Managing Peace and Managing Peace and Security: Deterrence Security: Deterrence and Diplomacyand Diplomacy

What is the chapter What is the chapter about?about? What are some causes of What are some causes of

international conflict?international conflict?

How does Singapore ensure its How does Singapore ensure its national security using the two-national security using the two-pronged approach of deterrence pronged approach of deterrence and diplomacy?and diplomacy?

DeterrenceDeterrence

Deter: Deter: to discourage or restrain from to discourage or restrain from acting or proceedingacting or proceeding: : The large dog The large dog deterred trespassers.deterred trespassers.

Deterrence: Deterrence: the act of deterring the act of deterring

Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 04, 2008, . Retrieved November 04, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/deter

DiplomacyDiplomacy

Diplomacy: Diplomacy: The art or practice of The art or practice of conducting international relations, as in conducting international relations, as in negotiating alliances, treaties, and negotiating alliances, treaties, and agreements.agreements.

The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth EditionFourth Edition. Retrieved November 04, 2008, from Dictionary.com . Retrieved November 04, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/diplomacy

ConflictConflict

Conflict is natural in human Conflict is natural in human

societies.societies.

People have conflicts all People have conflicts all

the time.the time.

Countries are like people too.Countries are like people too.

ConflictConflict

Why do conflicts occur among countries?Why do conflicts occur among countries?

- all countries want to protect their - all countries want to protect their national interestsnational interests

- conflicts occur when countries do not - conflicts occur when countries do not agree with one another on various issues agree with one another on various issues which might threaten their national which might threaten their national interestsinterests

TerritoryTerritory

Conflict over land / borderConflict over land / border

e.g. India VS. Chinae.g. India VS. China

Singapore VS. MalaysiaSingapore VS. Malaysia

Sino-Indian War:1962Sino-Indian War:1962

Sino-Indian War:1962Sino-Indian War:1962

Pedra Branca (SIN)/ Pedra Branca (SIN)/ Pulau Pulau Batu Puteh (MAL)Batu Puteh (MAL)

Pedra Branca (SIN)/ Pedra Branca (SIN)/ Pulau Batu Pulau Batu Puteh (MAL)Puteh (MAL)

Dokdo / TakeshimaDokdo / Takeshima

ResourcesResources

E.g. Conflict over fishing grounds E.g. Conflict over fishing grounds between Iceland and Britainbetween Iceland and Britain

Iceland

Britain

IdeologyIdeology

I-de-ol-o-gyI-de-ol-o-gy : : A set of doctrines A set of doctrines or beliefs that form the basis of a or beliefs that form the basis of a political, economic, or other political, economic, or other system. system.

The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth EditionEdition. Retrieved November 08, 2008, from Dictionary.com . Retrieved November 08, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ideology

Korean ConflictKorean Conflict

Korean ConflictKorean Conflict

North Korean believed in North Korean believed in communismcommunism

South Korea believed in South Korea believed in DemocracyDemocracy

USSR, USA, PRC and UN were all USSR, USA, PRC and UN were all involved in the Korean Conflictinvolved in the Korean Conflict

How do countries manage How do countries manage conflicts?conflicts?

Criticise each other openlyCriticise each other openly Reduce trade with the conflicting countryReduce trade with the conflicting country Resolve conflict through peaceful Resolve conflict through peaceful

negotiationsnegotiations Seek help from regional and international Seek help from regional and international

organisationsorganisations Start a warStart a war Display strength of military force to warn Display strength of military force to warn

other countriesother countries Cut diplomatic ties with each otherCut diplomatic ties with each other Protest to the other country through their Protest to the other country through their

representativesrepresentatives

How does Singapore manage How does Singapore manage conflict and ensure national conflict and ensure national security?security?

It adopts a two-pronged approachIt adopts a two-pronged approach

Deterrence

Diplomacy

DeterrenceDeterrence

Refers to measures taken by Refers to measures taken by countries to prevent and protect countries to prevent and protect themselves from threatsthemselves from threats

These threats may be from other These threats may be from other countries or non-state aggressors countries or non-state aggressors like transnational terroristslike transnational terrorists

How is deterrence How is deterrence practiced?practiced?

Citizen’s armed forceCitizen’s armed force

How is deterrence practiced?How is deterrence practiced?

33rdrd Generation Singapore Armed Generation Singapore Armed ForcesForces

How is deterrence How is deterrence practiced?practiced?

Singapore’s defence industrySingapore’s defence industry

How is deterrence How is deterrence practiced?practiced?

Total DefenceTotal Defence

How is deterrence practiced?How is deterrence practiced?

Multi-agency coordination on Multi-agency coordination on securitysecurity

How is deterrence practiced?How is deterrence practiced?

Military co-operation with other Military co-operation with other countriescountries

- bilateral military agreements - bilateral military agreements and excercisesand excercises

- Multi-lateral military agreements - Multi-lateral military agreements and excercisesand excercises

DiplomacyDiplomacy

Bilateral relationsBilateral relations

Regional relationsRegional relations

International relationsInternational relations

ASEANASEAN

- - Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Laos Malaysia Burma Philippines Philippines Singapore Singapore Thailand Thailand Vietnam Vietnam

United NationsUnited Nations

Singapore was admitted as the 117Singapore was admitted as the 117thth member of the UNmember of the UN

Membership in the UN approves the Membership in the UN approves the sovereignty of the small states and sovereignty of the small states and therefore contributes to their therefore contributes to their independence and territorial integrity. independence and territorial integrity. The UN also enables a small country to The UN also enables a small country to develop friendship with other nations, develop friendship with other nations, monitor world trends and collect valuable monitor world trends and collect valuable information. (pg 186) information. (pg 186)