march 20, 2010 jae kyu lee - international atomic energy ...jkl).pdf · • design progress: ......
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ContentsContentsContentsContentsThe Evolution of Nuclear Power PlantI
Reactor TypeslI
llI Design FeaturesllI
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ll The Evolution of Nuclear Power PlantThe Evolution of Nuclear Power PlantThe Evolution of Nuclear Power PlantThe Evolution of Nuclear Power Plantl.l. The Evolution of Nuclear Power PlantThe Evolution of Nuclear Power PlantThe Evolution of Nuclear Power PlantThe Evolution of Nuclear Power Plant
Challenge and ResponseChallenge and Response
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Why Nuclear Energy?Why Nuclear Energy?
● In Nov. 5th 1916, Presented the Einstein’s theory of relativity
y gyy gy
● Amazing and Awesome High Calorific Power
= =
Uranium 1g Oil 9 drums Coal 3 tons*Uranium 1g Oil 9 drums Coal 3 tons
(* 6,000kal/kg Calorific Power Coal Basis)
1’st Anti-Nuclear Movement1’st Anti-Nuclear Movement
● In 1941, Started Manhattan Project by Mr. Oppenheimer in USA
● In Aug, 9 1945, Dropped the atomic bomb at Hiroshima/Nagasaki
- 150,000~246,000 People died, 90% of Buildings destroyed
- The worst incident that the largest people died in the shortest periodThe worst incident that the largest people died in the shortest period
GEN I : Prototype ReactorsFrom soldiers to efficient workers
GEN I : Prototype ReactorsFrom soldiers to efficient workersFrom soldiers to efficient workersFrom soldiers to efficient workers
Mid of 1950 ~ Mid of 1960
1’st Commercial NPP : CALDER HALL-1● Reactor Type: GCR
● Model: MAGNOX
● Gross Capacity: 60MWe
● Construction Start Date: 01 Aug, 1953
Shippingport
Magnox
F i 1● Commercial Operation Date: 01 Oct, 1956
● Permanent Shutdown Date: 31 Mar, 2003
Fermi 1
Dresden
GEN II : Commercial Power ReactorsCommercialized design derived from US naval reactors
GEN II : Commercial Power ReactorsCommercialized design derived from US naval reactorsCommercialized design derived from US naval reactorsCommercialized design derived from US naval reactors
Mid of 1960 ~ Mid of 1990
LWR - PWR, BWR
CANDUCANDU
VVER
AGR
2’nd Anti-Nuclear Movement2’nd Anti-Nuclear Movement
● In March 1979, The Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident in USA
● In April 1986, The Chernobyl Nuclear Accident in Soviet Union
GEN III : Advanced LWRsEnhanced safety and economy
GEN III : Advanced LWRsEnhanced safety and economyEnhanced safety and economyEnhanced safety and economy
Mid of 1990 ~ Present
1) STANDARDIZED DESIGN
2) SIMPLER and MORE RUGGED DESIGN
3) LONGER OPERATING LIFE – 60 Years
4) RESISTANCE TO SERIOUS DAMAGE AP1000
APR1400
SUCH AS CORE MELT ACCIDENTS
APR1400
EPR
VVER1200
ABWR
3’rd Anti-Nuclear Movement3’rd Anti-Nuclear Movement
● In March 2011, Happened the massive earthquake/tsunami in east Japan
● Arose the Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
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Man-made Disaster? Nature-made Disaster?Man-made Disaster? Nature-made Disaster?
FukushimaDescription
OnaqawaNPP
FukushimaNPPFukushima
Onagawa
Epicenter
Commercial Operation
Started in 1984
Started in 1982
Site Elevation
14.8m10m(1~4 units)
13m(5&6 units)
Tsunami Remakably1~4: Complete
Fl diTsunamiDamage Undamaged
Flooding
5~6: Undamaged
Challenge and ResponseChallenge and Response
C ti E l ti f NPP D i
NPP Safety
Continuous Evolution of NPP Design
Ad d ES & MU3) D i C
Fukushima
Adopted ES & MU3) Design Concept
Chernobyl
Threemile Adopted SAMS2) Design Concept
Adopted MMIS1) Design Concept
1) Man-Machine Interface System 2) Severe Accident Mitigation System 3) Extreme Situation & Multi-Units NPP
The Evolution of Nuclear PowerThe Evolution of Nuclear Power
GEN I : Prototype Reactors
GEN II : Commercialized design derived from US naval reactors
GEN III : Enhanced safety and economy
GEN IV : Sustainable growth and Resistance to weapons proliferation
Source: Generation IV Nuclear Energy Initiative, US DOE Jan. 2006
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gy ,
Reactor TypesReactor TypeslIlI Reactor TypesReactor TypeslI.lI.
PWR / BWR / PHWR / AGRPWR / BWR / PHWR / AGR
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Reactor TechnologiesReactor Technologies
Common Nuclear Power Reactor Technologies
Fuel Natural U Enriched U Fuel – Natural U, Enriched U Moderator – Water, Heavy water, Graphite Coolant – Water, Heavy water, Gas (CO2, He), Liquid Metal Steam Generator
P iPressurizer MSSV
SimulatorPressurizer MSSV Simulator
Pressureizer Containment Steam Generator (2)
MSLBBreak Simulator
Steam Generator (2)
MSLBBreak Simulator
Safety Injection Tank (4)
Jet Condenser
SGDowncomer
Feedwater
Safety Injection Tank (4)
Jet Condenser
SGDowncomer
Feedwater
Jet CondenserHeat Exchanger
FeedwaterHeat Exchanger
LBLOCABreak Simulator
Reactor CoolantPump (4)
LineJet Condenser
Heat Exchanger
FeedwaterHeat Exchanger
LBLOCABreak Simulator
Reactor CoolantPump (4)
Line
Reactor Vessel
F d tJet Condenser
Containment SimulatorDischarge Line
ContainmentSimulators
Reactor Vessel
F d tJet Condenser
Containment SimulatorDischarge Line
ContainmentSimulators
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FeedwaterPump
Jet CondenserSpray Pump
SimulatorsFeedwaterPump
Jet CondenserSpray Pump
Simulators
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)
2
1
3
TG side basically not radioactive!
① What kind of Coolant and Moderator is adapted? Water((H2O)
② Where is Steam produced? In the Steam Generator
③ What kind of Fuel is used? Low Enriched Uranium (Approx. 3%)
④ NSSS Supplier: WEC/Toshiba, AREVA/MHI, ROSATOM/ASE, KEPCO/DOOSAN
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
3
2
1
TG side radioactive!
① What kind of Coolant and Moderator is adapted? Water((H2O)
② Where is Steam produced? In the Reactor
③ What kind of Fuel is used? Low Enriched Uranium (Approx. 2.5%)
④ NSSS Supplier: GE/Hitachi/Toshiba
Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR)
1
2
TG side basically not radioactive!
3
① Where is Steam produced? In the Steam Generator
②② What kind of Fuel is used? Natural Uranium (Approx. 0.7%)
③ What kind of Coolant and Moderator is adapted? Heavy Water((D2O)
④ NSSS Supplier: AECL(Canada)
Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR)Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR)
650oC
TG side basically not radioactive!
① Where is Steam produced? In the Steam Generator (inside steel-lined concrete vessel)
② What kind of Fuel is used? Low enriched Uranium (2.5~3.5%)( )
③ What kind of Coolant and Moderator is adapted? CO2 Gas Coolant, Graphite Moderator
④ NSSS Supplier: Developed from Magnox (UK)
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④ NSSS Supplier: Developed from Magnox (UK)
Reactor Types in OperationReactor Types in Operation
Reactor type Main CountriesNo Gwe
Coolant ModeratorReactor type Main Countries(%) (%)
Coolant Moderator
PWR(Pressurized Water Reactor)
US, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, China,
265(60)
251.6(65)
water water
BWRUS J S d
94 86.4t t
(Boiling Water Reactor)US, Japan, Sweden
(21) (22)water water
PHWR(Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor)
Canada, India, Korea44(10)
24.3(6)
heavy water
heavy water
AGR and MagnoxUK
18 10.8CO graphite
(Gas-cooled Reactor)UK
(4) (3)CO2 graphite
RBMK(Light Water Graphite Reactor)
Russia12(3)
12.3(4)
water graphite
FBRJapan, France, Russia
4 1.0 liquid di
none(Fast Neutron Reactor)
p , ,(1) (0.2) sodium
Other Russia4(1)
0.05(0.01)
water graphite
TOTAL441(100)
386.5(100)(100) (100)
1) GWe = capacity in thousands of megawatts (gross)2) Source: Nuclear Engineering International Handbook 2008
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Small-Medium Reactors with DevelopmentSmall-Medium Reactors with Development
ModelElectrical Output (MWe)/
Reactor TypeDeveloper
VK 300 300 MWe PWR1) Atomenergoproekt RussiaVK-300 300 MWe PWR1) Atomenergoproekt, Russia
CAREM 27 MWe PWR CNEA & INVAP, Argentina
KLT-40 35 MWe PWR OKBM, Russia
MRX 30 100 MWe PWR JAERI JapanMRX 30-100 MWe PWR JAERI, Japan
IRIS-100 100 MWe PWR Westinghouse-led, international
B&W mPower 125 MWe PWR B&W, USA
SMART 100 MWe PWR KAERI KoreaSMART 100 MWe PWR KAERI, Korea
NP-300 100-300 MWe PWR Technicatome (Areva), France
HTR-PM 105 MWe HTR2) INET & Huaneung, China
PBMR5) 165 MWe HTR ESKOM South AfricaPBMR5) 165 MWe HTR ESKOM, South Africa
GT-MHR 280 MWe HTR General Atomics (USA), Minatom (Russia) et al
BREST 300 MWe LMR3) RDIPE (Russia)
FUJI 100 MWe MSR4) ITHMSO Japan-Russia-USAFUJI 100 MWe MSR ) ITHMSO, Japan-Russia-USA
1) PWR : Pressurized Water Reactor 2) HTR: High-temperature Reactor3) LMR : Liquid Metal Reactor 4) MSR: Molten Salt Reactor5) PBMR: Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
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5) PBMR: Pebble Bed Modular Reactor
GEN IV ReactorsGEN IV Reactors
Generation IV International Forum (GIF) Generation IV International Forum (GIF)
Chartered in mid 2001, 13 participating countries
Selection of 6 reactor technologies in 2002
U.S.AUnited KingdomArgentina
Goals of GEN IV Reactor Development
Switzerland
South KoreaCanada
Brazil
A CLEAN, SAFE AND COST-EFFECTIVE means
A RESISTANT means to diversion of materials for
WEAPONS PROLIFERATION
South Korea
South AfricaJapanFrance
+ WEAPONS PROLIFERATION
A SECURE means from TERRORIST ATTACKS
A CLOSED FUEL CYCLE SYSTEMSEUROTOM
A means for thermo-chemical HYDROGEN PRODUCTION(GIF: Gen IV International Forum)
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The History of Reactor Types (PWR)The History of Reactor Types (PWR)
APWR(일) MHI
(미) WEC
AP1000AP600(미) WEC
APR1400
Sys 80 Sys 80+
OPR1000
(미) CE
(한) KEPC0 APR1400
EPR1600N4CP-0CP-1
OPR1000(한) KEPC0
(프) AREVA
(러) AEP/ASE* VVER1200
CP-2
VVER440 VVER1000
Gen Ⅱ Gen Ⅲ
* AEP: Atom Energo Prom ASE : Atom Story Export
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
The History of Reactor Types (BWR/PHWR)The History of Reactor Types (BWR/PHWR)
(미) GE
(미) GE ESBWR(미) GE
ABWRBWR
(일) Hitachi/Toshiba
ACR700ACR1000
CANDU 6CANDU 9
PHWR(캐) AECL CANDU 9
Gen Ⅱ Gen Ⅲ
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Design FeaturesDesign FeaturesIIIIII Design FeaturesDesign FeaturesIII.III.
AP1000/EPR/VVER1200/APR1400/APWRAP1000/EPR/VVER1200/APR1400/APWR
ABWRABWR ABWRABWR
ACR1000ACR1000
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WEC/Toshiba – AP1000 (PWR)WEC/Toshiba – AP1000 (PWR)
• Size: 1,100 MWeProjects under construction & planned
Design Features
• Design Progress: NRC Certification 2005
• Reactor Design Features
- Standardized design
Simplified construction and operation
• China : Sanmen (2), Haiyang (2)
• USA : Vogtle (2), VC Summer (2)
- Simplified construction and operation
- Longer operation life – 60 years
- Passive safety feature design
45% less seismic building volume- 45% less seismic building volume
Passive RHR System Passive Containment Cooling System
Passive ECCS
Areva – EPR (PWR)Areva – EPR (PWR)
Projects under construction & plannedDesign Features
• Size: 1,600 MWe
• Design Progress: French Design Approval
• Reactor Design Features
- Evolutionary design
• Finland: Olkiluoto (1)
• France: Flamanville (1)
- Evolutionary design
- High fuel efficiency
- Flexible operation
- Double containment
• China: Taishan (2)
- 45% less seismic building volume
Olkiluoto 3, Finland Flamanville 3, France
Rosatom/AEP/ASE – VVER1200 (PWR)Rosatom/AEP/ASE – VVER1200 (PWR)
R i L i d (1) N h (1)Size: 1 200 MWe
Projects under construction & plannedDesign Features
• Russia: Leningrad (1), Novovoronezh (1)
• China : Tianwan (VVER1000x2)
• India: Kudankulam (VVER1000x2)
• Size: 1,200 MWe
• Design Progress: The 1’st 2-units under construction
• Reactor Design Features
- Evolutionary design
• Turkey: Akkuyu (VVER1200x4)
• Ukraine: Khmelnitskiy(VVER1000x2)
• Finland: Hanhikivi (VVER1200x1)
- High fuel efficiency
- 60 years plant life
• Finland: Hanhikivi (VVER1200x1)
• Hungary: Paks(VVER1200x2)
• Czech: Temelin (VVER1000x2)
KEPCO/DOOSAN – APR1400 (PWR)KEPCO/DOOSAN – APR1400 (PWR)
Projects under construction & planned
Design Features
• Size: 1,450 MWe
• Design Progress: Design Certification 2002
• First unit expected to be operating in 2014
• Reactor Design Features
• Korea: Shin Kori (4), Shin Hanul(2)
• UAE: Braka (4)
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• Reactor Design Features
- Standardized plant
- Evolutionary design
- Simplified construction and operation
- Based on System 80+ design features (DC in 1997 by US NRC)
Mitsubishi(MHI) – APWR (PWR)Mitsubishi(MHI) – APWR (PWR)
Projects under construction & planned
Design Features
• APWR1700: 1,700 MWe designed by MHI
• Atmea1: 1,100 Mwe designed by MHI/Areva
• Design Progress: Basic design in progress, US DC
application 2008
• Turkey: Sinop (Atmea1 x 2)
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application 2008
• Reactor Design Features
- Hybrid safety features
- Simplified construction and operation
GE/Hitachi/Toshiba – ABWR (BWR)GE/Hitachi/Toshiba – ABWR (BWR)
Projects under operation & construction
Design Features
• Size: 1,300 MWe
• Design Progress: Commercial operation since 1996
• Reactor Design Features
- Evolutionary design
• Japan: Kashiwazaki-Kariwa(2), Hamaoka(1)
• Taiwan: Longmen (2)
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- Evolutionary design
- More efficient, Less waste
- Simplified construction (48 months) and operation
1st, 2nd ABWRs Kashiwazaki-Kariwa
Operation start : 1996
3rd ABWR Hamaoka unit 5
Operation start : 2005
AECL/SNC-Lavalin – ACR1000 (PHWR)AECL/SNC-Lavalin – ACR1000 (PHWR)
Projects under construction & planned
Design Features
• Size: 1,080 MWe
• Design Progress: Undergoing certification in Canada
• Reactor Design Features
- Evolutionary design
• Be ready for discussion with interested utilities
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- Evolutionary design
- Light water cooling
- Low enriched fuel
GEN III Reactor Design FeaturesGEN III Reactor Design Features
Country (Developer) Reactor Size
(Mwe) Design Progress Design Features(Improved Safety in All)
• AP-600: NRC certified 1999 FOAKE • Simplified construction and operationUSA(Westinghouse)
AP-1000(PWR)
1100 AP 600: NRC certified 1999, FOAKE. • AP-1000 NRC certification 2005, first units
being built in China, many more planned
Simplified construction and operation• 3 years to build.• 60-year plant life.
France(Areva)
EPR(PWR) 1600
• French design approval.Being built in Finland and France, planned f Chi US i d l d
• Evolutionary design.• High fuel efficiency.
Fl ibl ti(Areva) (PWR) • for China. US version developed. • Flexible operation
Japan(Mitsubishi)
APWR(PWR) 1530
• Basic design in progress, • planned for Tsuruga, • US DC application 2008.
• Hybrid safety features.• Simplified Construction and operation
Korea(KEPCO/DOOSAN)
APR-1400(PWR) 1450
• Design certification 2002, • First units expected to be operating in 2013.• US DC Application is underway
• Evolutionary design.• Increased reliability.• Simplified construction and operation.
Russia VVER-1200 1200 • Replacement under construction for • Evolutionary design.• High fuel efficiency(AEP/ASE) (PWR) 1200 • Leningrad and Novovoronezh plants • High fuel efficiency.• 60-year plant life
US-Japan(GE/Hitachi/Toshiba)
ABWR(BWR) 1300 • Commercial operation in since 1996~7
• In US: NRC certified 1997, FOAKE.
• Evolutionary design.• More efficient, less waste.• Simplified construction (48 months)
Canada(AECL/SNC-Lavalin) ACR 1080 • Undergoing certification in Canada
• Evolutionary design.• Light water cooling.• Low-enriched fuel.
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Unique Design Features in GEN III ReactorsUnique Design Features in GEN III Reactors
1) Standardization for expediting licensing and reducing construction time and cost
SIMPLER DESIGN for easier operation and maintenance
HIGHER AVAILABILITY for longer operation life - typically 60 yearsg p yp y y
2) Safety adapted not only “active” safety techniques but more “passive” safety measures
REDUCED POSSIBILITY of core melt accidents
RESISTANCE TO SERIOUS DAMAGE such like from an aircraft impact
3) Greater Power production from 1200MWe to 1600MWe
4) Higher Burn-up to reduce fuel use and the amount of waste
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