Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi

Peranan TRANSPORTASI dalam Supply Chain

Movement of product from one location to another as its way from the beginning of a supply chain to the customer.

USA, 2002, 10 percent GDP (4th-housing, health care, food), 20 million people, 16% total occupational employment.

Peranan TRANSPORTASI dalam Supply Chain

Indonesia : Rp. 1,402 Triliun = 26% PDB, Carrying cost 421 T, transportation cost 841 T, administration cost 140 T

17% total biaya produksi (Malaysia 8%, Philipina 7%, Singapura 6%)

Peringkat ke-47 (2007), peringkat ke-75 (2010)

Peranan TRANSPORTASI dalam Supply Chain

Penyebab mahalnya biaya logistik Buruknya infrastruktur dan sistem

transportasi (antrian panjang truk di pelabuhan Merak)

Regulasi yang terlalu banyak mengatur retribusi dan pungutan liar

Panjangnya mata rantai distribusi, mis kontainer tujuan Eropa lewat Singapura atau Malaysia dulu.

Contoh Good Transportation

Dell Wal-Mart IKEA (180 store in 23 country) Seven-Eleven Japan Amazon

Mode Transportation

Air Package carriers Truk Rail Water Pipeline Intermodal

AIR

Very fast & expensive mode Smal, high-value items, time-

sensitive, emergecy shipment, long distance

Package carriers

FedEx, UPS, US Postal Service Letter until about 150 lbs Used air, truck, rail, small truck

making milk runs Time-critical smaller package Very expensive price for large

shipments

Truck

In 2002, trucks 64% commercial freight value, and 58% by weight

TL & LTL More expensive than rail, door-to-

door shipment, shoter delivery time.

No transfer between pickup and delivery

Truck

TL relative low fixed costs LTL, small lots, less than half TL Cheaper for large shipment

Rail

In 2002, about 4 % by value, 12% by weighf, and over 25% of total ton-miles

Commodities over large distances Ideal mode for carying large,

heavy, or heavy-density product over long distances,non time sensitive

Water

All kind of product : Car, grain, apparel...

Cheapest mode of transport

Pipeline

Crude petroleum, refine petroleum, gas ...

Best suited when relatively stable and large flows are required

Intermodal

Use more than one mode transportation to move a shipment to its destination

Container are easy to transfer from one mode to another.

TRANSPORTATION NETWORK

Direct shipment network Direct shipment with milk runs All shipment via Central DC Tailored network

Direct shipment

Elimination of intermediate warehouses and its simplicity of operation and coordination.

Lot size are close to TL

Direct shipping with milk runs Multiple location on single truck Better utilization of the truck and

somewhat lower costsToyota uses milk runs to support JIT In Japan, single supplier to many

assembly plants located close together. In US from many supplier to each

assembly plant

All shipment via Central DC Two roles, store inventory and serve as

a transfer location The buyer divided into geographic

region, DC build for each region. When supplier far from buyer locations

and transportation cost are high Economic of scale for inbound

transportation to point close to the final destination

All shipment via Central DC

Cross-docking Wal Mart Large and predicable demand Shipping via DC using milk runs

Trade-offs design

Transportation and inventory cost Transportation and customer

responsiveness

Tailored transportation by customer density and distance

Short Distance

Medium Distance

Long distance

High density Privat fleet with milk runs

Cross docking with milk runs

Cross docking with milk runs

Medium density

Third-party milk runs

LTL carrier LTL or package carrier

Low density Third-party milk runs or LTL carier

LTL or package carrier

Package carrier

Tailored transportation by Size of Customer

When using milk runs, make mix visiting(L,M1,S1),(L,M2,S2),(L,M1,S3),(L,M2,S1), (L,M1,S2), (L,M2,S3) L = Customer Large demand M1,2 = Customer Medium demand S1,2,3= Customer Small demand

Summary Understand the role of transportation within

a supply chain Evaluate the strenghts and weaknesses of

different modes of transportation Identify the relative strengths and

weakness of various transportation network design options

Identify trade-offs that shippers need to consider when designing a transportation network

Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi

Kemampuan untuk mengirimkan produk ke pelanggan secara tepat waktu, dalam jumlah yang sesuai dan dalam kondisi yang baik serta pelayanan purnajual yang memuaskan, akan menentukan apakah produk tersebut pada akhirnya akan kompetitif di pasar

Manfaatkan teknologi dan inovasi.

Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi Jaringan distribusi tidak lagi dipandang

hanya sebagai serangkaian fasilitas yang mengerjakan fungsi-fungsi fisik seperti pengangkutan dan penyimpanan, tetapi merupakan bagian integral dari kegiatan supply chain secara holistik dan memiliki peran strategis sebagai titik penyalur produk maupun informasi dan juga sebagai wahana untuk menciptakan nilai tambah.

Fungsi dasar Manajemen Transportasi dan Distribusi Melakukan segmentasi dan menentukan target

service level. Menentukan mode transportasi yang akan

digunakan Melakukan konsolidasi informasi dan

pengiriman Melakukan penjadwalan dan penentuan rute

pengiriman Memberikan pelayanan nilai tambah Menyimpan persediaan Menangani pengembalian (retur)

Mode Transportasi Dalam manajemen transportasi biasanya dibedakan

antara pihak yang memiliki barang (shipper) dan pihak yang melakukan pengiriman (carrier).

Biaya yang perlu dipertimbangkan bagi carrier : biaya alat transportasi, operasional tetap ( sewa bandara, pelabuhan ..), biaya operasional variabel ( biaya bahan bakar.. ), biaya overhead. Hal lain yang perlu dipertimbangkan adalah kecepatan pengiriman, volume, dan fleksibilitas pengiriman.

Dari sisi shipper, pertimbangannya bisa didasarkan pada berbagai biaya yang timbul pada supply chain, biaya transportasi, biaya persediaan, biaya loading-unloading, biaya fasilitas (gudang). Hal lain yang perlu dipertimbangkan, tingkat pelayanan.

Mode transportasi

Mode Truk Kereta

Kapal Pswt Paket

Volume sedang sgt bnyk

sgt bnyk

banyak sgt sdkt

Fleks waktu tinggi rendah rendah rendah tinggi

Fleks rute tinggi sgt rendah

sgt rendah

sgt rendah

sgt tinggi

Kecepatan sedang sedang rendah sgt tinggi

tinggi

Biaya kirim sedang rendah rendah tinggi sgt tinggi

Inv. (intransit)

sedikit banyak sgt bnyk

rendah sgt rendah

Penentuan Rute dan Jadwal Pengiriman Metoda saving matrix : meminimumkan

jarak atau waktu, atau biaya. Langkah : 1. Mengidentifikasi matrix jarak 2. Mengidentifikasi matrix penghematan 3. Mengalokasikan toko ke kendr/route 4. Mengurutkan toko ke route

Contoh saving matrix

Tk.Tujuan

Koord X Koor Y Vol Order

1 10 8 320

2 -3 10 85

3 16 -8 300

4 10 2 150

5 9 1 200

6 4 5 120

7 10 12 180

8 2 6 230

Contoh saving matrix

Step1: Mengidentifikasi matrix jarak Hitung jarak dari gudang ke

toko dan jarak antar toko J(1,2) = √((x1-x2)^2+(y1-

y2)^2)

Contoh saving matrix

Step2: Mengidentifikasi matrix penghematan

S(x,y)= J(G,x)+J(G,y)-J(x,y)

Matrix penghematan

gudang gudang

Toko 1 Toko 2 Toko 1 Toko 2

Perubahan yang terjadi dengan mengkonsulidasikan toko 1 dan toko 2 Ke dalam satu rute

Contoh saving matrix Step3: Mengalokasikan toko ke

kendaraan/route Pilih penghematan terbesar,

gabungkan route tersebut, ulangi sampai kapasitas truk penuh atau mendekati penuh

Hasil Route 1 : toko 1, toko 6, toko 7 Route 2 : toko 2, toko 8 Route 3 : toko 2, toko 4, toko 5

Contoh saving matrix

Step4: Mengurutkan toko ke route terdefinisi :

Metode nearest insert Metode nearest neighbor

Mengurutkan tujuan dalam rute

Metode nearest insert G-1-G = 26 G-6-G = 12 G-7-G = 32 ---------------- G-6-1-G = 25.4 G-6-7-G = 30.8

Mengurutkan tujuan dalam rute

Metode nearest nearest neighbor G-1 = G-6 = 6.4 yang paling dekat dg gd G-7 = ---------------- 6-1 = 6.7 yang paling dekat dg 6 6-7 =

Crossdocking

Vendor 1 Vendor 2 Vendor 3

Toko 1 Toko 2 Toko 3

Crossdocking