Mapping Climate Mitigation Mapping Climate Mitigation Technologies within the Residential Technologies within the Residential and Commercial Buildings Sectorand Commercial Buildings Sector

Mitali Das GuptaMitali Das GuptaTERITERI

Climate Change Mitigation Technologies in the Energy Supply Climate Change Mitigation Technologies in the Energy Supply and Buildings Sector: Trade Realities and Implications for and Buildings Sector: Trade Realities and Implications for

Access to TechnologiesAccess to Technologies-An ICTSD Side Event-An ICTSD Side Event

Poznan, 2 December 2008Poznan, 2 December 2008

Trends in building sector energy consumption and Trends in building sector energy consumption and emissions……Some factsemissions……Some facts

The IPCC suggests that buildings-related emissions account for The IPCC suggests that buildings-related emissions account for nearly 30% of total global CO2 emissions from energy use (19% nearly 30% of total global CO2 emissions from energy use (19% from the residential sector and 10% from the commercial sector)from the residential sector and 10% from the commercial sector)

Global CO2 emissions resulting from energy use in buildings have Global CO2 emissions resulting from energy use in buildings have increased at an average of 2.7% per year during the period 1999-increased at an average of 2.7% per year during the period 1999-04 04

According to the working group III of the AR4, carbon dioxide According to the working group III of the AR4, carbon dioxide emissions through the use of electricity in residential and emissions through the use of electricity in residential and commercial buildings increased at an annual rate of 2% between commercial buildings increased at an annual rate of 2% between 1970 – 2004 1970 – 2004

Some of the largest rise in carbon dioxide emission came from Some of the largest rise in carbon dioxide emission came from developing Asia (30%) followed by North America (29%) and OECD developing Asia (30%) followed by North America (29%) and OECD Pacific (18%).Pacific (18%).

Buildings are responsible for at least 40% of energy use in most Buildings are responsible for at least 40% of energy use in most countries. The absolute figure is rising fast, as construction countries. The absolute figure is rising fast, as construction activity is booming, especially in the developing countries such as activity is booming, especially in the developing countries such as China and India China and India

IPCC findings on building sector IPCC findings on building sector potential to mitigate CCpotential to mitigate CC

IPCC 4IPCC 4thth AR estimates that AR estimates that by 2020, CO2 emissions by 2020, CO2 emissions from building energy use from building energy use can be reduced by 29% can be reduced by 29% cost effectively.cost effectively.

New buildings: >75% savings compared to current (at low to zero additional cost)

Projected CO2 emissions: A1 Baseline Scenario-residencesProjected CO2 emissions: A1 Baseline Scenario-residences

Building Sector CO2 Emissions

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

CO

2 (M

ton

CO

2)

Centrally Planned Asia

Other Asia

Latin America

North America

Middle East and N. Africa

Western Europe

Former Soviet Union

Sub Saharan Africa

Pacific OECD

Central and E. Europe

LBNL/IEA Historical Data A1 Marker Scenario

Note: 1971-2000 data based on LBNL modifications of IEA data; 2001-2030 data based on LBNL disaggregation of SRES data; 2000-2010 data adjusted to actual 2000 carbon dioxide emissions

Shows Shows rapid economic growthrapid economic growth, especially in developing nations, especially in developing nations• Most of CO2 emissions increase occurs in China, India, and Middle East/North Most of CO2 emissions increase occurs in China, India, and Middle East/North

AfricaAfrica

Projected CO2 Projected CO2 emissions: emissions: 15.6 Gt 15.6 Gt in 2030in 2030

Average annual Average annual CO2 emissions CO2 emissions growth is growth is 2.5% over 2.5% over the 30-year periodthe 30-year period

Mitigation in Buildings & Sustainable DevelopmentMitigation in Buildings & Sustainable Development

Reduction in local air pollution

Improved health & lifestyle

Improved productivity

Employment opportunities

Poverty alleviation

Energy securityDEVELOPMENT IMPERATIVES

Interventions

Energy efficiency principles

Thermal envelope

Building energy management

Transforming solar energy

Domestic hot water

Heating systems

Cooling & cooling loads

Energy efficiency principles

HVAC systems

Lighting systems... etc

Source: IPCC (2008)

Components of residential and commercial Components of residential and commercial energy consumption in the USenergy consumption in the US

Source: IPCC

Technologies for developed countriesTechnologies for developed countries

Developedcountries

Measures covering largestpotential

GHG mitigation potential from baseline

(%)Measures providing cheapest

mitigation options

EU

Insulation especially windows andwalls, BEMs for space heating andcooling 21%- technical

Energy efficient TVs,refrigerators and freezers,lighting best practices

    12% - economic  

USALighting, space heating and spacecooling 37%- market not available

GermanyHeat insulation, fuel switch fromcoal and oil to gas and biomass 26%- technical not available

JapanWater heater, space heater, home appliances 28% - technical not available

UKEfficient gas boilers, cavityinsulation and loft insulation 24%- technical

Efficient fridge and freezers, dish

washers

Source: IPCC

Technologies for developing countries and Technologies for developing countries and economies in transitioneconomies in transition

DevelopingCountries andeconomies intransition Measures covering largest potential

GHG mitigation potential from baseline (%)

Measures providing cheapest mitigation options

India Wood stoves, efficient lighting, kerosene stoves 33%- marketWood stoves, efficient lighting,kerosene stoves

ChinaEfficient lighting, efficient appliances such asairconditioners and refrigerators 23% - market Not available

PakistanEfficient lights and ceiling fans, improved buildingdesign 18%- technical Efficient lights, fans and refrigerators

16%- economical

IndonesiaEfficient refrigerators, flouroscent lamps, efficientelectric water heaters, 25%- techical

Efficient refrigerator, lights andairconditioners

19%- economic

Thailand Lighting, refrigeration and air conditioning 31%- technical Lighting, refrigeration and air conditioning

13%- economic

HungaryInsulation, retrofit of windows, replacement of certain building components like windows 45%- technical

Individual metering of hot water, waterflow controllers and retrofitted windows

31%- economic

Poland

Insulation of walls, improvement of homeappliances, fuel switching from coal to gas, solarand biomass 26%- technical

Efficient street lighting, efficient lightingin offices,

18%- economic

Applicability of energy efficiency technologies in different regions 1.Applicability of energy efficiency technologies in different regions 1.

Applicability of energy efficiency technologies in different regionsApplicability of energy efficiency technologies in different regions 2. 2.

Technologies available commerciallyTechnologies available commercially

Technology specificationTechnology specification Country of importCountry of import BenefitBenefit

Thermal envelopeThermal envelope Europe, Japan, USAEurope, Japan, USA Glazing that reflects or absorbs a large fraction of the Glazing that reflects or absorbs a large fraction of the solar radiation reduces solar heat gain by up to 75%solar radiation reduces solar heat gain by up to 75% reducing cooling loadsreducing cooling loads

Heating systemsHeating systems India, USA, CanadaIndia, USA, Canada Achieving heating levels less than 15 kWh/ m2/yr even Achieving heating levels less than 15 kWh/ m2/yr even in moderately cold climates, compared to 220 and 250–in moderately cold climates, compared to 220 and 250–400 kWh/m2/yr for the average of existing buildings in 400 kWh/m2/yr for the average of existing buildings in Germany and Central/Eastern EuropeGermany and Central/Eastern Europe

Cooling systemsCooling systems USA, EuropeUSA, Europe

HVAC (Heating, ventilation and HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning)air conditioning)

USA, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, USA, Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Singapore, United Finland, France, Singapore, United Kingdom Kingdom

Some studies indicate that increasing the thermostat by Some studies indicate that increasing the thermostat by 2°C to 4°C will reduce annual cooling energy use by 2°C to 4°C will reduce annual cooling energy use by more than a factor of three for a typical office building in more than a factor of three for a typical office building in Zurich, and by a factor of two to three if the thermostat Zurich, and by a factor of two to three if the thermostat setting is increased from 23°C to 27°C for night-time air setting is increased from 23°C to 27°C for night-time air conditioning of bedrooms in apartments in Hong Kongconditioning of bedrooms in apartments in Hong Kong

Active collection and Active collection and transformation of solar energytransformation of solar energy

Germany, CanadaGermany, Canada 50–75% of the heating and cooling energy needs of 50–75% of the heating and cooling energy needs of buildings as constructed under normal practice can buildings as constructed under normal practice can either be eliminated or satisfied through passive solar either be eliminated or satisfied through passive solar designdesign

LightingLighting U.S.A, Germany, U.K., Japan U.S.A, Germany, U.K., Japan A number of recent studies indicate savings in lighting A number of recent studies indicate savings in lighting energy use of 40 to 80% in the day lighted perimeter energy use of 40 to 80% in the day lighted perimeter zones of office buildingszones of office buildings

Status in IndiaStatus in India Construction practices mainly involve reinforced cement Construction practices mainly involve reinforced cement

concrete (RCC) as the roofing element, which is noted for concrete (RCC) as the roofing element, which is noted for its high thermal conductivity. High thermal conductivity its high thermal conductivity. High thermal conductivity does not lead to the protection of building from heating. does not lead to the protection of building from heating.

Energy efficient glazings with different coatings are Energy efficient glazings with different coatings are available commercially. These glasses are being imported available commercially. These glasses are being imported from Japan, U.S.A and Europe. This includes glasses from from Japan, U.S.A and Europe. This includes glasses from Saint GobainSaint Gobain

In Lighting, LEDs (Light emitting diodes) are available which In Lighting, LEDs (Light emitting diodes) are available which are coming from Europe, U.S. The companies mainly are coming from Europe, U.S. The companies mainly operating in this segment in India are GE, Phillips.operating in this segment in India are GE, Phillips.

Solar air heaters are being used for drying of yarn, Solar air heaters are being used for drying of yarn, processed and finished cloth in the commercial buildings of processed and finished cloth in the commercial buildings of the textile industry of many developing countries like India. the textile industry of many developing countries like India. Solar chimneys are also available. Solar chimneys are also available.

India is the 5th largest producer of solar cells/modules and India is the 5th largest producer of solar cells/modules and SPV production has been growing continuously.SPV production has been growing continuously.

Energy saving potential for a new residential and Energy saving potential for a new residential and commercial building in Indiacommercial building in India

Residential and Commercial building

Measure Savings potential (percentage of energy usage)

Proper orientation, fenestration and shading, roof and wall insulation (wall insulation for air conditioned buildings only)

15% and 10%

Energy efficient lighting for internal application 5% and 15%

Solar water heating system 10% and 15%

The CII-Godrej Green Business Center (CII Godrej GBC) Building, a The CII-Godrej Green Business Center (CII Godrej GBC) Building, a joint initiative of the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Confederation joint initiative of the Government of Andhra Pradesh, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) and Godrej, with the technical support of of Indian Industry (CII) and Godrej, with the technical support of USAID and is the first green building in India USAID and is the first green building in India

Source: TERI compilation

Technologies under R&D in the developing Technologies under R&D in the developing countriescountries

LEDs in India and countries in South and LEDs in India and countries in South and South East AsiaSouth East Asia

Energy efficient appliancesEnergy efficient appliances

Thermal envelopeThermal envelope

Active collection and transformation of Active collection and transformation of solar energy in India, South Africa, Brazilsolar energy in India, South Africa, Brazil

Policies to promote GHG mitigation in buildingsPolicies to promote GHG mitigation in buildings A combination of voluntary and mandatory schemes is already emerging: for A combination of voluntary and mandatory schemes is already emerging: for

example, voluntary labelling schemes such as example, voluntary labelling schemes such as CASBEECASBEE (Comprehensive (Comprehensive Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency, Japan) and Assessment System for Building Environmental Efficiency, Japan) and LEEDLEED (US) (US) (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and the mandatory building (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) and the mandatory building “passport” under the “passport” under the EU Buildings DirectiveEU Buildings Directive (EU). (EU).

Many developing countries enacted legislation on energy efficiency in buildingsMany developing countries enacted legislation on energy efficiency in buildings• Thailand, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Bahrain, Tunisia, Morocco, Mexico, Brazil, Thailand, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Bahrain, Tunisia, Morocco, Mexico, Brazil,

Argentina, Chile, Colombia, PeruArgentina, Chile, Colombia, Peru

A number of others are currently introducing the mechanisms:A number of others are currently introducing the mechanisms:• Kenya, Uganda and the United Arab EmiratesKenya, Uganda and the United Arab Emirates

The most commonly applied measures in these countries:The most commonly applied measures in these countries:• Voluntary and mandatory labeling, Voluntary and mandatory labeling, • Appliance standards Appliance standards • Awareness raising campaignsAwareness raising campaigns

Only very few evaluations of such measures operating in these developing Only very few evaluations of such measures operating in these developing countries are availablecountries are available

Necessary policies to promote GHG mitigation in Necessary policies to promote GHG mitigation in buildingsbuildings

Tax and market incentives Tax and market incentives Need for global benchmarks and capacity building in Need for global benchmarks and capacity building in

sustainable building constructionsustainable building construction Change in the consumer behaviourChange in the consumer behaviour Continuous R&D and improvement of personal knowhowContinuous R&D and improvement of personal knowhow Successful implementation of performance-based codes Successful implementation of performance-based codes

also require education and training of building officials and also require education and training of building officials and

inspectors.inspectors. Technologies available today can achieveTechnologies available today can achievedramatic improvements in building energydramatic improvements in building energyefficiency, but market failures andefficiency, but market failures andbehavioral barriers are blocking progress behavioral barriers are blocking progress