march 20 th 2014 | tu darmstadt | fachbereich 18 | institut theorie elektromagnetischer felder |...
TRANSCRIPT
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 1 Supported by GSI & CERN
Existing bunch-to-bucket transfer schemes
Synchronisation solutions for accelerator facilities
• Introduction• Machine synchronisation
• Energy matching• Batch synchronisation• Fine synchronisation
• Limitations• Beam synchronous transfer timing• Applications
• Booster – PS and LEIR – PS • PS – SPS• SPS – LHC
• Remaining issues
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 2 Supported by GSI & CERN
Plan
• Introduction• Machine synchronisation
• Energy matching• Batch synchronisation• Fine synchronisation
• Limitations• Beam synchronous transfer timing• Applications
• Booster – PS and LEIR – PS • PS – SPS• SPS – LHC
• Remaining issues
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 3 Supported by GSI & CERN
Introduction – Bunch-to-bucket transfer
Bunch-to-bucket transfers are being considered since particles are being accelerated over several machines successively.
« Bunch-to-bucket » means that a bunch of particle must be deflected from its stable trajectory in a source machine to be injected in the centre of a bucket on its stable trajectory in a target machine.
Source-synchrotron
Target-synchrotron
Ejection septum
Injection septum
Figure : Problem overview
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 4 Supported by GSI & CERN
Introduction – Synchronisation
Extraction
InjectionAcceleration in the source-synchrotron
Acceleration in the target-synchrotron
Ene
rgy
Time
Figure : acceleration cycle, overview
Injection
Acceleration ramp
Ejection
Ene
rgy
mat
chin
g
Pha
se m
atch
ing
Loop
cor
rect
ion
Ene
rgy
Time
Figure : acceleration cycle, the source-machine
Extraction energy
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 5 Supported by GSI & CERN
Introduction – Bucket, Bunch, Batch
An empty bucket
A bunch in its bucket
4 equally spaced bunches
2 batches of 4 bunches each
Batch spacing
Bunch spacing
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 6 Supported by GSI & CERN
Plan
• Introduction
• Machine synchronisation• Energy matching• Batch synchronisation• Fine synchronisation
• Limitations• Beam synchronous transfer timing• Applications
• Booster – PS and LEIR – PS • PS – SPS• SPS – LHC
• Remaining issues
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 7 Supported by GSI & CERN
𝐸𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟=𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑗
→𝛾𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟=𝛾 𝑖𝑛𝑗
→ 𝛽𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟=𝛽𝑖𝑛𝑗
→𝐶𝑠 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠 =𝛽 𝑐¿𝐶𝑡 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑡
: Energy of the synchronous particle
With : instant speed of the synchronous particle
Energy matching
Goal of this stage is to ensure that the bunches, which would be sent form the source-machine and the buckets in the target-machine are derived from the same energy level.
𝐶 𝑠 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠 =𝛽𝑐=𝐶𝑡 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑡
𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠
𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑡 =𝐶𝑡
𝐶𝑠 =𝑁 𝑠
𝑁𝑡
𝑓 𝑅𝐹=h 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑓 𝑅𝐹𝑠 =𝐶𝑡h𝑡
𝐶𝑠h𝑠𝑓 𝑅𝐹𝑡
Synchrotron’s circumference
Revolution Frequency
𝐶 :𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣 :
RF Frequency𝑓 𝑅𝐹 :
Harmonic numberh :
𝑓 𝑅𝐹=h𝑐2𝜋 𝑅0
𝐵
√𝐵2−( 1𝑐 𝜌 𝐸0𝑞 )2
vs. B field relation :
depends on the type of the accelerated particles. Since neutrons have no charge, the frequency sweep for accelerated heavy ions is larger than the one for accelerated protons to the same energy.
MeV
MeV
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 8 Supported by GSI & CERN
Batch synchronization (1)
Once the beam energy has been matched, the two-machines-system is periodic of period :
Figure : phase advance
Phase reference
𝜑𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑠
Phase reference
𝜑𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑡
Figure : phase advance
Phase referencePhase advance
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 9 Supported by GSI & CERN
Batch synchronization (2)
A frequency bump is produced to correct the phase advance:
∆𝜑=(2𝜋∫𝑡0𝑇
∆ 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣 𝑑𝑡)180°
∆ 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣
Figure : frequency bump
Bump start
Source-synchrotron
Target-synchrotron
Extraction
Transfer
Injection
𝜑𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟 𝜑𝑖𝑛𝑗
∆ 𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 10 Supported by GSI & CERN
Fine synchronization
V
∆ 𝑡
∆𝐸
This loop can be a simple phase locked loop or a more sophisticated 1st or 2nd order correction function (PSB and LHC case).
Since the frequency () on which the batch rephased is generally not high enough to ensure the required phase accuracy, a second phase matching is performed on a higher frequency () mostly thanks to a feedback loop.
∆ 𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 11 Supported by GSI & CERN
Plan
• Introduction• Machine synchronisation
• Energy matching• Batch synchronisation• Fine synchronisation
• Limitations• Beam synchronous transfer timing• Applications
• Booster – PS and LEIR – PS • PS – SPS• SPS – LHC
• Remaining issues
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 12 Supported by GSI & CERN
Limitations
𝑑𝑝𝑝
=𝛾 𝑡𝑟2 𝑑𝑅𝑅
+𝑑𝐵𝐵
𝑑𝑝𝑝
=𝛾 2𝑑𝑓𝑓
+𝛾2𝑑𝑅𝑅
𝑑𝐵𝐵
=𝛾𝑡𝑟2 𝑑𝑓𝑓
+𝛾 2−𝛾 𝑡𝑟
2
𝛾2𝑑𝑝𝑝
𝑑𝐵𝐵
=𝛾2𝑑𝑓𝑓
+(𝛾 2−𝛾𝑡𝑟2 ) 𝑑𝑅𝑅
𝑝=𝑒𝜌0( 𝑅𝑅0)1𝛼𝑝 𝐵
𝛼𝑝=𝑝𝑅 (𝜕𝑅𝜕𝑝 )
𝐵
𝑓 =𝛽𝑐2𝜋 𝑅
: radius of the beam trajectory : momentum : magnetic field intensity
𝑑𝐵𝐵
=𝛾2𝑑𝑓𝑓
+(𝛾 2−𝛾𝑡𝑟2 ) 𝑑𝑅𝑅
𝑑𝑓𝑓
=𝛾 𝑡𝑟2 −𝛾 2
𝛾 2𝑑𝑅𝑅
Radial excursion: a frequency offset at constant B field results in a radial excursion which can’t be fully handled during the transfer.
0𝑑𝑓𝑓
=𝛾 2−𝛾𝑡𝑟
2
𝛾𝑡𝑟2 𝛾 2
𝑑𝑝𝑝
0
𝑑𝐵𝐵
=𝛾𝑡𝑟2 𝑑𝑓𝑓
+𝛾 2−𝛾 𝑡𝑟
2
𝛾2𝑑𝑝𝑝
𝑑𝑓𝑑𝑡
= ∆ 𝑓𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑣
=−η𝑓 0𝑝0
𝑞𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑠
2𝜋 𝑅0
∆ 𝑝=𝑞𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑠
2𝜋 𝑅 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣∆ 𝑓 =
𝛾2−𝛾𝑡𝑟2
𝛾𝑡𝑟2 𝛾 2
𝑓 0𝑝0
𝑞𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑠
2𝜋 𝑅 𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑣
Limitation on the frequency rate: the instant speed and the momentum of the synchronous particle are linked.
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 13 Supported by GSI & CERN
Limitations: Adiabaticity
|Ω𝑠 0
𝑑𝑡Ω𝑠 0
|2𝜋Ω𝑠0
=𝑒− 1
∆ 𝑡𝑝𝑘∝1𝑓 𝑅𝐹
4√ |η|𝛾𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠
∆𝐸𝑝𝑘∝ 𝑓 𝑅𝐹4√𝛾𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑 𝑠
|η|
The evolution is adiabatic if the relative variation of the synchrotron frequency in one synchrotron period is small :
V
∆ 𝑡
∆𝐸
This conditions sets also some limits to the shape change ratio of the bucket :
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 14 Supported by GSI & CERN
Plan
• Introduction• Machine synchronisation
• Energy matching• Batch synchronisation• Fine synchronisation
• Limitations
• Beam synchronous transfer timing• Applications
• Booster – PS and LEIR – PS • PS – SPS• SPS – LHC
• Remaining issues
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 15 Supported by GSI & CERN
Signal synchronisation
• Re-synchronisation: one machine should synchronise on the second one or both machines must synchronise on an external clock. In both case the reference signal must be re-synchronised.
• Possibility to wait for a confirmation signal after both machines are perfectly synchronised and phased.
• The master machine or the master timing sends the extraction pre-pulse.• The different extraction, injection and instrumentation pulses are timed, taking
into account the different hardware delays (kickers, pick-ups…)
ControlTarget
machineSource
machine
Shared timing
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 16 Supported by GSI & CERN
Plan
• Introduction• Machine synchronisation
• Energy matching• Batch synchronisation• Fine synchronisation
• Limitations• Beam synchronous transfer timing
• Applications• Booster – PS and LEIR – PS • PS – SPS• SPS – LHC
• Remaining issues
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 17 Supported by GSI & CERN
Booster – PS and LEIR – PS
In both cases the PS imposes a relative narrow RF-frequency range which is suitable for the transfer. The source-machine must tune its revolution frequency on the PS revolution frequency (with respect of the harmonic number).
Transfer PSB – PS protons:
• GeV• GeV/c• kHz• kHz• G• G
Since the fluctuations of the B-field are not taken into account anymore during the synchronisation process, the frequency matching must be corrected by observing the bunch’s drift at fixed external revolution frequency:• and are evaluated• The B-field is adapted in the target machine
• The B-field is adapted in the source machine
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 18 Supported by GSI & CERN
LEIR – PS rephasing
Figure: Measured synchronisation phase for different correctors. Plot (a): second-order PD2 only. Plot (b): third order corrector PID2 obtained by cascading a first-order PI and a second-order PD correctors. Data are acquired every 37.5 μs.PSB Tests 2008, M.E. Angoletta
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 19 Supported by GSI & CERN
PS – SPS (1)
Transfer for protons :
𝐶𝑆𝑃𝑆
𝐶𝑃𝑆 =11 𝑓 𝑅𝐹𝑆𝑃𝑆= 𝑓 𝑅𝐹
𝑃𝑆→𝐶𝑆𝑃𝑆 h𝑃𝑆
𝐶𝑃𝑆h𝑆𝑃𝑆=1
h𝑆𝑃𝑆=11h𝑃𝑆
h𝑆𝑃𝑆=4620
h𝑃𝑆=420
Transfer for Pb ions:
200.264545 MHz at 26 GeV
25 ns bunch spacing
h𝑆𝑃𝑆=4653
h𝑃𝑆=423
199.926 MHz at 5.1 GeV/u
100 or 200 ns bunch spacing
199.948 MHz at 14 GeV
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 20 Supported by GSI & CERN
PS – SPS (2)
PEX.W10
PEX.SSYNC
PEX.SSYNC2
PEX.MW8RF
TFID
TREV
TREV
TRF
TFID TREV
TREV TRF
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 21 Supported by GSI & CERN
PS – SPS (3)
𝑓 𝑐
Pre-pulse PS
Warning PS
Kicker PS
Kicker SPS
Master timingPEX.W10
Sync Sync2
2 ms
8 ms
PEX.WSPS
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 22 Supported by GSI & CERN
PS – SPS rephasing
Figure: PS-SPS synchronisation (phase advance in yellow)Heiko Damerau
Extraction
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 23 Supported by GSI & CERN
SPS – LHC (1)
Transfer for protons :
𝐶𝐿𝐻𝐶
𝐶𝑆𝑃𝑆 =277
𝑓 𝑅𝐹𝐿𝐻𝐶
2= 𝑓 𝑅𝐹
𝑠𝑃𝑆→𝐶𝐿𝐻𝐶h𝑆𝑃𝑆
𝐶𝑆𝑃𝑆h𝐿𝐻𝐶=2 h𝐿𝐻𝐶=2
277h𝑆𝑃𝑆
Bunch compressed to 1.7 ns2100 bunches with 25 ns bunch spacing
Transfer for ions:
MHz,
Bunch compressed to 1.2 ns358 bunches with 200 ns bunch spacing
MHz at 450 GeV/c T 4620 35640
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 24 Supported by GSI & CERN
SPS – LHC (2)
𝑓 𝑐
Pre-pulse SPS
Extraction SPS
Injection LHC BT
Injection LHC BI
~90 ms
~990 ms
SEX.F-W20
17 ms
60000 300 s
376222
7
2
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 25 Supported by GSI & CERN
SPS – LHC rephasing
Ph
ase
ad
van
ce
Figure: SPS-LHC synchronisationThomas Bohl
LHC
SPS
Periodicity of 1 turn LHC turns SPS
at most turn rephasing ms beating
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 26 Supported by GSI & CERN
Plan
• Introduction• Machine synchronisation
• Energy matching• Batch synchronisation• Fine synchronisation
• Limitations• Beam synchronous transfer timing• Applications
• Booster – PS and LEIR – PS • PS – SPS• SPS – LHC
• Remaining issues
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 27 Supported by GSI & CERN
Remaining issues
• Each synchronization scheme is designed to fit in the machine and energy requirements according to the type of the accelerated particles.
• Since the batch matching starts only after acceleration, significant time is lost during this procedure on the flat top.
• Some schemes are being considered to start the synchronization during acceleration.
• Synchronising more than two machines according to eventually different reference frequencies can be challenging
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 28 Supported by GSI & CERN
Acknowledgement
Thank you for your attention
This short study has been led over four quite intensive weeks at CERN. Many aspects of the bunch-to-bucket transfer however remain to be discussed and investigated before a reliable time-efficient scheme might be plotted. For their helpful pieces of advise and their kindness I want to thank : Maria Elena Angoletta, Philippe Baudrenghien, Thomas Bohl, Elena ChapochnikovaHeiko Damerau, Harald Klingbeil,
To be continued…
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 29 Supported by GSI & CERN
Sources
• DSP Software Implementation, Dr. H. Klingbeil, GSI documentation, Version 41, 04.01.2012.
• Modellierung des Regelungs- und Steuerungssystems einer Beschleunigungseinheit für Synchrotrons, U. Hartel, TU-Darmstadt, Diplomarbeit, 02.05.2011.
• Main Technical Parameters of SIS100, N. Pika, GSI, 2010.
• The white rabbit project, J. Serrano, P. Alvarez, M. Cattin, E. Garcia Cota, J. Lewis, P. Moreira, T. Wlostowski, G. Gaderer, P. Loschmidt, J. Dedi\v{c}, R. Bär, T. Fleck, M. Kreider, C. Prados, S. Rauch, CERN, Cosylab, GSI, 2009.
• Entwurf und Implementierung eines digitalen Phasen- und Amplitudendetektors für eine HF-Beschleunigerkaviät,Tobias Wollmann, TU- Darmstadt, Diplomarbeit, 2009.
• Time Optimal Synchronisation Procedure and Design of Associated Feedback Loops, F. Pedersen, M.E. Angoletta, CERN, 2008.
• Rephasing SPS-LHC,P. Baudrenghien, A. Butterworth, F. Dubouchet, A. Pashnin, J. Noirjean, R. Olsen,CERN, 2008.
• Rephasing,P. Baudrenghien, CERN, 2007.
• Synthesizer Controlled Beam Transfer from the AGS to RHIC,J. DeLong, J. M. Brennan, W. Fischer, T. Hayes, K. Smith, S. Valentino, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton N.Y. 11973, 2001.
• Vorschlag eines Beschleunigungsschemas für die Maschinen SIS12/18 und SIS100 bei GSI, H. Damerau, M. Emmerling, P. Hülsmann, GSI, 2001.
• A Straightforward Procedure to Achieve Energy Matching Between PSB and PS, M. Benedikt, H. Damerau, S. Hancock, CERN, 2000.
• Beam Control for Protons and Ions, P. Baudrenghien, CERN, 1999.
• SPS Beams for LHC: RF Beam Control to Minimize Rephasing in the SPS, P. Baudrenghien, T. Linnecar, D. Stellfeld, U. Wehrle, CERN, 1998.
• Proposal to Transfer 8 SPS Bunches into 8 LEP Buckets,P. Baudrenghien, E. Brouzet, D. Boussard, T. Linnecar,CERN, 1991.
• Synchronisation RF CPS-SPS-LEP. Méthode et Contrôle dans le SPS,P. Baudrenghien, C. Despas, CERN, 1989.
• Matching the Energies of the CPS and SPS MachinesR.J. Lauckner, CERN, 1988.
•SIS Parameter List,B. Franczak, GSI, 1987.
March 20th 2014 | TU Darmstadt | Fachbereich 18 | Institut Theorie Elektromagnetischer Felder | Thibault Ferrand, MSc | 30 Supported by GSI & CERN
Existing bunch-to-bucket transfer schemes
Synchronisation solutions for accelerator facilities