managing uncertainties of the future grid pres giri... · 2017-11-16 · local & differential...

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© 2016 General Electric Technology GmbH – All Rights Reserved.

Managing Uncertainties of the Future Grid

Evolution of EMS Control CentersSynchrophasor PMU Analytics

“Keeping the Lights On:Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow”

Jay GiriFormer Director, GE Grid Solutions

Redmond, WA, USAFIEEE, NAE

[email protected]


The Electricity Supply Chain – the Power Grid


Greatest Engineering Achievements: Of the 20th Century*

20. High-performance materials

19. Nuclear technologies

18. Laser and fiber optics

17. Petroleum & petrochemical technologies

16. Health technologies

15. Household appliances

14. Imaging

13. Internet

12. Spacecraft

11. Highways

10. Air conditioning & refrigeration

9. Telephone

8. Computers

7. Agricultural mechanization

6. Radio and television

5. Electronics

4. Water supply and distribution

3. Airplane

2. Automobile

* US National Academy of Engineers - 2001

#1. Electrification


Today’s Power Grid

• The power grid is one of the Most Complex & Immense, ‘7 x 24 must run”, engineering machines in existence today!


The Huge Challenge we face!1. Electricity Demand

Changes second by second

2. Electricity: Cannot be Stored Easily

3. Supply needs to meet demand – immediately!

4. Generation reacts to follow Demand!

If Supply does not meet demand…Protective relays trip …Potential for a cascading blackout..


E = Demand is met, I = Constraints are met

Power System Grid Operating States

INSECUREViolation of inequality constraints

A-SECURE

SECURE

SYSTEM INTACTSYSTEM NOT INTACT

NORMALObjective: Load tracking, cost minimization, system coordination

RESTORATIVEResynchronization

IN EXTREMISCut Losses, Protect Equipment

ALERTPreventive Control

EMERGENCYHeroic Action

I

E

E,I

E,I

L. Fink, K. Carlsen, IEEE Spectrum, March 1978


Timeline of high impact blackouts History of Blackouts Region

DurationPeople

affectedInitiating Event

9-Nov-65 NE US, NYC 14 hours 25M Faulty substation relay

13-Jul-77 NYC 25 hours 8M Lightning

1-Mar-89 Quebec & NY State 9 hours 6M Geomagnetic storm

11-Mar-99 Sao Paolo, Brazil 5 hours 97M Lightning

14-Aug-03 NE US (8 states), Canada upto a day 50M Line overload problems

28-Sep-03 95% of Italy, Switzerland 18 hours 55M Line fault

12-Jul-04 Greece varied 7M Heavy Load conditions

1-Aug-05 Indonesia 5 hours 100M Grid imbalance

1-Nov-06 Germany, France, Italy, Spain varied 10M Line switching error

1-Feb-08 Chenzou, China 2 weeks 4M Winter storms

10-Nov-09 Brazil & Paraguay 3 hours 67M Storms

10-Jul-12India North

24 hours 370M Over-withdrawals, line overloads

31-Jul-12India - 3 regions

several hours 620M Over-withdrawals, line overloads


The Reality We Face….Our power grid is too complex to make it fail-safe!!

“Blackouts will occur again in the future”


So what is the Solution we seek.….?

Contain an Initiating event to prevent a Cascading, failure of

the grid!

And more importantly:

How to Restore power to customers ASAP!

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LANDSCAPEGrid Management

10


A Modern EMS Control Center

12


EconomicsReliability

EMS Operators Objective

Reliability Economics

13


EMS Functions

Communication Server Data Acquisition

Inter Control Center

CommunicationUser Interface

Real-Time Database

System ModelingHistorical Data

Warehouse

System FunctionsSCADA

(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)

• SCADA• Loadshed• Historical Recording

NETWORK

• State Estimator• Powerflow• Contingency

Analysis• Security

Enhancement• Optimal

Powerflow

GENERATION

• AGC• Study

Functions• Load Forecast


EMS Operator’s goal:‘Stay on the road ahead!’

The Road in the past: The Road today:

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Contour: area Voltage

Query: station voltages

Flyout: SCADA 1-lines

Power flow animation

Integrated SCADA & GIS Displays


Voltage StabilityLocations & Controls


Where are the VAR sources?

18


Visualization of dynamic clusters and frequency


Today’s grid is already ‘Smart’

• System-wide ‘Smarts’:

1. EMS operator actions

2. EMS Automatic generation Control (AGC)

3. Automatic under/over voltage frequency shedding

4. Special grid protection schemes, RAS, SIPS, etc

• Regional ‘Smarts’:

1. Volt-Var Control (VVC)

2. Automatic under/over voltage load shedding

• Equipment ‘Smarts’:

1. Relays for protection of individual power equipment:


Current Challenges

Retiring

Workforce

Cyber-Security

IT Architecture

& Services

New EquipmentPMU, FACTS, HVDC,

New Storage

System ScalabilityFrom energy clusters to

large Interconnected

grids

System DynamicsOperating near to true

real time llimits

Business Model

ChangeNew regulations

EfficiencyDER, DG, Microgrids

Demand Response

SustainabilityRenewables

& CO2-free energy


• The power grid is one of the Most Complex & Immense, ‘7 x 24 must run”, engineering machines in existence today!

• Today’s grid is already Smart!

• Our challenge is to make tomorrow’s grid even Smarter!

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Zooming in on one promising solution:SynchroPhasor Technology

PMUs – Phasor Measurement Units

• Synchronous measurements:

– Voltages, currents:• a,b,c phases

• Positive, negative and zero sequences

– Frequency, frequency rate-of-change,

– Status

• Higher resolution sub-second scans

• Precise GPS time-stamping


PMUs – 3ph

FDR: 1-ph PMUs

Data

Concentrators

PMU & FDR deployments - today courtesy

DoE, NASPI


The New SCADA Frontier

SCADA Data - Today Phasor Data (PMU) - Tomorrow

Refresh rate 2-5 seconds Refresh rate 30-60 samples/sec

Latency and skew Time tagged data, minimal latency

‘Older’ legacy communication Compatible with modern

communication technology

Responds to quasi-static behavior Responds to system dynamic behavior

Frequency change means:

Sudden Gen-Load MW imbalance

somewhere in the grid

Angle-pair change means:

Sudden MW change in a

specific location of the grid

X-ray – 2D BW MRI – 3D Color


Today’s Grid Monitoring landscape is Changing

• Real-time grid measurements will be 50-60 to 100-120 times faster!

• “An Unprecedented Transformational Change”.

• “MRI quality visibility of power systems compared to X-ray quality visibility of SCADA”. Terry Boston, CEO of PJM


Control Center - PDC

New

Ap

plic

ations

Oth

er

EM

S A

pp

lica

tio

ns SCADA & Alarms WAMS Alarms

State Estimator State Measurement

Small Signal Stability Oscillation Monitoring

Transient & Voltage Stability Stability Monitoring & Control

Island ManagementIsland Detection, Resync, &

Blackstart

EMS

MODEL-BASED

Analysis

PhasorPointPMU

MEASUREMENT-

BASED Analysis

The Next Generation EMSTransitioning from traditional “steady-state” view to enhanced “dynamic” situational awareness.


“If we had PMUs then..” August 14th, 2003 Blackout TimelineMonitoring wide area grid stress

1 hour

4 mins

10 SEC

An hour to react, analyze & mitigate!

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Disturbance Location

Use PMU and to triangulate & locate the origin of

the disturbance

A sudden disturbance causes a propagating traveling wave that can be detected by PMU data across the grid

Source: VirginiaTech FNET

Disturbance Location

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Islanding Visualization


Global WAMS SolutionsDeployments Worldwide

GO15 Customers

• AEP (USA)• MISO (USA)• AESO (Canada)• BC Hydro (Canada)• BPA (USA)• Duke Energy (USA)• Entergy (USA)• PG&E (USA)• WECC (USA)• ISONE (USA)• TVA (USA)• ERCOT (USA)• SPP (USA)• FPL (USA)• Siepac (Central America)• SING (Chile)• Canutillar (Chile)• Codelco (Chile)• ICSA (Argentina)• Light Rio SESA (Brazil)• Light Energia (Brazil)• Furnas (Brazil)• Electronorte (Brazil)• CHESF (Brazil)• AES Sul (Brazil) • AES Eletropaulo (Brazil)• Landsnet (Iceland)• Scottish Power (UK)• EIRGRID (Ireland)• SONI (UK)• RTE (France)• ADMIE (Greece)• STATNETT (Norway)• Energinet (Denmark)• Serbia (Serbia)• Ukrenergo (Ukraine)• Transelectrica (Romania)• FSK (Russia)• Libanon• Syria• Senegal• Ivory Coast• Libya• STEG (Tunisia)

• EETC and West Delta (Egypt)• Saudi SEC (Saudi Arabia)• GCCIA (Saudi Arabia)• Kuwait• Qatar• UAE• Bahrain• Yemen• Ethiopia• Manantali (Mali)• Djibouti TSO (Djibouti)• TANESCO (Tanzania)• SONABEL (Burkina Faso)• CEB (Togo/Benin)• SEEG (Gabon) • ESKOM (South Africa)• CEB (Mauritius)• Pakistan• PGCIL (India)• Bangladesh• Thailand EGAT (Thailand)• MEA Bangkok (Thailand)• Malaysia TNB (Malaysia)• EVN (Vietnam)

• Central (Danang)• South (HCMC)

• Indonesia PLN (Indonesia)• Sumatera• Pontianak• Manado• Makassar

• NCG China (China)• CPL Hong Kong (China)• Korea Kepco (Korea)• PNG Power (Papua New Guinea)• AEMO (Australia)• Power Water (Australia)• Electranet (Australia)• SP Ausnet (Australia)• Power Water Corp (Australia)• Transpower (New Zealand)

Transmission Customers DSA Customers with EMS


WAMS and On Line Stability India PowerGrid URTDSM

Unified Real Time Dynamic State MeasurementComplete observability of the Indian Power system in sub-second real time

The world’s largest WAMS project

• 33 PDCs: 26 States; 5 Regions; 2 National Control Centers

• 359 Substations with 3,400 PMUs sending 25 samples per

second

• Over 25,000 synchrophasors (positive sequence, 3

phases, voltage and current, MW and MVAR)

• 1 Year of long term data: 0.5 Peta Bytes


Today’s Grid Challenges

Retiring

Workforce

Cyber-Security

Control Room

IT Architecture

& Services

New Electrical

Equipment(FACTS, HVDC, …)

System ScalabilityFrom energy cluster to

large Interconnected Grids

System

DynamicsOperating near to True

real Time Limits

Business Model

ChangeNew regulation

EnvironmentPublic Safety

Storm Restoration

GHG

SustainabilityRenewable

Deployment

& CO2 free energy

New Generation Mix

Plan, Model, Measure, Monitor, Mitigate

severe

critical

normal

high

Critical mission

Communication

Meters, PMU, …

Big Data


Future Grid Management“The Future A’int what it used to be!”

• Uncertainty is increasing..

– Challenges & Opportunities!

• Monitor trends continually…

– The Past not always a good indicator of the Future

• Develop new innovative solutions while leverage technology advances

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California ISO

34

5GW storage needed


35

Future Grid ManagementRoad Ahead


Future Grid Management

36


Wide Area ControlBridging the grid control gap – finally?

Operator Dispatch

Human Response

3-15s

Automated

Dispatch

Wide-Area DefenceEquipment

Protection

0.6-3s

Automated

Trip

Automated Wide Area Control Control Room EMS/WAMSProtection

Copyright ge Grid 2013

Local & Differential Fault Protection

Short-Term Voltage Stability

Long-Term Voltage Stability

Oscillatory Stability

Frequency Stability

Transient Stability

N-x Transient Stability

Local Z

Local C

Wide area Z

Wide area C

Regional Z

Regional C

Z – Measurements

C - Controls

> 10 mins

0-200ms

200mS -

Minutes

Ripe for Innovation!


Grid Control Devices

Best

Adequate

Not

appropriate

J

L

K


“Dispatching AC Power” with FACTS, Power Flow Controllers

Engaging muscles in the grid!

lineX

VVP

)sin(.. 21

Phase angle regulators,

IPC, SSSC, UPFCVoltage Control, SVCs

TCR, STATCOM, etc

Series Capacitors/Reactors, TCSC,

TSSC, TCSR, TSSR, IPC etc

+ P (HVDC/FACTS)

HVDC/FACTS

Emergency Injections


Grid-scale Storage Technologies

Affordable grid-level storage - the ‘panacea’


Evolution of Grid Automation

• Novel Grid protection schemes:that dynamically adapt to current power system conditions,

– Fast sub-second measurements integrated with fast sub-second controls (FACTS, HVDC, etc)

• ‘Active’ transmission system with real-time dispatch of FACTS, HVDC, etc

• Holistic optimization of Storage, DER, DG, Renewables, Microgrids, etc


Think Globally&

Act Locally!

Transition to Wide Area Grid Control

43


Evolution of the Electricity Supply Chain“A galaxy of autonomous microgrids?”

43

A galaxy of many, many self-sufficient

Microgrids!

44


Evolution of the Transmission Grid

• From: “Lifeblood”

– Primary electricity source

• To: “Lifeline”

– ‘as needed’ electricity source

• The business model of the Transmission Utility will need to be Re-imagined, Re-invented!

45


Evolution of the Grid Operating Paradigm

• Transition from a Reactive to a Proactive!

– ‘Generation Following Load ’ (today)

‘Load Following Generation’ (tomorrow)

– Load responds to Generation(Demand Response)


From the July 2001, Wired magazine

“The best minds in Electricity R&D have a plan:

Every node in the power network of the future will be

Awake,

Responsive,

Adaptive,

Price-smart,

Eco-sensitive,

Real-time,

Flexible,

Humming….

and interconnected with everything else.”

‘’Electrification’ was voted the most important engineering achievement of the last century! – US NAE, 2000

Today,

We continue to make

progress towards this!

July 2001

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/images/B0013EIVD0/ref=dp_image_0?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books

http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/images/B0013EIVD0/ref=dp_image_0?ie=UTF8&n=283155&s=books


Further reading..

• ‘The Grid” book by Gretchen Bakke, Bloomsbury, 2016

• 2016 IEEE Smart Grid newsletter:– http://smartgrid.ieee.org/newsletters/april-2016/transitioning-from-wide-area-

monitoring-to-wide-area-management

• 2015 IEEE PETS open access journal article:– “Proactive Management of the Future Grid”

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7080837

• http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Electricity_2017.pdf

• www.naspi.org – wealth of PMU information

• www.youtube.comsearch for ‘psymetrixsolutions’

• [email protected]

• +1-425-922-1072 (cell)

http://smartgrid.ieee.org/newsletters/april-2016/transitioning-from-wide-area-monitoring-to-wide-area-management

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=7080837

http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Electricity_2017.pdf

http://www.naspi.org/

http://www.youtube.com/

mailto:[email protected]

managing uncertainties of the future grid pres giri... · 2017-11-16 · local & differential...

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