MAN MADE POLLUTION AND ITS BIOREMEDIATION ASPECTS

Hareesha A SPALB 3192

Jr MSc (agri) environmental scienceDept. Forestry and environmental science

Hareesha A S PALB 3192

Jr MSc( agri ) Environmental scienceDeportment of Forestry and Environmental science

PollutionWhen there are some physical, chemical or biological changes occur in our environment it is known as pollution.

The substances which brings these changes are known as pollutants.

Man made pollutionWhen there are some physical, chemical or biological changes occur due to man made activities in our environment it is known as man made pollution.

Types of Environmental Pollution.

1.     Air pollution

2.     Water pollution

3.     Soil pollution

4.     Noise pollution

5.     Thermal pollution6.     Plastic pollution7. Radioactive Pollution

1.     Air pollution

2.     Water pollution

3.     Soil pollution

4.     Noise pollution

5.     Thermal pollution6.     Plastic pollution7. Radioactive Pollution

1.Air pollution

When some foreign particles enters the air and deteriorate its quality is known as air pollution.

These particles can be produced naturally or man made

Sources of Air Pollution• Volcanic eruptions, • Dry soil erosion, • Forest fires,• Automobiles ,• Manufacturing exhaust,• Burning of fossil fuels....

  

1.     Air pollution

2.     Water pollution

3.     Soil pollution

4.     Noise pollution

5.     Thermal pollution6.     Plastic pollution7. Radioactive Pollution

 2.Water pollutionWhen some foreign particle, organic, inorganic or biological impurities are

added to the water so that it becomes unfit for use is known as water pollution.

Sources of water pollution Automobiles, Fertilizers, Animal waste , Sewage waste, household cleaning products, Litter etc..

1.     Air pollution

2.     Water pollution

3.     Soil pollution

4.     Noise pollution

5.     Thermal pollution6.     Plastic pollution7. Radioactive Pollution

3.Soil Pollution

• Soil, or land pollution, is contamination of the soil that prevents natural growth and balance in the land whether it is used for cultivation, habitation, or a wildlife preserve.

Sources soil pollution• Hazardous waste from industries,• Sewage waste,• Improper farming practices, such as the heavy use of inorganic

fertilizers ,pesticides, herbicides …..• Mining activity, • deforestation, • Household dumping and littering , etc…..

Bioremediation of soil ,water and air pollution

Bioremediation• "Remediate" means to solve a problem. • “Bio-remediate" means to use biological organisms to solve an

environmental problem such as contaminated soil , air and water.

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Types of bioremediation

• Phytoremediation• Mycoremediation• Bacterial remediation

Phytoremediation• Phytoremediation is a process of decontaminating soil or water by

using plants and trees to absorb or break down pollutants.

Phytoremediation

1. Phytoextraction – Uptake of substances from the environment, with storage in the plant

(also known as phytoaccumulation).

2. Phytostabilization – Reducing the movement or transfer of substances in the environment,

for example, limiting the leaching of soil contaminants.

3. Phytostimulation – Enhancement of microbial activity for the degradation of contaminants,

typically around plant roots.

4. Phytotransformation – Uptake of substances from the environment, with degradation

occurring within the plant (phytodegradation).

Cont….

5. Phytovolatilization – Removal of substances from the soil or water with release into the

air, possibly after degradation.

6. Rhizofiltration – The removal of toxic materials from groundwater through root

activity.

The role of genetics in phytoremediation

Genetic engineering is a powerful method for enhancing natural phytoremediation capabilities, or for introducing new capabilities into plants.

For example,

Genes encoding a nitroreductase from a bacterium were inserted

into tobacco and showed faster removal of TNT

(2,4,6-trinitrotoluene,)  and enhanced resistance to the toxic effects of TNT

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Examples of phytoextraction from soils

• Arsenic, using the Sunflower a hyper accumulator in its leaves and Chinese Brake fern also stores in its leaves.

• Cadmium and zinc, using Alpine pennycress,

a hyper accumulator of these metals at levels

that would be toxic to many plants.

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examples

Advantages of phytoremediation

• the cost of the phytoremediation is lower than that of traditional processes .

• the plants can be easily monitored• the possibility of the recovery and re-use of valuable metals (by

companies specializing in “phyto mining”)• it is potentially the least harmful method because it uses naturally

occurring organisms and preserves the environment in a more natural state.

Limitations of phytoremediation

Phytoremediation is limited to the surface area and depth occupied by the roots.

Slow growth and low biomass require a long-term commitment.

With plant-based systems of remediation, it is not possible to completely prevent the leaching of contaminants into the groundwater 

Mycoremediation• Mycoremediation is a form of bioremediation in which fungi are

used to decontaminate the area. • Certain strains of fungi have been reported to successfully

degrade the nerve gases  sarin .

example: Nematophagous Fungi

Ligninolytic fungi. Fungi such as the white rot fungus Phanaerochaete chrysosporium  have  the  ability  to  degrade an  extremely toxins present in the soil.

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exam

ples

Bacteria

Aerobic  bacteria recognized for  their  degradation   are Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, Sphingomonas, Rhodococcus, and Mycobacterium. 

Thaismicrobes  have  often  been  reported  to  degrade  pesticides  and  hydrocarbons and polyaromatic compounds. 

• Kumar.A, Bisht.B.S, Joshi.V.D, Dhewa.T 

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 1 No.6, 2011 

1.     Air pollution

2.     Water pollution

3.     Soil pollution

4.     Noise pollution

5.     Thermal pollution6.     Plastic pollution7. Radioactive Pollution

4.Noise Pollution

• Noise pollution refers to undesirable levels of noises caused by human activity that disrupt the standard of living in the affected area

Sources of noise pollution•Traffic •Airports •Railroads •Manufacturing plants •Construction or demolition

Effects of noise pollution

Hearing loss,

Wildlife disturbances, and

A general degradation of lifestyle.

1.     Air pollution

2.     Water pollution

3.     Soil pollution

4.     Noise pollution

5.     Thermal pollution6.     Plastic pollution7. Radioactive Pollution

5.     Thermal pollution

• Thermal pollution is the discharge of waste heat via energy dissipation into cooling water and subsequently into nearby waterways.

Sources of thermal pollution• Power plants creating electricity from fossil fuel• Water as a cooling agent in industrial facilities

Effects of Thermal pollution

• Thermal shock: Due to decrease in DO levels

there is suffocation of plants and animal species which creates anaerobic conditions .The sudden change in the temperature causes harm to the aquatic organisms.

1.     Air pollution

2.     Water pollution

3.     Soil pollution

4.     Noise pollution

5.     Thermal pollution6.     Plastic pollution7. Radioactive Pollution

6. Plastic pollution•   The accumulation in the environment of man-

made plastic products to the point where they create problems for wildlife and their habitats as well as for human populations.

             

PlasticA synthetic material made from a wide range of organic polymers ,that can be moulded into shape while soft, and then set into a rigid or slightly elastic form.

Type

s of

pla

stic

s

individual monomer molecule individual monomer molecule

Thermoplastic plastics are made of long chains of polymers which don’t cross over very often. When heated, the molecules slip easily over one another.

Thermosetting plastics also have lots of long chain molecules, but there are links between them. These cross links prevent the molecules from moving over one another.

Plastics

Plastics

Formed by heat

Thermoplastic plastics:

Soften when heated

Can be reheated and reshaped

Mostly recyclable

Made of long polymer chains with few cross

links

There are two main groups of plastics:thermosetting plasticsthermoplastic plastics. What does the word

‘plastic’ mean?

The word ‘plastic’ means ‘easily

shaped or moulded’.

Initially set by heat

Thermosetting plastics:

Cannot be reshaped once set

Strong and durable Common in powder or resin forms

Consist of polymer chains with strong bonds

between each chain

What are the reasons responsible for Plastic Pollution in our Community.

Waste of the households, Shops , etc. Improper garbage system of the area. Irregularity of the Pvt. Garbage contractors. Ignorance of the people about the causes and effects of the plastic

pollution. Lack of proper knowledge about the plastic pollution and its effects. Lack of social responsibility and ownership.

SOLUTIONS TO CONTROL PLASTIC POLLUTION.

• Awareness campaigns- Stop using plastic bags.Educate people about the plastic pollution and its effects on our environment.

• Road show in regards “No to plastic bags”, and display of banners on the walls of slums, colonies and societies areas.

• Hands with the Municipal Corporation to take the corrective measures, to do timely inspections.

• Support NSS, NGOs, Volunteer agencies.• Social responsibility, commitment and ownership

by every individual may control the problem.

Bioplastics Vs Petroplastics

Bioplastics • A bio plastic is a form of plastic made from renewable

biomass and it is biodegradable , instead of traditional plastics derived from petroleum

Examples of bioplastic polymers are 

polylactic acid (PLA),

polycaprolactone (PCL),

polyhydroxybutyrate-covalerate (PHBV), and

polyesteramide. 

Biodegradable bioplastic

Starch-based bioplastics. Can be manufactured from either raw or modified starch.. Common starch sources include maize, wheat, potatoes and cassava.

Cellulose-based bioplastics.Chemically-modified plant cellulose materials such as cellulose acetate . Common cellulose sources include wood pulp, hemp and cotton.

Lignin-based bioplastics Contain wood (or lignocellulosic plant material) produced as a byproductof the paper milling industry.

Plant proteins bioplastics. Such as maize ‘zein’ can also be used to manufacture bioplastics.

Milk based bioplasticMilk is used for preparation of bioplastic

CORN BASED BIOPLASTIC

• Here is how to make corn-based plastic:• Materials• 1 tablespoon cornstarch• 2 drops corn oil• Zip-sealing plastic bag• 1 tablespoon water• Food coloring• Microwave oven

What to do• Place the cornstarch in the plastic bag.• Add corn oil. Add water. Seal the bag, and then mix the

ingredients by rubbing outside the bag with your fingers. • Add two drops of any color food coloring to the mixture, seal and mix

again. • Open the zip seal just a tiny bit and put the bag in a microwave oven.

Microwave on high 20–25 seconds. Be careful removing your plastic. It will be hot!

• While the plastic is still warm, shape it into a ball. If you want to see your ball degrade, just immerse it in water.

How it works• Before heating, the starch and water molecules combine physically in a liquid mixture, but do not permanently attach. • Heating causes the water molecules to move fast enough to penetrate and break up the starch granules, which then tangle together to form polymers. Because the polymers are weaker than commercial plastics,they readily break apart in water.

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MILK BASED BIOPLASTIC INGREDIENTS• 1 cup of milk• 2 tablespoons of vinegar for each cup of milk• spoon for stirring• fine strainer• container (to strain the mixture)• paper towels for clean up

DIRECTIONS• 1. Pour the milk into a pan and warm it on the stove. Be careful

not to boil.2 .Move the pan from the heat.3. Add vinegar to the warm milk and stir until it separates and the curds are well formed (about 1–2 minutes).4 .Strain the mixture through the fine strainer.5. Wait for the strained curds to completely cool (2–3 minutes).6 .Wrap the curds in the cloth , hold them between your hands and squeeze out the extra liquid.7 .The curds will be crumbly at first—press and knead them into a solid plastic. (A drop or two of glycerin will help to “plasticize” the mixture.)8. Shape the plastic as you like—you may want to use cookie cutters to cut shapes. Let dry overnight.

Types of Environmental Pollution.

1.     Air pollution

2.     Water pollution

3.     Soil pollution

4.     Noise pollution

5.     Thermal pollution6.     Plastic pollution7. Radioactive Pollution

7. Radioactive Pollution • Radioactive pollution can be defined as the release of radioactive

substances or high-energy particles into the air, water, or earth as a result of human activity, either by accident or by design.

Manmade Sources of radioactive pollution

1) nuclear weapon testing or detonation

2) the nuclear fuel cycle, including the mining, separation, and production of nuclear materials for use in nuclear power plants or nuclear bombs.

3) accidental release of radioactive material from nuclear power plants.

Natural sources

Radon gas emitted from beneath the ground, are considered pollutants when they become a threat to human health.

Bioremediation for radioactive pollution

• Brassica juncea and Brassica chinensis grown in a U-contaminated soil to remove the U. Jianwei W. Huang ,* Michael J. Blaylock , Yoram Kapulnik , and Burt D. Ensley

Phytotech Inc., 1 Deer Park Drive, Suite I, Monmouth Junction, New Jersey 08852

Environ. Sci. Technol., 1998, 32 (13), pp 2004–2008

• Helianthus annuus in phytoremediation for uranium Beate Huhle, Herman Heilmeier ,Broder Merkel

Book -Uranium, Mining and Hydrogeology

• Bacteria Clostridium is used for bioremediation for uranium contaminated areas.

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• Water hyacinth for phytoremediation of radioactive waste simulate contaminated with caesium and cobalt radionuclide's

H.M. Saleh  ,Radioisotope Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, Dokki 12311, Giza, Egypt

• Sunflowers used as phytoremident for uranium in the Chernobyl accident. Francis A. J.

1997. Biotechnology of Radioactive Wastes

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