dambaCebi.

19

fondSi warmodgenili TiToeuli saxeobis sabrZolo

saSualebidan mTavari aqcenti gakeTebulia qarTul iaraRze.

civi iaraRi (xmlebi)

simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos muzeumis iaraRis

fondi warmoadgens erovnuli muzeumis iaraRis ZiriTad koleqcias,

sadac daunjebulia 1000-mde erTeuli civi iaraRi (romelTagan 500-

mde xmalia). miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos muzeums 160 wliani

istoria aqvs, zogierTi samuzeumo koleqcia dRemde Seuswavleli

da gamouqveynebelia. iaraRis fondis xmlebi eqsponatTa am

kategorias ganekuTvneba.

iaraRis fondis xmlebis warmomavloba klasifikaciis

mixedviT Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba: iaponuri, Cinuri, induri,

sparsuli, Turquli, Sua aziuri, evropuli, rusuli, kavkasiuri da

qarTuli.

iaraRis saerTo qronologiuri CarCo XVII-XIX saukuneebiT

ganisazRvreba. TiToeuli qveynis iaraRi ki, Tavis mxriv iyofa

tipebad.

iaponur xmlebSi gamoiyo: tekuto, tati, tanto, katana da

vakiZaSi. Cinuri xmlebidan gansakuTrebulia: dao, vodao da Can ma

dao. indoeTis civi iaraRis mravali saxeoba, cnobili Tavisi

egzotikuri SesaxedaobiTa da daniSnulebiT, msoflios arc erT

qveyanas ar Seuqmnia. xmlis nairsaxeobebia: talvari _ moRunuli

piriT, qxanda _ swori, orlesuli xmali, biCva _ morielis nestari,

romelTa egzemplarebi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis iaraRis

fondSia daculi.

sparsuli xmlebidan didi popularobiT sargeblobda

,,SamSiri”, romlis gavrcelebis areali marokodan pakistanamde

teritorias moicavda. SamSiri mTeli musulmanuri samyarosaTvis

xmlis ZiriTad tips warmoadgenda, amitom misi piri xSirad

yuranidan amoRebuli gamoTqmebiTaa Semkuli.

20

Turquli xmlebidan aRsaniSnavia ,,kiliCi”, romelic

warmoadgens farTo, moxril, gamokveTil SaSarian pirs. qarqaSis

kide Caxsnilia, iaraRis farTo piri advilad amodis budidan. ori

saltiT da didi bunikiT aris gawyobili.

Turquli xmlebidan gamovyaviT ,,iatagani” _ mCexavi iaraRi,

alesili Sida piriT. iatagani XVI saukunidanaa cnobili, ZiriTadad

rogorc ianiCarebis iaraRi. misi zogierTi saxeoba ormagad

gaRunuli, talRovani piriT, cnobilia ,,lazbeCagis” (lazuri danis)

saxelwodebiT.

kavkasiuri xmlebi. kavkasieli xalxebis mier damzadebuli

zogierTi xmlis tipi SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan mxolod morTulobiT

ganvasxvavoT. umravles SemTxvevaSi maTi warmomavlobis dadgena

ornamentis saSualebiT SeiZleba.

xmlebis tipologiur analizSi mTavari yuradReba daeTmo

qarTul iaraRs. qarTuli xmlis mravalgvaroba terminologiaSic

aris asaxuli. ganxilulia da daxasiaTebulia qarTuli xmlis aTi

tipi, romelic gvianobamde SemorCa eTnografiul yofaSi. esenia:

gorda, kaldimi, kabiani, daviTferuli, franguli (mglis damRiani),

xevsuruli, lekuri (SaSka), ungruli, Tbilisuri da iranuli tipis

qarTuli xmali. fondSi arsebuli masalis klasifikaciiT

ganxorcielda TiToeuli qarTuli tipis xmlis identifikacia,

sruli atribucia da eqspertiza. garkveulia, rom kaldimis xmlis

damRas (romelic sulxan-sabas mixedviT qarTvelTa sayvareli

xmalia), warmoadgens piris erT mxares samefo sferos

stilizebuli gamosaxuleba (wre zemodan jvriT), xolo meore

mxares morbenali mgeli. Ddadasturda, rom kavkasiaSi popularuli

xmali ,,SaSka”, saqarTveloSi cnobili iyo ,,lekuris” da

,,Wolauris” saxelwodebiT. fondis masalaze dayrdnobiT xmali

,,daviTferuli”, italiuri xmlis pirebis qarTul minabaZebs

daukavSirda.

21

calke jgufad gamoiyo Tbilisuri xmlebi, romelic

erTmaneTTan kavSirSia piris damzadebis teqnologiiT da saerTo

damRebiT; damRis mixedviT gaerTianda ,,ungruli” xmlis tipic,

ungruli damRebiT da warwerebiT, romelTa danarCeni nawilebi

damzadebulia saqarTveloSi da vercxlis firfitebze Tbilisis

sasinji palatis damRebi artyia.

xevsuruli xmlebis jgufSi gaerTianda yvela is iaraRi

romelTa tar-qarqaSebi tradiciuli xevsuruli teqnologiiT aris

damzadebuli (am SemTxvevaSi xmlis pirs ara aqvs gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba, is SeiZleba iyos adgilobrivic da Semotanilic).

gorda xmalze moZiebuli yvela qarTuli da rusuli eTnografiuli

masaliT fondSi arsebuli xmlebidan gamoyofilia qarTuli

variantebi. imeruli ,,kabiani” xmlis funqcia-daniSnuleba mxedar

meomars daukavSirda.

erT-erTi versiiT qarTuli xmlebis pirebi evropidan

Semodioda, magram, amavdros adgilobrivadac mzaddeboda.

evropidan Semotanili xmlebis saerTo aRmniSvnel saxelwodebad ki

,,franguli” iyo miRebuli. ganasxvavebdnen avstriidan, germaniidan

(dedal franguli) da italiidan (mamal franguli) Semotanil

xmlebs. cnobiliaMmglis damRiani germanuli pirebis qarTuli

minabaZebic, romelic dedal frangulis kategoriaSi gadioda.

xmlis saintereso saxeobaa iranuli tipis qarTuli xmali,

romelsac sparsuli SamSiris (originali an minabaZi) piri aqvs,

tar-qarqaSi ki, damzadebis teqnikiTa da morTulobiT tipiuri

qarTulia. am SemTxvevaSi xmlis piris formam, iranuli tipis

qarTuli xmlis kategoriis, calke jgufad gamoyofa ganapiroba.

iaraRis fondSi daculi cecxlsasroli iaraRi

specialur samecniero literaturis damuSavebisa da iaraRis

fondSi arsebul masalaze dayrdnobiT, gamovyaviT cecxlsasroli

iaraRis ganviTarebis xuTi safexuri, romelic iaraRis Caxmaxis

konstruqciis mixedviT, ase warmogvidgeba: I _ fiTiliani Tofebi

22

(XV_XVI ss.), II _ gorgolaWiani Tofebi (XVI s.), III _ kaJiani Tof-

dambaCebi (XVI-XIX ss-is I naxevari), IV _ fistoniani Tof-dambaCebi

da revolverebi (XIX s.) da V _ nemsiani Caxmaxebi (XIX s-is II

naxevari), romelTac saTave daudes Tanamedrove iaraRis Seqmnas.

saqarTvelo kaJiani Tofebis periodidan erTveba

cecxlsasroli iaraRebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi. kavkasiaSi,

fiTiliani da gorgolaWiani Tof-dambaCebi ar uwarmoebiaT.

warmomavlobis mixedviT moxda iaraRis fondSi daculi

cecxlsasroli iaraRis klasifikacia _ qarTuli, kavkasiuri,

rusuli, Turquli, evropuli da amerikuli. maTi qronologiuri

CarCo ganisazRvra XVI-XX saukuneebiT. TiToeuli qveynis jgufSi

Semavali iaraRi Tavis mxriv daiyo tipebad.

kavkasiuri OTofebis jgufSi gaerTianda qarTuli, daRestnuri

da Cerqezuli Tof-dambaCebi. kavkasiuri cecxlsasroli iaraRis

saerTo raodenoba fondSi oTxas erTeuls aWarbebs.

rusuli Tofebis warmoeba ganxilulia tulisa da iJevskis

qarxnebis magaliTze (iaraRis fondSi daculi rusuli

cecxlsaroli iaraRis umetesoba am qarxnebidan aris

warmodgenili). iaraRis fondSi daculia 95-mde erTeuli (Tofebi

da dambaCebi) iJevskisa da tulis qarxanaSi warmoebuli kaJiani,

fistoniani da nemsiani SaSxanebi.

fondSi inaxeba Turquli Tofebisa da dambaCebis 117 erTeuli

(erTi FfiTiliani, umravlesoba kaJiani Tofebia).

evropuli iaraRidan fondSi daculia Tof-dambaCebis 210-mde

erTeuli, sadac erTiandeba _ franguli, germanuli, italiuri da

inglisuri cecxlsasroli iaraRi.

amerikuli iaraRidan fondSi daculia 20-mde eqsponati, maT

Soris 10-mde erTeuli vinCesteris sistemis Tofia, danarCeni

gaserisa da koltis sistemis revolverebi.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo qarTuli iaraRis istoriis

mimoxilvas. wyaroebze dayrdnobiT pirvandeli cnobebi

23

saqarTveloSi cecxlsasroli iaraRis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb XV

saukunemde ar Cans.

XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

SeiaraRebaSi mkvidrdeba artileria. XVIII saukunis II naxevridan

qarTl-kaxeTis samefo Zlierebis periodSi, mrewvelobis

aRorZinebasTan erTad dasturdeba mefe erekle II-is roli qarTuli

saiaraRo saqmis aRorZinebis saqmeSi.

XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi saqarTveloSi Tofebis adgilobrivi

warmoeba daiwyo. qarTuli cecxlsasroli iaraRis Camoyalibebaze

didi gavlena iqonia Turqulma iaraRma (Tavad terminebi _ dambaCa,

Tofi da zarbazani osmaluria. maTi qarTuli Sesatyvisebia xelmexi

da qvemexi). XVII saukunis bolos es msgavseba TvalSi sacemia, xolo

XVIII saukunis I naxevridan cecxlsasroli iaraRebis kavkasiuri

tipi yalibdeba. maT Soris erT-erTi wamyvani adgili qarTul

iaraRs uWiravs. cnobilia Semdegi dasaxelebis Tofebi: maWaxela,

xirimi (yirimi), maJari, erejibi (Cerqezi ostatis saxelis mixedviT),

mustafa (daRestneli xelosnis saxelis mixedviT), ostamuli, xara,

Carma, Caqalozi, qofaCi, gvelistuCa, didi popularobiT sargeblobs

Tbilisuri Tofebi, mogvianebiT yarabini da sxv.

iaraRis fondSi kavkasiuri Tof-dambaCebis 400-ze meti

erTeulia daculi, romelTagan 120-mde qarTulia, xolo danarCeni

daRestnuri da Cerqezuli. garda srulad Senaxuli iaraRebisa

fondSi daculia aseve, mxolod lulebis koleqciac, romelTa

saerTo raodenoba 49 erTeulia.

XIX saukuneSi evropuli, kerZod inglisuri, franguli,

belgiuri, rusuli warmoebis iaffasiani iaraRebis gavrcelebam

kavkasiasa da saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi cecxlsasroli iaraRis

warmoeba SezRuda, Sesabamisad qarTuli da zogadad kavkasiuri

iaraRebis warmoebis masStabebi sagrZnoblad Semcirda.

fondSi daculi cecxlsasroli iaraRebidan gansakuTrebul

yuradRebas qarTvel mefeTa da warCinebulTa Tofebi iqcevs. aq

24

Tavmoyrilia qarTveli mefeebis: baqaris, arCilis (feodaluri xanis

koleqciebi), erekle II-is, solomon I-is, solomon II-is, giorgi XII-is

Tofebi; qarTvel warCinebulTa: mamuka WavWavaZis, grigol dadianis,

konstantine dadeSqelianis, giorgi saakaZis, zaal bagrationis,

giorgi orbelianis Tofebi, Teimuraz II-is zarbazani. aRniSnuli

iaraRis qronologiuri CarCo XVII-XIX saukuneebiT ganisazRvreba.

naSromSi ganxilulia TiToeuli memorialuri Tofis mokle

istoria da warmomavloba. Tofebze Catarebuli atribucia-

eqspertizis, damRebis Seswavlis da warwerebis gaSifrvis

safuZvelze moxda eqsponatebis identifikacia, maT Soris ramdenime

nivTi saqarTvelos istoriul faqtebs daukavSirda. magaliTad, mefe

erekle II-is kaJian Tofs lulaze aqvs oqrozarniSiT Sesrulebuli

qarTuli warwera ,,q. iraklis siqadulo saZlevelo mterTa jvaro

qristeso”, romelic 1752 wlis ivlisis TveSi momxdar istoriul

faqts ukavSirdeba.

oman xerxeuliZis gadmocemiT, 1752 wlis ivnisis TveSi azat-

xani didZali jariT erevans Semoesia.Eerevnelebma mefe erekles

Svela Txoves. mefe irakli daiZra erevnisaken. es ambavi acnobes

azat-xans, romelmac Semoikriba yazilbaS-avRanelebis jarebi

,,vidre ormoci aTasamde” da ,,garnaCaized” dabanakda. mefe erekles

laSqari ,,warvida oris aTasis kaciTa azat-xanis Sesabmelad.”

brZolis win mefe irakli ,,daemxo miwasa da RmerTsa evedra,”

Semdeg jars mimarTa mgznebare sityviT da taqtikuri brZanebac

gasca: ,,virem me cxenze ar Sevjde, Tqvenc nuravin SesxdebiT da

vire Cemi Tofi ar gavardes, Tqven Tofs nurvin esvriTo.” swored am

dros 500 kaciani TaTris mxedroba gaSorda qarTvelTa jars,

,,gansdgnen calkerZ da gakeTden erT dastad.” maTTan erTad iyo

erTi erevneli TaTari, airumlis sulTani, saxelad alaverdi.

maSasadame, erekles mcire mxedrobas kidev gamoaklda 500 kaciani

TaTris razmi. ,,mxilvelman mefeman Tvisisa jarisa simcrosaman

friad mxurvaled Tayvani sca jvarsa qristessa cremliT da

25

yovelni spani aTayvana jvarsa.” Aam dros movida is TaTari

,,alaverdi sultani da hrqva jvarsa qristessa

mefe iraklim usardla darCenil aTas xuTas kacs. qarTvelebi

alyaSi moaqcies da maT cocxlad Sepyrobas lamobdnen. erT-erTma

xanma azat-xanisagan erekles cocxlad ayvanis neba iTxova... SubiT

SeiaraRebuli brZolis velze SeiWra da xmahyo: ,,hamaman hanier

irakli-xan (romel ars qarTulad _ sad aris irakli mefe)”... maSin

,,gauxda mefe irakli mkvircxl da SesZaxa: me var irakli mefe da

xma yofasa Tana misca Tofsa cecxli, gavarda Tofi mefisa da

moxvda mas xansa gulsa”. amis damnaxavi qarTvelTa jari gamxnevda

da erTobiT ,,misca cecxli TofTa TvisTa da raca maxloblad

misrulni yizilbaSni da avRanni iyvnen, erTobiT Camoyarnes da

daecnen miwaTa zeda.” Aamis Semdeg amxedrda mefe erekle, aamxedra

Tvisi mxedrobac da ,,ikres xrmalTa xeli da erTobiT Seutives da

myis Tanad misvlasave aotnes yizilbaS-avRanni” [83:51-52].

...…ukeTu SeZleba ram

ars Sen Soris, dRes gamoCndebao. da daadgra mefis iraklis Tana.”

qarTvelebma gaimarjves. brZolis damTavrebis Semdeg

alaverdi sultani ,,didad gankvirvebuli ityoda winaSe jvarisa:

,,ese saqme kacobrivis Zalisagan SeuZlebeli iyo, magram am jvaris

Zalam

am istoriidan CvenTvis sainteresoa is faqti, rom mefe

iraklim Tavisi mcire mxedroba Seavedra

hyo.”

,,jvarsa qristessa” da

gaimarjva. sayuradReboa isic, rom mefe erekle Tavis spas

mimarTavs: ,,vidre Cemi Tofi ar gavardes, Tqven Tofs nurvin

esvriTo.” maSasadame, ,,qristes jvarze”

erekles Tofis warwera _ ,,q. iraklis siqadulo saZlevelo

mterTa jvaro qristeso” swored am gamarjvebas unda

ukavSirdebodes. marTlac, sasiqaduloa es gamarjveba da,

Sesabamisad, es Tofic, romelsac TiTqos mTavari mniSvneloba

Sevedrebuli mxedroba,

brZolas iwyebs erekles Tofis gasroliT da am ,,kacobrivis

Zalisagan SeuZlebel” omSi imarjvebs.

26

eniWeba am gamarjvebaSi. erekles Tofi marTlac mterTa mZlevelia,

radgan misma erTma daucdenelma gasrolam gadawyvita brZolis

bedi. da bolos, xazgasmulia qristes jvris Zala, ramac umTavresi

roli Seasrula am brZolis warmatebiT dasrulebaSi. simboluria

am warweris gamosaxvac Tofze, radgan swored erekles ,,siqaduli”

Tofis gasroliT daiwyo brZola da qarTvelTa jarma ,,qristes

jvris” madliT ,,sZlia mters”.

qarTuli cecxlsasroli iaraRis kvlevis Sedegebze

dayrdnobiT SesaZlebeli gaxda erovnuli muzeumis iaraRis

unikaluri koleqciebis klasifikacia, gviani Suasaukuneebis

saqarTveloSi maTi warmomavlobisa da qarTuli iaraRwarmoebis

istoriul-teqnologiuri ganviTarebis etapebis gansazRvra.

danarTSi warmodgenilia Seswavlili eqsponatebis

ilustraciebi da sakoleqcio masala, sakataloge informaciiT.

27

zogadi daskvnebi

sadisertacio naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikul-

laboratoriuli kvlevis Sedegebis ZiriTadi debulebebis

ganzogadebis safuZvelze SeiZleba CamovayaliboT Semdegi

daskvnebi:

1. dadgenilia, rom iaraRis fondSi daculi saganZuris (3000-

ze meti eqsponati) 30% warmoadgens kerZo

koleqcionerebisgan SeZenil an CamorTmeul masalas (1000-

mde erTeuli nivTi). garkveulia aRniSnuli

koleqcionerebis (mejid os saltine, mirzoevi, kafarovi,

kaznakovi, z. kobiaSvili) biografiuli cnobebi da maTi

koleqciebis muzeumSi Semosvlis gzebi. Sedegad gaizarda

eqsponatTa saerTo raodenoba da mniSvnelovnad gamdidrda

iaraRis fondi.

2. fondSi daculi iaraRis TiToeuli saxeobis klasifikaciis

Sedegad garkveulia iaraRis fondis koleqciis

geografiuli diapazoni, ukiduresi aRmosavleTidan

amerikuli iaraRis CaTvliT. Seswavlilia da

warmodgenilia: iaponuri, Cinuri, Sua aziuri, induri,

sparsuli, Turquli, aRmosavleT da dasavleT evropuli

(safrangeTi, germania, inglisi, poloneTi, espaneTi, italia,

bulgareTi, albaneTi), kavkasiuri (qarTuli, Cerqezuli,

daRestnuri, CeCnuri, osuri, azerbaijanuli, somxuri),

qurTuli, afrikuli da amerikuli cecxlsasroli da civi

iaraRis saxeoba.

3. calke gamoiyo da dazustda xmlebis koleqcia. eqsponatebi

dajgufebulia warmomavlobis mixedviT. TiToeuli jgufi

Sevsebulia iaraRis tipologiuri niSniT (iaponuri, Cinuri,

Sua aziuri, sparsuli, Turquli, evropuli, kavkasiuri da

afrikuli xmlebi).

28

4. xmlebis koleqciidan Seswavlili bulatis foladis

eqsponatebis kompleqsuri, qimiur-teqnologiuri

analizebiT dadgenilia iaraRis damzadebis sqema: bulatis

xmali miRebulia specialuri Termul-meqanikuri

damuSavebiT, uwyveti Wedvis principiT. bulati warmoadgens

maRalnaxSirbadian folads (C=0,9_1,5%), sadac

zeplastikurobis zRvarze deformaciis Sedegad masala

iZens meqanikuri Tvisebebis kompleqss: maRal sisals da

Wris unars, optimaluri drekadobisa da siblantis

maCveneblebs.

5. qarTuli warmomavlobis xmlebis gamokvlevis safuZvelze

gamoiyo qarTuli xmlebis aTi saxeoba _ gorda, kaldimi,

kabiani xmali, daviTferuli, franguli (mglis damRiani),

xevsuruli, lekuri//Wolauri, ungruli, Tbilisuri da

iranuli tipis qarTuli xmali.

6. eqsponatTa morfologiuri da makro-mikroskopuli

analizebiT garkveulia civi iaraRis damzadebis

teqnologiuri sqema: qarTuli xmlis masala,

maRalnaxSirbadiani foladi, miRebulia wrToba-moSvebis

procesis gamoyenebiT. struqturuli aRnagoba ganapirobebs

masalis sisales, Wris unars da drekadobisa da

plastikurobis karg maxasiaTeblebs.

7. warmodgenili cecxlsasroli iaraRis ganviTarebis

etapebiT (XV-XVIss _ fiTiliani Tofi, XVI-XVIIss _

gorgolaWiani Tof-dambaCa, XVI-XVIIIss _ kaJiani Tof-

dambaCa, XIXs-is I naxevri _ fistoniani Tof-dambaCa, XIXs-is

IInaxevri _ nemsiani SaSxana, XIXs-is 30-40iani wlebi _

revolveri), gansazRvrulia qarTuli iaraRis ganviTarebis

periodi, XVIII saukunis aTiani wlebidan XIX saukunis I

naxevramde. qarTuli Tofi da dambaCa aRmosavluri da

29

evropuli cecxlsasroli iaraRis tradiciebis gavlenas

ganicdis, gviani Suasaukuneebis manZilze mudmivad

viTardeba da aRwevs sabrZolo efeqtianobas.

8. gamoikveTa, XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi, mefe erekle II-

is Rvawli qarTuli iaraRwarmoebis ganviTarebis saqmeSi.

mefe erekle qarTuli artileriis Seqmnis saTaveebTan dgas.

9. cecxlsasroli iaraRis kompleqsuri kvlevis SedegebiT,

damRebis atribuciiT da iaraRze arsebuli warwerebis

Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis iaraRis

fondSi Catarebuli kvleva-Zieba TiToeuli konkretuli

nivTis sruli atribuciisa da eqspertizis SesaZleblobas

ganapirobebs. mecnieruli informaciis sferoSi Semovida

muzeumSi arsebuli da dRemde ucnobi istoriuli

mniSvnelobis eqsponatebi.

30

sadisertacio naSromis ZiriTadi debulebebi

gamoqveynebulia avtoris naSromebSi

1. qafianiZe m. _ saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumSi daculi

cecxlsasroli iaraRi (Tofebi). saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumi, eTnologiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi, 2000, t. I, gv. 337-349.

2. qafianiZe m. _ cecxlsasroli iaraRis ganviTarebis

istoriisaTvis (dambaCebi). saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi,

eTnologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 2007, t. III, gv. 176-193.

3. nadiraZe e., qafianiZe m. _ svanuri sabrZolo iaraRis

istoriidan, krebuli svaneTi, Tb., 2008. t. III, gv. 58-63.

4. qafianiZe m. _ cecxlsasroli iaraRis ganviTarebis

istoriisaTvis, saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti,

saistorio vertikalebi, Tb., 2008, #16, gv. 54-59.

5. ColoyaSvili k., qafianiZe m. _ qarTuli saWurveli.

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi, eTnologiuri Ziebani, Tb.,

2010, t. IV, gv. 46-77.

6. qafianiZe m. _ qarTuli xmlebis tipologiisaTvis

(saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis iaraRis fondSi daculi

masalis mixedviT). saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe,

Tb., 2010. t. I (46- B), gv. 306-329.

7. abaSiZe m., qafianiZe m. _ saridan aragvis erisTavis Sewiruli

Tasi. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe, Tb., 2011, t. II

(47-B), gv. 364-373.

8. qafianiZe m. _ qarTvel mefeTa da warCinebulTa Tofebi

(saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis koleqcia). saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis moambe, Tb., 2011. t. II (47- B), gv. 318-348.

9. qarTuli materialuri kulturis eTnografiuli leqsikoni,

proeqti Sesrulebulia saqarTevelos samecniero da

rusTavelis fondebis grantis safuZvelze #GNSF/ST 06/1-012,

avtorTa jgufi, Tanaavtori, Tb., 2012, gv. 602.