Marcel S.Alejandro O.Sergio H.Javier C.

VERTEBRATES

KEY WORDS

• Backbones: The spinal colummn • Scales: Flat plates covering the body of some animals

like some Reptilians and some Fish• Exoskeleton: The external covering structure of animals

(shell)• Endoskeleton: Internal skeleton of a body of a animal

DEFINITION

• Vertebrates are Animals that have backbone.• They can be Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, Amphibians and

Fish

Comparison

IMPORTANT DETAILS

• Only 5% percent of Animals on Earth• They are the most known and studied• They have muscles and all the organs and systems

(Nervous System, Digestive System, Respiratory System. Etc.

• Distinguished by having endoskeletons that allow more flexibility than exoskeletons (invertebrates).

• Bones protect organs (skull, ribs).• Most Vertebrates are Fish

FISHKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata(unranked) Craniata

• Are the most diverse group• More than 20,000 species• Live in almost every aquatic enviroment• Get oxygen from water using gills that are made of from

tissue

-Jawless FishNo jaw but teethCan’t chewSucks the prey’s flesh and fluids-Cartilagineus FishSkeletons made of cartilageSome are dangerous to HumansFeed Primarly on MollusksSome examples are Sharks and Rays-Bony FishCovered by scales96% of Fish are BonyBright colors

REPTILES• Kingdom:

Animalia• Phylum:

Chordata• Clade: Amniota• Class: Reptilia

Details

• Originated 320 million years ago• It is said they evolved from being amphibians because

they adapted more to land-life• Cold-Blooded• Crocodiles are more related to birds than to lizards• Birds are not considered reptilians because they are

warm-blooded.• Dinosaurs were reptiles

Subgroups

• Testudines (turtles, terrapins and tortoises): approximately 330 species

• Sphenodontia (tuataras from New Zealand): two species• Squamata (lizards, snakes, and worm lizards): over 9,000

species• Crocodilia (crocodiles, gavials, caimans, and alligators):

25 species

MAMMALSKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSuperclass: TetrapodaClade: AmniotaClade: MammaliaformesClass: Mammalia

Details

• Give Birth• Most have fur• Feed the young with milk of the mammary glands• Warm-blooded• Include the most intelligent species• Most are four-legged

Details

• Appeared due to the Premian-Triassic Extintion because now carnivores lost their dominance

• 210 million years ago*too many subgroups they wouldn’t fit here

AMPHIBIANSKingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSuperclass: TetrapodaClass: Amphibia

Details

• Can breathe either with: lungs, skin, gills• Most start as a larva living in water• Some species like frogs and salamanders dont have lungs

or gills and rely upon skin• Most of species, the young they use gills and later

develop lungs• Require water enviroments to breed

Subgroups and history

• Appeard for the first time 370 million years ago• Order Anura (frogs and toads): Jurassic to present—5,602

current species in 48 families• Order Caudata or Urodela (salamanders, newts): Jurassic

to present—571 current species in 10 families• Order Gymnophiona or Apoda (caecilians): Jurassic to

present—190 current species in 10 families

BIRDS Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClade: AvialaeClass: Aves

Details

• Around 10,000 species • Habit almost every enviroment across the globe• Moder birds are characterised by having feathers and a

beak with no teeth• Lay eggs• Many species overtake migrations due to weather

Details

• Appeared 160 million years ago• Most are diurnal• Some like Owl and Nightjars are nocturnal

LINKS

• www.wikipedia.org• Life Science Book• www.dictionary.com