manajemen nitrogen tanaman jagung bahan kajian mk. manajemen kesuburan tanah...
TRANSCRIPT
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MANAJEMEN NITROGEN
TANAMAN JAGUNG
Bahan Kajian MK. Manajemen Kesuburan Tanah
Smno.agroekotek.fpub.sept2013
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Tanaman jagung memerlukan sejumlah besar nitrogenProper nitrogen fertilizer
application Good nitrogen management is essential for protecting groundwater quality.
Proper nitrogen management includes
managing nitrogen rate, source, timing, and
placement. The primary goal of nitrogen best
management practices is attaining high nitrogen
use efficiency. This assures the most
effective use of nitrogen fertilizer.
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Nitrogen Rate
Yield
Economic Optimal N Rate (EONR)The sufficiency range is the nutrient level at which the plant has enough nutrients
to function and develop properly, but not so much that it is poisoned. This is reported as "medium" or "high" on soil tests.
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Nitrogen Rate
Yield
Economic Optimal N Rate (EONR)
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Oran00 Rep1 Block6
0
4
8
12
16
0 100 200 300
N rate (kg ha-1)
Yie
ld (
Mg
ha-1)
Nopt
Oran00 Rep3 Block26
0
4
8
12
16
0 100 200 300
N rate (kg ha-1)
Yie
ld (
Mg
ha-1)
Nopt
Economic Optimum Nitrogen Rate
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Eco
no
mic
all
y O
pti
ma
l N
Ra
te,
kg
ha
-1
RA
TE
300
250
200
150
100
350
300
DL00 DL01MD00 MD01CP00 CP01 DL02 MD02
** *
*
**
*
*
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sensor N Rate with MO Algorithm (lbs N/acre)
EO
NR
(lb
s N
/ac
re)
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sensor N Rate with MO Algorithm (lbs N/acre)
EO
NR
(lb
s N
/ac
re)
B C w/o C with D H P S W
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sensor N Rate with MO Algorithm (lbs N/acre)
EO
NR
(lb
s N
/ac
re)
C w/o C with P W
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0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200 250
Sensor N Rate with MO Algorithm (lbs N/acre)
EO
NR
(lb
s N
/ac
re)
B D H S
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1. EONR prediction is not easily accomplished, and is more of a challenge in rainfed environments.
2. If one could reliably predict yield, this factor alone does not do a good job of predicting EONR.
3. In 2004 and averaged over all sites, we achieved ~$5/acre more profit when using the sensors when compared to the farmer’s single blanket rate. (average of 30 lbs/acre less N).
4. Data needs to be collected to test current and yet-to-be developed algorithms.
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Research supported in part by the USDA- NRI, IFAFS, and CIG Grant Programs. Assistance also given by OSU, NTech, and Holland Scientific
Instruments.
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The corn N recommendations are based on:
- Yield potential- soil type and drainage
- Soil N supply- soil type and drainage
- N fertilizer uptake efficiency- soil type and drainage
- N credits from sods- % legume/grass in the sod
- N credits from manure- application method + timing
N Recommendation for corn
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(yield potential * 1.2) – soil N – sod N N requirement =
(fertilizer efficiency/100)in lbs N/acre
in lbs N/acre
in %
in bushels/acre
= soil series specific
Cornell Corn N Recommendations
- soybean N or manure N credits
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y = 126.36 + 4.0944x - 0.0199x 2
r 2 = 0.9851; n = 33
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Organic matter (g kg-1)
ISN
T-N
(m
g k
g-1)
NONRESPONSIVE
RESPONSIVE
Critical Values
y = 126.36 + 4.0944x - 0.0199x 2
r 2 = 0.9851; n = 33
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Organic matter (g kg-1)
ISN
T-N
(m
g k
g-1)
NONRESPONSIVE
RESPONSIVE
Critical Values
Loss-on-ignition (g kg-1)
Initial Field Calibration
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Factors relating to BMP’s for N
1. Cropping systems
2. N rate applied
3. Time of application
4. Nitrification inhibitors
5. N source
6. Tillage
7. Cover crops
Established Gliricidia-maize intercropping system in Southern Malawi. Photo: T. Breedy
http://climatecolab.org/plans/-/plans/contestId/18/planId/1304331
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CROPPING SYSTEMS
http://www.cirad.fr/en/research-operations/research-results/2009/no-tillage-with-cover-crops-for-the-brazilian-cerrados
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Effect of CROPPING SYSTEM on drainage volume, NO3-N concentration, and N loss in subsurface tile drainage during a 4-yr period (1990-93) in
MN.
Cropping Total Nitrate-N
System discharge Conc. Loss
Inches ppm lb/A
Cont. Corn 30.4 28 194
Corn – Soybean 35.5 23 182
Soybean – C 35.4 22 180
Alfalfa 16.4 1.6 6
CRP 25.2 0.7 4
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Nitrate losses in tile drainage water from soil mineralization.
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
Year
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
F-W
Nitr
ate-
N C
onc.
(pp
m)
Dry years
Est
abli
shed
gra
ss
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Cropping system has
greater effect on hydrology and nitrate losses than any other management
factor!
“Preventive Management”
Cumulative Nitrogen Uptake Across the Growing Season
http://www.lenrd.org/nitrogen-management/
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RATE OF APPLICATION
http://www.lenrd.org/nitrogen-management/
Good nitrogen management requires understanding:
1. How nitrogen is used by the crop2. When nitrogen is used by the crop3. What environmental influences affect the use of
soil and fertilizer nitrogen by the growing crop4. How management of nitrogen and irrigation
water affect the leaching of residual nitrate, which eventually affects water quality
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Continuous Corn, 2001–03 Olmsted Co.
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Effect of N rate for corn after soybean on NO3-N concentrations in tile drainage water in 2001.
Date
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Nitr
ate
Co
nc
(mg
/L)
80 lb N/A 120 160
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Effect of N rate on yield of corn after soybean, net return to fertilizer N, and nitrate-N concentration in tile drainage at
Waseca (2000–2003).
N Treatment 4-Yr Yield Net 4-Yr FWTime Rate N-Serve Avg. Return NO3-N conc.
lb /A bu/A $/A/Yr mg/L
--- 0 --- 111 --- ---
Fall 80 Yes 144 30 12
“ 120 “ 166 70 13
“ 160 “ 172 78 18
Spr. 120 No 180 105 14
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Effect of N rate applied for corn in 2003 on nitrate-N concentration and loss in tile drainage during May–
September 2004 from soybeans at Waseca.
N FW Nitrate-N Nitrate-N
Rate. Concentration Loss
Lb/A mg/L Lb/A
80 9 36
120 12 52
160 20 81
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Conclusion1. Corn yields were increased 5% and nitrate losses
in drainage were reduced by 27% when reducing the N application rate from 160 lb/A applied in the fall to the recommended 120-lb rate applied in the spring.
2. Reducing the N rate from 120 lb/A to 80 lb/A reduced yield by 17% and nitrate loss by 13%.
3. Forty-six percent of the nitrate lost in tile drainage from a corn-soybean rotation was lost in the year soybeans were grown.
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TIME OF N APPLICATION
Maximum nitrogen uptake occurs
in periods of maximum growth (in
corn roughly between vegetative
growth stages V9 and V18, or from hip-high
to just before tasseling).
Risk of N loss is low during this period.
Credit: Iowa State University Extension.
http://plantsci.missouri.edu/nutrientmanagement/nitrogen/practices.htm
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Effect of time of N application and N-Serve on corn yields after soybean from 1987–2001 at Waseca.
Time of N ApplicationParameter Fall Fall+N-Serve Spring
15-Yr Avg. Yield (bu/A) 144 153 15615-Yr Avg. Economic return over fall N ($/A/yr) *
--- $9.30 $18.80
7-Yr Avg. Yield (bu/A) ** 131 146 1587-Yr Avg. Economic return over fall N ($/A/yr) *
--- $22.50 $51.00
* Corn = $2.00/bu; N = $0.25/lb N ** Seven years when statistically significant differences occurred.
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Nitrate-N concentration in tile drainage from a corn-soybean rotation as influenced by time of N application and N-Serve at
Waseca.
N Treatment
Time of application N-Serve Nitrate-N Conc.*
-- mg/L --
Fall No 14.1
Fall Yes 12.2
Spring No 12.0
* 10-cycle (1990-2000) rotation average.
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1999 tile water NO3-N loading at Waseca vs. NO3-N concentrations in the Le Sueur River 2.3 miles from Mankato.
7.4
16.615.7
12.0
10.8
16.2
15.2
12.7
15.6
14.1
11.9 11.6
Sampling Date
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Nitr
ate
-N L
oss
(lb
/A)
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
Nitr
ate
-N (
ppm
)
Fall AAPP AALe Sueur River
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Conclusion
• Compared to late fall N application without N-Serve over the 15-year period:– Corn yields were increased 9 and 12 bu/A/yr
(6 and 8%) by either fall N+N-Serve or spring preplant N, respectively.
– Nitrate losses were decreased 14 and 15% by either fall N+N-Serve or spring preplant N, respectively.
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Proposed BMP’s for South-Central MN
• Recommended– Spring preplant or split applications of
ammonia, urea, or UAN are highly recommended.
– Incorporate broadcast urea or preplant UAN within three days.
– Apply sidedress application before corn is 12” high.
– Inject or incorporate sidedress applications of urea or UAN to a minimum depth of 4 inches.
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Proposed BMP’s for South-Central MN.
• Recommended, but with greater risk– Fall application of AA + N-Serve after soil
temperature at 6-inch depth is below 50° F.– Side dressing all N before corn is 12 inches
high.
• Not recommended– Fall application of urea, UAN, or anhydrous
ammonia without N-Serve
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Economic Nitrogen Management for Corn
“NEW” MSU N Recommendations
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How much is enough?• Old vs. new recommendations…
Yield vs. Economic Return– Old:
• 1.2 lbs per bushel• This only applies within yield potential of soil
– New: • Based on economic return• This only applies within yield potential of soil• Use previous crop in association with field history (low – medium – high – very high)
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Definitions
• MRTN – maximum return to N• EONR – economic optimum N rate• N:Corn Price Ratio• Corn Yields – 5 year averages – soil
productivity (disregard unusual hi’s or lo’s)– Low: Average yield , <120 bu/a– Med: Average yield, 121 – 150 bu/a– High: Average yield, 151 – 180 bu/a– Very High: Over 181 bu/a
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Response Data Model FitY
ield
(bu
/acr
e)
N rate (lb/acre)
OptimumMaximum
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http://nrcca.cals.cornell.edu/nutrient/CA3/CA0323.php
Critical value or range indicates the soil or tissue content below which the plant most likely is deficient in that specific nutrient and production could be enhanced by addition of the nutrient. Below that critical value, the nutrient levels are below
optimum.
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http://nrcca.cals.cornell.edu/nutrient/CA3/CA0323.php
Luxury consumption occurs when soil nutrient levels are above optimum and plants take up more of a nutrient than needed for functioning and production.
Potassium (K) is commonly taken up in excess.
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How much is right?
• National Corn Growers Contest (NCGA):
• 10 separate yield checks averaged:– 163.1 lbs of N/acre (131-210)– Average yield = 214.5 bu/acre (181-239)– .76# N/bu (.57 - .95)
• Was it economical????• It depends…………
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Key points…
• Determine soil productivity…a 5 year
history.
• Determine N:Corn price ratio
• Evaluate crop conditions, and weather
at the time of maximum N application.
– This could be at planting or at
sidedress time.
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Criteria for Soil Productivity or Yield Potential Grouping
1. Low: ≤ 120 bu/a2. Medium: 121 – 150 bu/a
3. High: 151 – 180 bu/a4. Very High: ≥ 181 bu/a
5. 5 year running average!
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Soil Yield Potential
• Qualitative assessment of soil productivity– Group soils with similar N response
• Tiled, non-tiled, high OM, etc.– Do Not use yield estimate to calculate N rate
• Based on soil series description
• Look at:– Water holding capacity– Drainage class– Depth of root zone– Length of growing season (> or < 2300 GDD)
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N response functions
Nitrogen Rate (kg N ha-1)
0 50 100 150 200 250
Gra
in Y
ield
(M
g h
a-1)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
High/Very High Yield Potential Medium/Low Yield PotentialIrrigated Sand
134
185
241Corn following Corn
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Example # 1
1. Heavy clay soils2. Non-tiled3. 118 bu. average4. Corn price $3.125. N price (28%)
$385/T6. Previous crop -
soybeans
• N:Corn Ratio = .22• Crop condition –
excellent• Soil Moisture –
excellent • Population 32,000/a
• Recommendation: 80 Lbs. added N/a range 65 – 95 lbs/a
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Example # 21. Sandy loam soils2. Tiled3. 167 bu. average4. Corn price $4.045. N price (28%)
$365/T6. Previous crop
soybeans
1. N:Corn Ratio = .162. Crop conditions –
excellent3. Population –
32,0004. Soil moisture –
very good
5. Recommendations: 105 lbs. added N range of 90 -120 lbs/a
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0 40 80 120 160
Lbs. of sidedress N applied
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StarterN
Sidedress
NTotal
N%
Moisture Adj. Yield
38 0 38 22.6 c 149.07 c
38 40 78 21.6 b 195.95 b
38 80 118 21.4 b 201.49 b
38 120 158 20.9 a 215.93 a
38 160 198 20.5 a 218.25 a
0.83 LSD 10.9
2.06% C.V. 3.05%
MRTN Plot – St. Clair County
Previous Crop – Soybeans ~ 30 lb credit