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Management Controlling Universitas Pembangunan Jaya

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Page 1: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management

Controlling Universitas Pembangunan Jaya

Page 2: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 2

What is the

control process?

Controlling

– The process of measuring performance and taking

action to ensure desired results.

– Has a positive and necessary role in the management

process.

– Ensures that the right things happen, in the right way,

at the right time.

– Organizational learning and after-action review.

Sumber: Schermerhorn (2009, 8e)

Page 3: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 3

Study Question 4: What is the

control process?

Steps in the control process:

– Step 1 — establish objectives and standards.

– Step 2 — measure actual performance.

– Step 3 — compare results with objectives and

standards.

– Step 4 — take corrective action as needed.

Page 4: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 4

Figure 8.4 Four steps in the control

process.

Page 5: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Tahap 1: Penetapan Standar

• STANDAR

Satuan pengukuran yang digunakan sebagai patokan untuk penilain hasil.

tujuan, sasaran, kuota, target

lebih khusus

- target penjualan

- anggaran

- market share

- margin keuntungan

- sasaran produksi

Page 6: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Tahap 2: Penentuan Pengukuran

Pelaksanaan Kegiatan

Beberapa pertanyaan yang digunakan:

1. HOW OFTEN: stp jam, harian, mingguan

2. WHAT FORM: Laporan tertulis, inspeksi visual melalui telepon

3. WHO: manajer, staf departemen

Pengukuran

mudah dilakukan

tidak mahal

dapat diterangkan kepada karyawan

Page 7: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Tahap 2: Pengukuran Pelaksanaan

Kegiatan

Merupakan proses yang berulang-ulang, terus-menerus

Cara:

1. Pengamatan (observasi)

2. Laporan-laporan (lisan, tertulis)

3. metode-metode otomatis

4. Inspeksi, penguiian (test) dengan pengambilan sampel

Page 8: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Tahap 3: Perbandingan Prestasi dengan

Standar & Analisis Penyimpangan

• Tahap paling kritis, tetapi mudah dilakukan

• Kompleksitas: saat menginterpretasikan adanya

deviasi

• Analisis: mengapa penyimpangan terjadi

Page 9: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Tahap 4: pengambilan Tindakan Koreksi

Tindakan koreksi berbagai bentuk

Standar diubah

Pelaksanaan diperbaiki

Keduanya

Mengubah standar mula-mula

Mengubah pengukuran pelaksanaan

- frekuensi (sering, kurang)

- mengganti sistem pengukuran

Mengubah cara analisis & interpretasi

Page 10: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 10

Figure 8.5 The role of feedforward,

concurrent, and feedback controls in

organizations.

Page 11: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

PENTINGNYA

PENGAWASAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR Pengawasan semakin

penting

1. Perubahan lingkungan organisasi

2. Peningkatan kompleksitas organisasi

3. Kesalahan-kesalahan

4. Kebutuhan manager untuk mendelegasikan wewenang.

Page 12: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Beberapa Gejala

yang memerlukan Pengawasan • Terjadi penurunan pendapatan atau profit, namun tidak

begitu jelas faktor penyebabnya

• Penurunan kualitas pelayanan (teridentifikasi dari adanya keluhan pelanggan)

• Ketidakpuasan pegawai (teridentifikasi dari adanya keluhan pegawai, produktifitas kerja yang menurun, dan lain sebagainya)

• Berkurangnya kas perusahaan

• Banyaknya pegawai atau pekerja yang menganggur

• Tidak terorganisasinya setiap pekerjaan dengan baik

• Biaya yang melebihi anggaran

• Adanya penghamburan dan inefisiensi

Page 13: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Alat Bantu Pengawasan Manajerial

• Management-by-Exception berfokus pada perhatian manajerial

pada perbedaan substansi antara tampilan aktual dengan

tampilan yang diharapkan.

(prinsip pengecualian)

• Management-Information System berfokus pada penyediaan

informasi untuk melakukan evaluasi dari fungsi fungsi

manajemen

Management By Objective (MBO) adalah untuk memastikan bahwa

setiap karyawan memiliki pemahaman yang jelas terhadap tujuan atau

sasaran organisasi, seperti halnya mereka memahami peran dan

tanggung jawabnya dalam mencapai tujuan tersebut.

Page 14: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Pengendalian Manajemen

• Adalah suatu proses yang digunakan untuk

mempengaruhi para anggota organisasi agar

menerapkan strategi organisasi. Pengendalian

manajemen merupakan:

– Aktivitas Pengendalian Manajemen

– Keselarasan Tujuan

– Salah satu alat implementasi Strategi, selain struktur

organisasi, manajemen SDM, Budaya

– Menekankan aspek Keuangan dan Nonkeuangan

– Membantu Mengembangkan Strategi Baru

Page 15: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Konsep Pengendalian Manajemen

• Pengendalian:

adalah proses untuk menjamin agar kegiatan

mengarah ke tujuan yang diinginkan

• Unsur Pengendalian:

– 1. Detektor atau sensor

– 2. Assesor atau penilai

– 3. Efektor atau pengubah

– 4. Jaringan Komunikasi

Page 16: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Batas Pengendalian

Manajemen

• Tiga aktivitas yang memerlukan perencanaan dan

pengendalian:

– Strategy Formulation

– Management Control

– Task Control

Page 17: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Ilustrasi

• Sopir

– Mata (sensor)

– Otak (assessor)

– Kaki (effector)

– Jaringan

komunikasi dari

indera otak

anggota

badan

Page 18: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Tipe-tipe Pengendalian

• (Awal) Preliminary

Kadang-kadang disebut kendali feedforward, Hal ini harus dipenuhi sebelum suatu perkerjaan dimulai.

Kendali ini menyakinkan bahwa arah yang tepat

telah disusun dengan sumber-sumber yang

tepat tersedia untuk memenuhinya.

Page 19: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Tipe-tipe Pengendalian

• (Saat ini) Concurrent

Berfokus pada apa yang sedang terjadi

selama proses. Kadang-kadang disebut

Kendali steering, kendali ini memantau

operasi dan aktivitas yang sedang berjalan

untuk menjamin sesuatunya telah sedang

dikerjakan dengan tepat.

Page 20: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Tipe-Tipe Pengendalian

• (Akhir) Post-action

Kadang-kadang disebut kendali feedback ,

Kendali ini mengambil tempat setelah suatu

tindakan dilengkapi. Kendali akhir berfokus

pada hasil akhir, kebalikan dari input dan

aktivitas.

Page 21: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 21

Figure 8.5 The role of feedforward,

concurrent, and feedback controls in

organizations.

Page 22: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 22

Figure 8.6 Management by objectives as

an integrated planning and control

framework.

Page 23: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 23

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

MBO involves a formal agreement specifying …

– Workers’ performance objectives for a specific time

period.

– Plans through which performance objectives will be

accomplished.

– Standards for measuring accomplishment of

performance objectives .

– Procedures for reviewing performance results.

Page 24: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 24

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

The MBO process:

– Supervisor and workers jointly set objectives, establish standards, and choose actions.

– Workers act individually to perform tasks; supervisors act individually to provide necessary support.

– Supervisor and workers jointly review results, discuss implications, and renew the MBO cycle.

Page 25: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 25

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Types of MBO performance objectives

– Improvement

– Personal development

– Maintenance

Criteria for effective performance objectives

– Specific

– Time defined

– Challenging

– Measurable

Page 26: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 26

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Types of MBO performance objectives

– Improvement

– Personal development

– Maintenance

Criteria for effective performance objectives

– Specific

– Time defined

– Challenging

– Measurable

Page 27: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 27

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Advantages of MBO

– Focuses workers on most important tasks and

objectives.

– Focuses supervisor’s efforts on important

areas of support.

– Contributes to relationship building.

– Gives workers a structured opportunity to

participate in decision making.

Page 28: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 28

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Employee discipline systems

– Discipline is the act of influencing behavior

through reprimand.

– Discipline that is applied fairly, consistently,

and systematically provides useful control.

Page 29: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 29

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

To be effective, reprimands should …

– Be immediate.

– Be directed toward actions, not personality.

– Be consistently applied.

– Be informative.

– Occur in a supportive setting.

– Support realistic rules.

Page 30: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 30

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Employee discipline systems

– Progressive discipline ties reprimands to the

severity and frequency of the employee’s

infractions.

– Progressive discipline seeks to achieve

compliance with the least extreme reprimand

possible.

Page 31: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 31

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Important financial aspects of organizational performance … – Liquidity

• The ability to generate cash to pay bills.

– Leverage • The ability to earn more in returns than the cost of debt.

– Asset management • The ability to use resources efficiently and operate at

minimum cost.

– Profitability • The ability to earn revenues greater than costs.

Page 32: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 32

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Break-even analysis …

– Determination of the point at which sales

revenues are sufficient to cover costs.

– Break-Even Point = Fixed Costs / (Price –

Variable Costs)

– Used in evaluating:

• New products

• New program initiatives

Page 33: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 33

Figure 8.7 Graphical approach to break-

even analysis.

Page 34: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 34

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Purchasing control …

– A productivity tool

– Trends in purchasing control:

• Leveraging buying power

• Committing to a small number of suppliers

• Working together in supplier-purchaser

partnerships

Page 35: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 35

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Inventory control

– Goal is to ensure that inventory is just the

right size to meet performance needs, thus

minimizing the cost.

– Methods of inventory control:

• Economic order quantity

• Just-in-time scheduling

Page 36: Management Controlling - UPJManagement 8/e - Chapter 8 2 What is the control process? Controlling – The process of measuring performance and taking action to ensure desired results

Management 8/e - Chapter 8 36

Study Question 5: What are the common

organizational controls?

Statistical quality control

– Quality control involves checking processes,

materials, products, and services to ensure

that they meet high standards.

– Statistical quality control involves:

• Taking samples of work.

• Measuring quality in the samples.

• Determining the acceptability of results.