man and technology 3-53 - suranaree university of...
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![Page 1: Man and technology 3-53 - Suranaree University of Technologyscience.sut.ac.th/physics///courses/105113/songkot.pdf · 1 ก Man and Technology ˛˚ก˜ ! "#$%&˜'& ก ก˜'()˜](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022081401/5f06ea387e708231d41a5dfa/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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������ก��� � ���������ก��� � ���Man and TechnologyMan and Technology
�� � �����ก� !�"#$�%&�'&�� ก�ก�'(�)���� � �����ก� !�"#$�%&�'&�� ก�ก�'(�)��
������������ ����..��..�� ก��� ก� �������������� ((Asst.Prof.Dr.Songkot DasanandaAsst.Prof.Dr.Songkot Dasananda))
��"�#$%�ก���&'���(�ก�)*)+ก,��"�#$%�ก���&'���(�ก�)*)+ก, ( (School of Remote SensingSchool of Remote Sensing))
�4��&ก#$%�#$�*��������4��&ก#$%�#$�*������� (Institute of Science) (Institute of Science)
TelTel.. 044044--2222 43794379 ((officeoffice)) EE--mail:mail: [email protected]@sut.ac.th
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*��+,�ก�'&��*��+,�ก�'&��
�� � �����ก� �� � �����ก�
1.1. ����*���!�"/'"#�����*���!�"/'"#�
2.2. (�)��ก�'(�)��ก�'
3.3. !��ก�'/'"��ก2�!��ก�'/'"��ก2�
�� � ���#$�%&�'&�� �� � ���#$�%&�'&��
1.1. ����*���!�"/'"#�����*���!�"/'"#�
2.2. (�)��ก�'(�)��ก�'
3.3. !��ก�'/'"��ก2�!��ก�'/'"��ก2�
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��23�/'"&4����23�/'"&4��
1.1. �'�����*���!�"/'"#�+�4�� � �����ก� !�"�� � ���#$�%&�'&�� �'�����*���!�"/'"#�+�4�� � �����ก� !�"�� � ���#$�%&�'&��
2.2. �'�(�)��ก�'+�4�� � �����ก� !�"�� � ���#$�%&�'&�� �'�(�)��ก�'+�4�� � �����ก� !�"�� � ���#$�%&�'&��
3.3. �'�!��ก�'/'"��ก2�+�4�� � �����ก� !�"�� � ���#$�%&�'&�� �'�!��ก�'/'"��ก2�+�4�� � �����ก� !�"�� � ���#$�%&�'&��
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�� � �����ก� �� � �����ก�
1. 1. ����*���!�"/'"#�����*���!�"/'"#�
�� �� � ����� � ��� �5��5� �%���ก�'��6�7�������'$,��4�%��� �&2'���89,8*,ก%:/'" �9���%���ก�'��6�7�������'$,��4�%��� �&2'���89,8*,ก%:/'" �9��
8���4/;%�2%!�"��2&�*ก''�8���4/;%�2%!�"��2&�*ก''�
�� ��ก� ��ก� �5��5� '%�<��6��$=��ก''��ก� +�4 �ก'%�<��6��$=��ก''��ก� +�4 �ก
:�4��>�:�4��>� (1+1(1+1 == 22))
�� �� � �����ก� �� � �����ก� �5��5� �%���ก�'��6ก�6��+,�4ก���ก� (56�ก�'89,/'" �9���%���ก�'��6ก�6��+,�4ก���ก� (56�ก�'89,/'" �9��
8���4/;%�2%2=�9��%2������8���4/;%�2%2=�9��%2������ ((!�" �ก!�" �ก))
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�� 9=��"C',�49=��"C',�4
:������:������ (satellite) (satellite) ���&7�'�G��ก� ���&7�'�G��ก� ( (spacespace probe) probe)
&3�����ก� &3�����ก� (space station) (space station) ���+�&=4��ก� ���+�&=4��ก� (space shuttle)(space shuttle)
9�:/;%�2%ก�'8���ก� 9�:/;%�2%ก�'8���ก� ( (space suitspace suit))
�� !2=C�=89=!2=C�=89=
G��'�&�LL�<:������G��'�&�LL�<:������ ก�,�4:$:��ก�,�4:$:�� �'56�4�'56�4 GPSGPS
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OrganizationOrganization NationNation BeginBegin
11 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration The National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASANASA USUS 1958 1958
22 The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAANOAA USUS 1970 1970
33 The European Space Agency The European Space Agency ESAESA EUEU 19751975
44 The Russian Federal Space Agency The Russian Federal Space Agency FKAFKA RussiaRussia 19921992
55 The Indian Space Research Organization The Indian Space Research Organization ISROISRO IndiaIndia 19691969
66 The China National Space Administration The China National Space Administration CNSACNSA ChinaChina 19931993
77 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXAJAXA JapanJapan 20032003
88 GeoGeo--Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency GISTDAGISTDA ThaiThai 20002000
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/'"#�+�4�� � �����ก� /'"#�+�4�� � �����ก�
1.1. �� � ���ก�':%���4C/&$=��ก� !�"ก��G�ก��ก� &$=k%� �ก�� � ���ก�':%���4C/&$=��ก� !�"ก��G�ก��ก� &$=k%� �ก
2.2. �� � ���ก�':%���48���ก� !�"ก�'&7�'�G:�4:���56��� � ���ก�':%���48���ก� !�"ก�'&7�'�G:�4:���56�
3.3. �� � ���ก�6��ก�ก�':7�'49��%2+�4��������ก� �� � ���ก�6��ก�ก�':7�'49��%2+�4��������ก�
4.4. �� � ���ก�6��ก�&3������!�"��/ก'<�/;%�2%ก�'8���ก� �� � ���ก�6��ก�&3������!�"��/ก'<�/;%�2%ก�'8���ก�
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�� � ���ก�':%���4C/&$=��ก� !�"ก��G�ก��ก� &$=k%� �ก�� � ���ก�':%���4C/&$=��ก� !�"ก��G�ก��ก� &$=k%� �ก
�� 1.1. ก�':%���4C/&$=��ก� ก�':%���4C/&$=��ก� /'"ก�:,��/'"ก�:,��
1.11.1 ���&3������&3��� ( (spacecraftspacecraft) ) !�"!�"
1.21.2 G'�:+�:��G'�:+�:�� ( (propelling rocketpropelling rocket))
�� 2.2. ก�':%���4ก��G�ก��ก� &$=k%� �กก�':%���4ก��G�ก��ก� &$=k%� �ก /'"ก�:,��/'"ก�:,��
2.12.1 ���&3������&3��� ((spacecraftspacecraft) ) !�"!�"
2.22.2 '"�4G�:��2 ���2%'"�4G�:��2 ���2% ( (automatic landing systemautomatic landing system))
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�� � ���ก�':%���48���ก� !�"ก�'&7�'�G:�4:���56��� � ���ก�':%���48���ก� !�"ก�'&7�'�G:�4:���56�
�� 1.1. ก�':%���48���ก� ก�':%���48���ก� /'"ก�:,��/'"ก�:,��
1.11.1 ���&3������&3��� ( (spacecraftspacecraft) )
1.21.2 '"�7�'=�4'"�7�'=�4 ( (navigation systemnavigation system))
�� 2.2. ก�'&7�'�G:�4:���56�ก�'&7�'�G:�4:���56� /'"ก�:,��/'"ก�:,��
2.12.1 ���&3������&3��� ( (spacecraftspacecraft) )
2.22.2 '"*'5���/ก'<�&7�'�G'"*'5���/ก'<�&7�'�G ( (exploring system or deviceexploring system or device))
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�� � ���ก�6��ก�ก�':7�'49��%2+�4��������ก� �� � ���ก�6��ก�ก�':7�'49��%2+�4��������ก�
�� 1.1. ก�6��ก����&3���ก�6��ก����&3��� /'"ก�:,��/'"ก�:,��
1.11.1 '"&��&���ก�':7�'49��%2��6�C/'"&��&���ก�':7�'49��%2��6�C/
1.21.2 '"����/��:#��!�"ก�'!ก,/mL*�n�กn%�'"����/��:#��!�"ก�'!ก,/mL*�n�กn%�
1.31.3 '"&��&���ก�'/;%�2%ก�'8���ก� '"&��&���ก�'/;%�2%ก�'8���ก�
�� 2.2. ก�6��ก�2����������ก� ก�6��ก�2����������ก� /'"ก�:,��/'"ก�:,��
2.12.1 ��ก�"8�ก�':7�'49��%28���ก� ��ก�"8�ก�':7�'49��%28���ก�
2.22.2 ��ก�"8�ก�'/;%�2%#�'ก%G8���ก� ��ก�"8�ก�'/;%�2%#�'ก%G8���ก�
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Christa McAuliffe
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�� � ���ก�6��ก�&3������!�"��/ก'<�/;%�2%ก�'8���ก� �� � ���ก�6��ก�&3������!�"��/ก'<�/;%�2%ก�'8���ก�
�� �� � ���ก�6��ก��� � ���ก�6��ก� ���&3������&3��� ((spacecraftspacecraft) ) /'"ก�:,��/'"ก�:,��
1.11.1 :������:������ ( (satellitesatellite))
1.21.2 ���''��ก���''��ก ( (space capsulespace capsule) ) 9=����9=���� Apollo 11Apollo 11
1.31.3 ���&7�'�G��ก� ���&7�'�G��ก� ( (space probespace probe) ) -- 9=����9=���� Viking, GeminiViking, Gemini
1.41.4 &3�����ก� &3�����ก� ( (space stationspace station) ) 9=�9=� Skylab, MIR, ISSSkylab, MIR, ISS
1.51.5 ���+�&=4��ก� ���+�&=4��ก� ( (space shuttlespace shuttle) ) qq 9=�9=� Discovery, ChallengerDiscovery, Challenger
1.61.6 ก�,�4 �'�� ����ก� ก�,�4 �'�� ����ก� ( (space telescopespace telescope) ) qq 9=�9=� Hubble Hubble ((!&4+��!&4+��))
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�� ก�6��ก�ก�6��ก� ��/ก'<�/;%�2%ก�'8���ก� ��/ก'<�/;%�2%ก�'8���ก� /'"ก�:,��/'"ก�:,��
2.12.1 ��/ก'<�2'�G��:G�ก'"�"Cก���/ก'<�2'�G��:G�ก'"�"Cก� ( (remote sensorremote sensor) )
2.22.2 ��/ก'<�2'�G��:'"�"8ก�,��/ก'<�2'�G��:'"�"8ก�, ( (in situ sensorin situ sensor))
2.32.3 ��/ก'<�ก�'�:��4��/ก'<�ก�'�:��4 ( (experimental equipmentsexperimental equipments) )
2.42.4 ��/ก'<�/'"ก����&3�����/ก'<�/'"ก����&3��� ( (spacecraftspacecrafttts structures structure))
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:������:������ ( (satellitesatellite))
�� /u����&3�����6 �G''� �ก/u��4'�/u����&3�����6 �G''� �ก/u��4'� ((ก5�/u��4ก��ก5�/u��4ก��)) !=4C:,/u�!=4C:,/u�
1.1. :�������4 �G'267�:�������4 �G'267� ((Low Earth Orbit: LEOLow Earth Orbit: LEO//Near Earth Orbit: NEONear Earth Orbit: NEO) )
((/'"G7���6����&$4/'"G7���6����&$4 200200--2000km2000km))
2.2. :�������4 �G'&3%2:�������4 �G'&3%2 ((GeoGeo--stationary Orbit: GEO) stationary Orbit: GEO)
((/'"G7���6����&$4/'"G7���6����&$4 ~~ 35,800 35,800 ก% ��2'*�5�&,� $���&$2'ก% ��2'*�5�&,� $���&$2'))
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�� *�กG7�!�ก2����23�/'"&4��ก�'�7�4��*�กG7�!�ก2����23�/'"&4��ก�'�7�4�� !=4��กC:,/u�!=4��กC:,/u�
1.1. :������&56�&�':������&56�&�' ((Telecommunication satellite)Telecommunication satellite)--��ก/u�(�ก��ก/u�(�ก GEO GEO
22. . :������&7�'�G �ก:������&7�'�G �ก ((Earth observation satellite: EOS)Earth observation satellite: EOS)--��ก/u�(�ก��ก/u�(�ก LEO LEO
33. . :������&7�'�G''��ก� :������&7�'�G''��ก� //&7�'�G&#�(��ก� &7�'�G&#�(��ก� ((Atmosphere observation Atmosphere observation
satellite: AOS/weather satellitesatellite: AOS/weather satellite))--����>4����>4 LEO LEO !�"!�" GEOGEO
44. . :�������7���4:�������7���4 ((Navigation satellite Navigation satellite ))--&7�*'�'"&7�*'�'" GPSGPS
5.5. :������&�:!��:������&�:!�� ((Reconnaissance satellite)Reconnaissance satellite)--��ก/u�(�ก��ก/u�(�ก LEO LEO
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2.2. (�)��ก�'+�4�� � �����ก� (�)��ก�'+�4�� � �����ก�
/{ �. . (�)��ก�' /'"�
1957 :������ Sputnik-1 !�" Sputnik-2 USSR
1958 :������ Explorer-1 !�"ก�'ก=�2�>4�4��ก�' NASA USA
1959 Corona Project (1959-1972) (�����"���:#�( 2-7 �2') USA
1961 ��ก%���ก� ��!'ก (Yuri Gagarin) ��� Vostok-1 USSR
1961 �'4ก�' Apollo ((56�&=4������C/�4:�4G���'�) USA
1969 �������4&7�'�G:�4G���'� :���� Apollo-11 USA
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�� Satellite photo of Satellite photo of PentagonPentagon taken in 1967 in the Corona Projecttaken in 1967 in the Corona Project
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/{ �. . (�)��ก�' /'"�
1971 &3�����ก� ~Salyut-1� USSR
1972 :������ Landsat-1 (�����"���:#�( 80 �2') USA
1973 &3�����ก� Skylab (1973-1979). USA
1981 ���+�&=4��ก� Columbia (STS-1) USA
1986 &3�����ก� ~Mir� (1986-2002) USSR
1998 &3�����ก� ����9�2% (International Space Station: ISS) -
1999 :������ IKONOS (�����"���:#�( 1 �2') USA
2003 ��ก%���ก� Yang Liwei !�"��� Shenzhou 5 China
2008 :������ THEOS (�����"���:#�( 2 �2') THL
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3. 3. ก�'/'"��ก2��� � �����ก� ก�'/'"��ก2��� � �����ก�
3.3.11 ก�'&7�'�GG�ก���ก�'&7�'�GG�ก��� ( (universeuniverse explorationexploration))
3.3.2.2. ก�'&7�'�G(5>�k%� �กก�'&7�'�G(5>�k%� �ก ( (earthearthtts surface explorations surface exploration))
3.33.3 ก�'&7�'�G''��ก� +�4 �กก�'&7�'�G''��ก� +�4 �ก ( (earthearthtts atmosphere explorations atmosphere exploration))
3.4 3.4 ก�'�:��4��4�%��� �&2'�ก�'�:��4��4�%��� �&2'� ( (scientific experimentsscientific experiments))
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�� Hubble Space Telescope (Hubble Space Telescope (HSTHST))
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� Eagle Nebula in 1995 (called in 1995 (called ��Pillars of CreationPillars of Creation��) )
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� Galaxy collision taken by HST in 1999
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3.3.55 ก�'&56�&�' �'������ก�'&56�&�' �'������ ( (TelecommunicationTelecommunication))
3.3.66 ก�':%���4!�"ก�'�7�!k���6ก�':%���4!�"ก�'�7�!k���6 (Traveling and mapping)(Traveling and mapping)
3.73.7 ก�'�*�'!�"������6��4+�49�2%ก�'�*�'!�"������6��4+�49�2% ( (Military affair/national securityMilitary affair/national security))
3.3.88 ก�'�=�4��6��!�"&�����ก�'ก�'�=�4��6��!�"&�����ก�' ( (Tourism and recreationTourism and recreation))
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�� � ���#$�%&�'&�� �� � ���#$�%&�'&�� (Geoinformatics Technology)(Geoinformatics Technology)
1.1. ����*���!�"/'"#�����*���!�"/'"#�
�� #$�%&�'&�� #$�%&�'&�� == #$�%#$�% ++ &�'"&�'"++ &�� &�� ==
Geoinformatics = Geo + Information = Geoinformatics = Geo + Information =
�� �4��/'"ก�*��ก�5��4��/'"ก�*��ก�5�
1.1. ก�'2'�G��:G�ก'"�"Cก�ก�'2'�G��:G�ก'"�"Cก� ( (Remote sensing: RSRemote sensing: RS)), ,
2.2. '"&�'&�� #$�% �&2'�'"&�'&�� #$�% �&2'� (Geographic Information System: GIS) (Geographic Information System: GIS) !�"!�"
3. 3. '"ก7�*�:(%ก�:�k%� �ก'"ก7�*�:(%ก�:�k%� �ก (Global Positioning System(Global Positioning System :GPS):GPS)
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�� �'4&',�4ก�'�7�4��+�4�� � ���#$�%&�'&�� �'4&',�4ก�'�7�4��+�4�� � ���#$�%&�'&��
TargetTarget Remote Remote sensorsensor
Data presentation/ database management
Data analysis/ interpretation
Data correction/ enhancement
GIS-based data application
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/'"#�+�4ก�'2'�G��:G�ก'"�"Cก�/'"#�+�4ก�'2'�G��:G�ก'"�"Cก�
�� !=42��/��*���+�4ก�'2'�G��:!=42��/��*���+�4ก�'2'�G��: C:,/u�C:,/u�
1. Space1. Space--bound RS bound RS -- :$��ก� /u�*��ก:$��ก� /u�*��ก
2.2. EarthEarth--bound RS bound RS -- :$ �ก/u�*��ก:$ �ก/u�*��ก
�� !=42��'"�"/;%�2%ก�'��6�C/!=42��'"�"/;%�2%ก�'��6�C/ C:,/u�C:,/u�
1. Far1. Far--range RS > 100km range RS > 100km -- 9=�9=� :������&7�'�G �ก:������&7�'�G �ก
2. Medium2. Medium--range RS 1range RS 1--100km 100km -- 9=�9=� ก�,�43=��#�(��4��ก� ก�,�43=��#�(��4��ก�
3. Short3. Short--range RS < 1kmrange RS < 1km -- 9=�9=� �'56�42'�G��:�'56�42'�G��: GT200GT200
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ก�'2'�G��:'�4&�ก�'2'�G��:'�4&�
�� '�4&���6�'56�42'�G��:(56��7���/'"���k�'�4&���6�'56�42'�G��:(56��7���/'"���k� !=4��กC:,/u�!=4��กC:,/u� 33 ก��=�*��กก��=�*��ก �5��5�
1.1. Radiance energy from the natural radiationRadiance energy from the natural radiation//emissionemission of targetof target
2.2. Reflected sunlight (from the target material)Reflected sunlight (from the target material) -- ก�,�43=��#�(ก�,�43=��#�(
3.3. Reflected sensorReflected sensortts own signals own signal (from the target material) (from the target material) -- ':�'�':�'�
�� #�(��6C:,*��4ก�'/'"���k���ก!&:4C�,8�'$/+�4#�(��6C:,*��4ก�'/'"���k���ก!&:4C�,8�'$/+�4 digital image digital image
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&'()*+,-./0)ก2343(5(67&'()*+,-./0)ก2343(5(67
�� ก2343(5(6758ก389:2;.<+2=&'()*+,-.ก2343(5(6758ก389:2;.<+2=&'()*+,-. *,0*,0
1. UV (for ozone detection) 1. UV (for ozone detection)
2. Visible light (mostly for photography) 2. Visible light (mostly for photography)
3. NIR (for vegetation detection) 3. NIR (for vegetation detection)
4. MIR (for moisture, bare soil and rock detection)4. MIR (for moisture, bare soil and rock detection)
5. TIR (for thermal emission detection) 5. TIR (for thermal emission detection)
6. Microwave (mostly for the use of radar)6. Microwave (mostly for the use of radar)
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2.2. (�)��ก�'+�4�� � ���(�)��ก�'+�4�� � ��� RSRS
�� ก�'(�)��+�>���$=ก��4��/'"ก�ก�'(�)��+�>���$=ก��4��/'"ก� 33 /'"ก�'/'"ก�' �5��5�
1.1. &3���2%:2�>4&3���2%:2�>4 PlatformPlatform -- 9=�9=� �'56�4%��'56�4%� :������:������ &3�����ก� &3�����ก�
2.2. ��/ก'<�2'�G��:��/ก'<�2'�G��: Remote sensor Remote sensor qq 9=�9=� ��/ก'<�2'�G��:�:��������/ก'<�2'�G��:�:������
33.. Data processing systemData processing system qq 9=�9=� '"/'"���k�#�(:������'"/'"���k�#�(:������
�� !=4ก�'(�)��C:,/u�!=4ก�'(�)��C:,/u� 22 ���*��ก���*��ก �5��5�
1.1. Before 1960 Before 1960 -- �,�ก�'3=��#�(��4��ก� �,�ก�'3=��#�(��4��ก�
2.2. After 1960After 1960 -- �,�ก�'&7�'�G :�:������G�ก��ก� �,�ก�'&7�'�G :�:������G�ก��ก�
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�� Gaspard FelixGaspard Felix TournachonTournachon, better known as , better known as NadarNadar
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�� Boston Harbor taken in 1860 by Boston Harbor taken in 1860 by James BlackJames Black
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�� The Wright Brothers in1910 (The Wright Brothers in1910 (Orville on the left and Wilbur on the right)
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�� First successful test flight in1903 at NC (First successful test flight in1903 at NC (Orville piloting)
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�� Reconnaissance aerial photography during WW IReconnaissance aerial photography during WW I
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+,�C:,/'��!�"&��/'��+�4'"+,�C:,/'��!�"&��/'��+�4'" RSRS
�� +,�C:,/'��+,�C:,/'��
1.1. Wide area coverage and upWide area coverage and up--toto--date datadate data
2.2. Different spatial (and spectral) resolutionsDifferent spatial (and spectral) resolutions
3.3. Continuous observation of Earth and atmosphereContinuous observation of Earth and atmosphere
4.4. Able to observe in several spectral rangesAble to observe in several spectral ranges
5.5. Good for inaccessible, or remote, areas (e.g. deep jungle)Good for inaccessible, or remote, areas (e.g. deep jungle)
6.6. Most data are in digital formatMost data are in digital format
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�� +,�&��/'��+,�&��/'��
1. Relatively high cost for the building1. Relatively high cost for the building of complete systemof complete system
2. Need well2. Need well--trained human resources trained human resources
3. Need specific (and expensive) computer programs (or3. Need specific (and expensive) computer programs (or tools)tools)
4. Costs of most RS data are still relatively high4. Costs of most RS data are still relatively high
5. Data normally have errors (geometric/radiometric)5. Data normally have errors (geometric/radiometric)
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3.3. ก�'/'"��ก2��� � ���#$�%&�'&�� ก�'/'"��ก2��� � ���#$�%&�'&��
1.1. Archaeology and Anthropology StudyArchaeology and Anthropology Study
2.2. Photogrammetry and CartographyPhotogrammetry and Cartography
3.3. Geological SurveyGeological Survey
4.4. Civil EngineeringCivil Engineering
5.5. AgricultureAgriculture
6. Forestry 6. Forestry
7. Hydrology7. Hydrology
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88. . Urban planning/environmental assessmentUrban planning/environmental assessment
99. . Coastal/Oceanic StudyCoastal/Oceanic Study
10. Natural Disaster Monitoring/Mitigation10. Natural Disaster Monitoring/Mitigation
1111. . Atmosphere/meteorologyAtmosphere/meteorology
1122. . Ecosystem/natural environmentEcosystem/natural environment
13. Geophysical database construction13. Geophysical database construction
14. Socioeconomics study14. Socioeconomics study
1155. . Military servicesMilitary services
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�� IKONOS satellite image of IKONOS satellite image of ~~Angkor WatAngkor Wat�� in 2004in 2004
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� Impact of drought on crop planting in South Africa
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�� Image of the Image of the Tsunami Tsunami incidence at Sri Lankaincidence at Sri Lanka
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�� Impact of Impact of Tsunami Tsunami at at Khao Lak Khao Lak in Pangya Province, Thailandin Pangya Province, Thailand
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�� (���C2,������ก��(���C2,������ก�� BilisBilis :5��&%4*���:5��&%4*��� ��.. .. 20002000
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� �'5�+=��:������&56�&�' GPS G7���� ~ 30 :�4 +�4'" NAVSTAR
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� ��ก�<"+�4:������&56�&�' GPS ��6��$=8�'" NAVSTAR
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� ���%�ก�'*� (%ก�: 8� 3 �%2%+�4�'56�4'�&�LL�< GPS :���6�C/
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