maria ludivia sanchez-medina, a087 944 781 (bia june 27, 2014)

8/12/2019 Maria Ludivia Sanchez-Medina, A087 944 781 (BIA June 27, 2014)

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xecutive Oce Immgraon Revew

Board of Imigration AppealsOce of the Clerk

50 Leburg Pk, Sit 2000!s Clrc Yrg 050

OHS/ICE ice of Chief Counsel NYC26 Federal Paza, 11h FoorNew York, NY 10278

Name: SANCHEZ-MEDINA, MARIA LUO A 087944-781

Date of this noice: 6/27/2014

Ecosed s a copy of the Boad's decso ad ode he above-eeced case.

closue

el emes:y g

Siceely,

D CDoa CarChef Cek

wlseem: k

For more unpublished BIA decisions, visit www.irac.net/unpublished

Cite as: Maria Ludivia Sanchez-Medina, A087 944 781 (BIA June 27, 2014)


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D f JExecutive Oce Imiion Review

Deison of he Bod of Imaton Appeals

Falls Church, Vrgina 2030

ile: A087 9 781 New Yor, NY

Inre:MLUDIVASANCHEZ-MEDINA

N REMOVAL PROCEEDNGS

CRTFCATON

ON BEHAL O ESPODENT: Po se

CHARGE

Date:

Notice Sec 237(a((B &N Act 8 USC 1227(a((B] -n the United States n iolation o law

APPLCATON: Volntary depare

JUN 2 7

The espondent is a nate and citizen of Coombia n a request dated December 202the miation Jude ass this Bod on certication to ende an adiso opinion edinthe mmition Jdes athoity to nt a peiod o onty deptre nuc po Ceication appeas to be eested pusuant to 8 C.R. 003(c ad 120(a(2becase it pesents a noe isse o aw inoln stattoy d euatory consction not yetsettled e mmiration Jde aso odeed the respondent remoed in absentia Howee

neithe pty has appeaed o ed a ie on ceication chalenin te miation desdecision Adisoy opinions are sony disoed as a pdentia matter d unde thecircmstaces pesented this case we decine to eecise ou disceon to ende adisoopnion See 8 CF.R 003.(c; aer of eonOrosco & oriezCo 19 &NDec 136 12 (BA 1983 A.G 98 We wil theee emand the ecod to the mationJde the poceedins consistent ith this ode and eny o a new decision.

Accordiny the llowin ode will be enteed

OR: The ecord is emaded to the miration Jde r the poceedinsconsistent wth the eon opinon and the eny of a new decision

Cite as: Maria Ludivia Sanchez-Medina, A087 944 781 (BIA June 27, 2014)


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UNITED STATES DEPTMENT OF JUSTICE

EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGTION REVIEW

IIGRATION COURT

26 EDERA PLZ 12TH L.,RM137

NEW YORK, NY 1078

SCHEZ-MEDINA, MIA LUDIVIA

650 Main Street #lE

New Rochee, NY 10801

IN THE MATTER OF ILE A 087-944781

SCHEZMEDINA, MARIA LUDVIA

UNLE TO FORWRD NO DRESS PROVIDED

DATE: Dec 18, 012

ATTACED IS A COPY OF THE DECISON OF THE IMMIGTION JGE. THIS DECISIOIS FINAL ESS A APPEAL IS FILED WITH THE BOD OF IMMIGTIO APPEALSWITHIN 0 CEND DAYS OF TE DATE OF THE ILING OF THIS WRITTEN DECISIO.

SEE TE ENCLOSED FORMS NSTRUCTIONS FOR PROPERLY PREPIG YO APPEA

YOUR NOTICE OF APPAL, ATTACHED DOCENTS, D FEE OR FEE WAIVER REQUEST

MUST BE ILED TO BOARD O IIGTION APPEAS

OFICE OF THE CLERK

PO BOX 8530

FALLS CHURCH, VA 2041

ATTACHED IS A COPY OF THE DECISION OF THE IMMIGRATION UDGE THE RESTOF YOUR AILURE TO APPEAR AT YOUR SCHEDULED DEPORTATION OR REMOV HEING

THIS DECISION IS INAL LESS A MOTION TO REOPEN IS FILED I ACCORDCE

WITH SECTION 42B(c) ) OF TE IIGTION NATIONITY ACT, 8 U.SC.SECTION 125B(c} 3) IN DEPORTATION PROCEEDINGS O R SECTION 240(c)(6),

8 U.S.C. SECTION 129ac)6) IN REMOV PROCEEDINGS IF YOU FILE A MOTION

TO REOPEN, YOUR MOTION MUST BE FILED WITH THS COURT

IMMGTION COURT

6 EDEL PLZ 12TH FL.,RM1237

NEW YORK, N 10278

X OTHER ORDER O THE MMIGTION UDGE

CC DISTRICT COUSEL, NYC DISTRICT

6 EDEL ZA, OOM 113

NEW YORK, NY, 10278

EICE G

COURT CLERK

IMMIGRATION COURT FF


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In te Mtte of

NTE ST TS PRTMNT OF JSTICXCTV OFFC FOR IMMIGRTION RVEW

BEFO TH MMGRTION CORTNW YORK NEW YORK

Mi ud Sncez Medn 08794481Repondent n Remoa Poceein

On belf of Repondent On bef ofDSNo one t ict Coune

ORDR O HE MMGRO JDGE

e epondent i identied MSM n e ttced decion of tody dte wc eeby ncopoted f ly et t. e cout mke te ndin of ct concuion ofw nd dicetiony deciion tted in tt ttced ecion nd iue te llowin ode

ORR

IT IS REBY ORER tt epondent be emoe n absena to Colomb Se wi e180 dy to ecnd t ode

T IS FRTR ORR tt t case be conodted wit te u ote ce ted n tettced deciion pupoe of cetction to te BI an eeb

d to te BIccodin to ecton of te ttced deciion

Wiliam Vn Wymmton Juecembe 1 2012

Repondent ll e 80 dy to moe to ecn t eciion copy of ti ecion wi beent to e t known de n te S.DHS untl 6 2013 to ppe


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I te Mattes of

F R--HMLSMXV

Respondents

UNIED SES DEPARMEN F USIEEXEUIVE FFE FR GIN V

UNIED SAES IMMGN UR2 FEDE PAZA RM 27

R 0278

A096-204491A09727-92A087-94478A087908-22A088740894

Reoval oceedns

Chaes

n beaf ofResp ndents:

n ealf o DHS:Lawrence ArDan elly

F-R-H

-LS-M--

stope onesa eande

Po seo se

Ae Gannon

e Doo LeaSerces

APPIANS Vounta epatue Nuc r u

vestay INA 27(a)()(B)Pesen w/o AdssonA 212(a)(6)(A)()vestay A 237(a)()(B)Peset wo AdssonA 22(a)()(A)()estay A 2(a)()B)V- Davd Stent

enaton V-D- ony)

EISIN AN RDERS F HE IMMIGN DGEAND ERFIAIN E BA

CTCT T B

ese ve cases cosodated ts decson and certed to te oad of

Iaton Appeas ne 8 FR 00.1 ( c) and 240 ( a)(2) because ey oty esent anoe ssue of law nvoln statutoy and euato conscton not e seed at etpesens sef a he ta co ee

1 T od of spod s jo dso s spd dg m s d Abs o T h as os l ds


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When a person in remova proceedngs who meets he requreents of volutardeparure ad met a vorabe exercse of dscreton has e te US pror to a scheduedeng, does e gration cou ave discreon to inure into he eason r e departreand weter te person acuay e? And does te court ave te auhoy uder e A dreatons to gt a peiod of vouay depure nunc o u? nnc po tn order of

vouna depure c an a perod at exies bee te date o te ourt's order thurpeng no a na order of remova eecve edaey on he day of he order f therespondent soud sll e he US. Sch order ca protet a wory responden agas the5-ye bar to adission r remova upon va under N 212(a)(9)()(i) he 0ye b ray oer remova under 212(a)(9)()(i) and the veyear ar r aing to appe a aschedued heang whou easonabe cause A 212(a)(6)(B) as voua depe snended o do It woud aso poect DHSs neres n ang te remova roceedg to aconcson wt dings abot a arges and a a order tha ncudes a order of remov respondent does no eave as requed

Or as S argues suppo om di outsde e Second Crcu s sucdscreton aon probied n eve cae becaue 240(b)(5)() requres a jdge o orersuc peope removed in absenia even if they e aeady ot of e US? "e pan aageo he saue s cear: once an aion judge as deened ta a aien ( s removabed (2) as been provded wt adeuae noce a judge sa ssue a emova order" Ame oaes 432 F3d 709 71 (7 Cr 2005)

Tese ve cases rase hat omon ssue abou the ous power o at ddressng essue requires conson of reevan provisons of te saute and regulaons

I NODUCTION

A Varet of actua Circumstes Present the Coon egal Issue

Consodatng varous cases r a mmon aayss enabes recoon of cua paesreevat o onscton of the staute nd reguaons and exposes the Board to some of thecrcmstes a e aon co eve ta nfo ths cous nereation of te reevaw Tere are aers n ee cases bu not n wo The evdence of deparre is cose tounequivoca in ree ases mees the preponderance sandad i anoter one C-X- and fas tobe sho y a preponderane n oer MLSM n a but MLS a good reason ssown r leavng pror to geg an order om e cour and n wo F d -LS-M heou may be pariay at r not scedng a emgency heng soon enough to

accomodate te cts of the case n mos possby a eo was made o requestpesson or n he cor por to depure n one he resondent ay ave menal hesses Te sevea echnca eqeens r prspectve vot deae e substayme eac ase t expeced vaions in tose ases were evdene shows the depure hasaeady ten pae

2


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B.a of he Co's Decsion

Out-ofeordn tngs appen in cours as i f and corts routnly addressmergcs unxpcted occuces, d ceponal sos f a respondent mmatiocour prcpousy aves US c not nry at odds wt HSs ntrsts snce ts

acompss HSs ose n atng e pcdng IJ mus ceny ave dscron oqre to resons and crcumstc specay tat person s reprsntd d may bedr te imprsson ta e or se s dong e govent a vor by ackng u d eavng asased (or ordeed) o mmaton cout sould not ssume th worst wen ope owunorhodox procedus but soud nqre as o wy

Immaton pocy vors vontary dpur wc savs got mony tmd resoces and provdes a bent o ndvduls wo comly It s vr automatcbut ne is re any ndcaton ta ecptonal crcmstncs should automatcally ba t

Te rel ssu re s abot mng If te cou could av owd a pso to

voy d ber e actual dpure c t do so aer dpaur qualcatons arquay evdent? From ts cto t Board s embrced t qub ccet of ntngrf po n "now r en 1 s n aprorat exrcs of Aoy Gnelsaorty n a of, &N ec 1 A A 1940 e v st e decdd by eBord und t dlegated ato of e toey Gener Atoey Ger ud t twoud b carcou to concude ta "te cc of e procedgs" on souddeei e rst d nscted at dscreton rf doon prodgs may ratebac o e ime hen e erson as egbe r n comng back to US) b dd notav e oppouny to reues I a 5

In what os co hods a as ao o gt vountary dep as of me wn responden as sl n e S Vwd as ecve a an arlr dat suc n ordrrendrs atr engs moot nscedues tm s it wre so tat nonaeanc at suc anownonscdued eng does no genera te n absna ordr of remova uder A20b))A) at DS seeks Sbsantv justc s done bot ps r proectd d eprobm timing s correcd by a ongesblsed qutabe dvce Te rspondt wodeses t s orded t ref oewse avaab d h govnt as e opporn toprosece te agations and cags o comleo ct f cour mkes t vountydpe prod exr por to eng at wc e nn po n order s ssu (d tereapes no reson not to) te govent aso n mediaty eorcabe n order ofrmova f resondnt so sl b n e US

er s no specc prcedent r sc an order bu a s not a b o e cousxcsng sh ahoy s ar compassona eecse of udgment somegexpeced o cos and conssen appcae la 8 CR 2a)v)


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C A Execise ofJudgent

ach Case Reslts opratelyVaed Outcomes

Appyig he gee law to the specc cs of each case eas to a varie of aodes ee e cout s voluy depue nunc pro un i tee of e cases Te epowe o execise discetio eais he powe to gt o dey S budu 485 US 94 08

(1 988). oe of these cases (MLS-M) te cou ds e evidece flls so of soig eespodet has acy e e US aohe (RCH), he cou equiocy ds eespode hd a good eso o lee he US bee a schedued e (d is heee osubjec to he eyear ba o ure admissibili uder A Sec A 22(a){6)) r failue

to aed the eag) but rggles loge wt te sepaae issue of olua depue uder applicaio of e coetio olutary depre stdards I stll oer cse (D), epies aee to teiatio, d te cou l at tat rater a olty depreani at i power to do so is predicated o e se alistc readi of te adatoemoal claue i A 240(b)(5)(A) as he power to at oltary depare i e oter caes ie h 240b)5)(A) mu nobe ead isotio to mdate eoal ee ces wereothe poisio of e lw soud ke pecedece but must be ead i aoy w e Act

d eos woe

FACTS IN IV CSS

F is six yea od ma om doesia, wo wa admited to he ied StasJau 27, 2001 as a ommia visitor He wa caged as a overstay de A237(a)( )(B) ad coceded remoabiliy He applied r asylum ad ad is case cosolidatedwith a of is wife Wih meits heag sceduled r Augs 25, 200 e led a witte

moio ol depaue o c 1 200 bee idiidual eg had bee heldbecause his mothe had a exeme medicl emegecy Idoesi By wte rspose DSopposed becse he moio cked dai siged by espode msef ededoio w Apil 27, 2010, wh advi wdag hs ayum appliio stee showg he udesood h ou depue etis d is ieio to eaeApi 2 d a copy of eceip his eicke Api 29 ough cousel he lae subieds boardig pass sowig acual depue o hat date Uow to im, oweve, is motedied te day bee o April 28 ad he ae submied e de ceicte O Jue 200s sil i e S appeaed bee te cou ad credibly explaied te cicumces ofhis depaue She equesed olua depe eself to joi h The co aed it wDHS aeee bu HS still opposed e se medy e husbad nunc pro un. F as

o bee coiced of y cmes

B. R-CH

CH- is ie ye od m om Costa Rica carged i NA dated Noembe1 7, 2006 wth emovabil de IA 22(a)(6)(A)(i) beg preset wtout adissio or

4


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paoe ough he imsef sough a epacemen -94 om DHS o sho ha he as admedJuy , 2002 h a isitos vsa He aed alenage ad emovabli oeeess as oestay He came ino DHS custody hile a cimial case as pedng and te eovalpoceedg postpoed pedg ts oucome

O Noembe 3 2008 e deped otaiy to osta ca as is oe o adbee serousy ill ded oebe 8 2008. Uale o e of cose e cosquey ssedhs ext as caenda hearng scedued Ju 6 2009 oug coel R-H lasubmed docueta cooboato of s depae cludig a sot-er avel documessued by e osa can cosulae Ne Yok ust pro o s depae a copy of is eicke ogethe ith a tnea o a ave agecy d a ee o e os cgoeets Geea Directoae of Miao shog hs et o cou o oebe3 2008 He also subsaiaed e easo s pecipous departure th s oes dathceicate. DS also peseted a Fom 20 eceied om e US consulate San Joseeiing is depure o Novebe 3 2008 as he leged

-H-s the s ied Stes ctze o ade a applcao sdec Hs atoey aues ta eovg R-H in absena y eclose om seegees o his e's staus c could be especaly poa o i lg of sote's de ea 5 20 DHS led a ie oo equesg a te courteoe -- abseta eeed o ay 3 20 DHS lso opposs a of voldepaue on e meits argug ta esodent does o desee a oable execse ofdscetion because he a ee convced of to mo cres (o-emoabe oeses)

-LS-M-

-L-S- s a snine-yea-od oa o ooba amtte o e US Decee6 995 as a oimmigat vsio peasue ad charged T daed Febua 200as an oesty unde N 237(a)()(B) She as not been epeseted i ts pocedg andnee apeared. On Juy 20 200 he cou maed e a noc setng a aste cada earngOctobe 2 200 e on Septeme 7 the cot eceied a ete o he asing tha heeag be oed to Sepee 200 ecause she aed to "sign y voua depaead leae o tis co te dde of Ocoe" Se did o say hy se aed to eaee tie as too short o ese te case ess ta a eek lte but the cou dd e-se Ocoe e ee he ped depe e "ddle of Octoe" Se id o app atthe Octoe hearng. Gen e ette he cou dd no ode e eoed te but posoedthe case to uy 9 20 sendig notce to e ast adress On that date he absece the

cou discussed S-s ee th DHS couse ho ageed that it costuted a equest

2 Nomb 3 2006 R-CH ad a cma ma dsmssd du o spd a osos O Jun 202007 RC-H was cocd of olag w Yok Sa Pna Law 20 (Cma Conmp n scondd, a Cass A Msdmano was sncd o sx mos mpsomn, a a condional dscag andmoson of a -a od of pocon. pd gu o Pa aw 24020 (Dsodl Coduc onaua 200 and pad a wn-dola n


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vout depre But HS mataned tat te dea of the cout tng t nuncr stead of a mandato order of remova absenta was "too ffetced 1

D CX

C-X s a neteenyearod man om Cna who ce t the US ner Nogaes, Azonawtout admsson or poe November 27, 2009 He was ested by DS e se dy andcaed nder A 212(a(6(A( On any 7 2010, bere te mgton co Sn

Dego and represented b counse, he add the aegaons n he NTA d concededremovabl Venue was changed to New York, were he wa no longer reresented

A few das bere hs August 0, 200 sceduled heng CX- ce to he whother young m wo dened hmsef as s cos CX was not schedu r a heangt day He ce to o he cour, thou the cosn and n he presence of he Satoey assgned hat day, that e wated to ret to Chna voutay an d alread bought cket, whch e ad wt hm e cousn aso sad C-X- had menal probems, d t appeed

to e co at at my be e ase The cou ws not abe to he C-X-s ase y hat, nor dd H ve s e acessble en w das lter t s sceld heag ust10 e dd not appea, nor dd the cosn, nd e co has no er noaton bout

VD

V- s a twentree ye od wom om Hat who was ated t e Uted tatesat m, orda ugst 2, 2 at as a B-2 vstor r a ye Her father e er and hermoher n 200 and ded Hat ve monhs ater Her mohe e n 2006 d ded n a hatye, eavng 17-yearold V-- n te care of her godmote Se contue n scool, was unddependent on e amy Co, duated om gh scool, studed as a nonmactedstdent at SNY-Buao, and was arrested by HS on a b trp back to New York Cecember 3, 207 aer er competng er rst semester of credts DHS cged er a anoverstay nde INA 237(a( (B t a master calendar heng V-D- admed a of the calallegaons contaned n e NTA nd conceded removabty as chged

Despte contnued prm face elgblt r specl nt uvene tas se decdedto go to Canada n October 2008 were se had reaves where she cold st over, el loved,secure, and supported On June 10, 2009, por to another master caendar herng, VD-,trogh counse, submtted a wtten moton r vont depe, admsve cose ortenaton of proceedngs Se ersef wod see mantaran yu tere and submted a

Canada Regee Protecton Camant documen e cour rescedued he case and on Ma2, 211 DHS ed a wrten moton reestng te cour to remove VD- n absenia Ae at,responent presented a orm 392 Notcaton of Dure of Aen (onded sed by USConsu co G Feeken sowng se appeared at e US conste n Toronto on August 4, 20wt poof at se le te US at uao, New York October 7, 2008n ugust 8, 201, n

6


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esponse to is poof, DHS chged its ind and led a otion to tenate poceings V-Dhas not been convicted of y ces

V FNDGS OF FACT

. In Geea

Some digs ae the same i each case so the wil be ade oin Fst each of heseespodets is cedible No shows an sis of dplici o bcation in an of estateents o eidence. Each has also acted i good fai in is o e elation wit t courSoe epoed decisions not diec eevnt hee ecause he deal it a qest teination o to wdw an applcatio adission at tan ol dep nuncprou) dec atep to deat he goeens urisdcton b aig co wie cse is gong on Maer of 22 & Dec. 747, 752 A 1999;Maer o/Vargas-Mona,3 I&N Dec 65 652A 1971Tat s ephacaly not ue y of se spondensEach as bee spectl of t cos pocess d autho and s subted to it eos to

seek pession po to depatng, o going to at lens e depag to info e coute detais sondng e depaue, o both

eidece in ac ce xcept MLSM-s sows tat peson ho le had a gooddesadale easo leaig when they dd So of the cases, lke -F-, whose oedied whie he was waitng a co date, and M--SM and CX, wose equess ealie heaig date the cou dd not accomodate show hat the Cout esponsibilities topeope bee t hat t sip ay not be able to meet o shot oice. Noitstandng tegenune eos b e cou to be as esponse possble to iediate needs expessed by epublic, when eegences happe e cour, lke the espodes, ay be liited by is abit toact n e cicumstances

I nd as ct he allegatons each has ade about the easons leang whee gven, heth of each espondents ntentios to leave when expessed pospectvely and e fact of eiacua depe n the thee cases ee we have an expict ca ae he fact to a le eUS C-Xs d ML-S-Ms cases do not nclude such a cai, d ae dat with beow Theedence of depue is clea d conncg n he cases of-F- adait aie tickt

pested be depaue, boadg pass peseted aeds his ws cedible testiony dhe ccumstancs deonsag he u o his stated oe laing s othes illnesshe de -- shong depaue o the US o o about Api 29 20 1 0 RC- aine ticketand a tepo ae document showig intention to depat poof o Costa Ric

goeent of his ey to that con and 20 sowng the US conslates eicaon ofs depue, and cooboato of hs oties leaing - dea of his oh - song athe le e US o o about Noembe 2008 ad V-D he eidece cted aboe, leadngDHS to oe to teinate he cas.

B. S cfc Ces

7


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I -LS

he co has oly one councaton om M-L-SM, th leter quoted above tatng apl to leave n midOctobr The cot male a heng notce to h addess om wc r

leter came, bt sh dd not rspond, eier n wrtig or b apg. S dd not t aailter to say she had e the US Given her intenon to leave in mdOctoer and er unavaledoponty to appe in cot Octoer , her long tie (15 es) n the US pror tocommeceent of roceedngs, and er fare to sate any reason r leavng, h evdenc isnscient to sow hat se acal le e US It is ot e case however, at te evdecepositivl sows she did ot leave I siply nd th vidnc does ot ronderat to sowdeart

2 CX

I d t kely that CX le as e sad h was gong to H ad compled wt h cot

procedues when astd alog te Soutwest border, ncludng hng a lawye, angremovali, ad cangng venue He dd ot hr a lawyer New York appely becase ew panning to leav e US yway, but rouht somee to cout to mucate r h Heout aie tcet d took th e tme and ot to come to cout to sow t d explan ssation pror to hs tnded dtre Hs ve puose in comng to cout was to tll ejdge he woud aving re t sceduled hearng dat He ad ot bee n US long,and is apearance i cot le te iresson at he did not el at home th US aerving, and, entaly eat o not, rerrd to go ac to is hoe coury

e cour's adinstrative xerience tes s tat f did nde tended to sa n eUS he woud have und ple avaiait of help and advice om awyes, avel agents dothers in the Chnse coun hre in New or Eve f he has no vad cam, lga p savaale snce we har any such cais tat are not at al credile, et the process o decdghem resuts in the ailt to rema in the US r years, th emploment atorzton to bootEven peope ordered deported to Chna 0 or more es ago sl come to our anon wmotons to reope, or as ouses n cases of people t pendng appcatios It s cle ateven the teat of a nal order of remova dos ot necessarly detr a person om remaHis caed enta state wa ot corroorated, or dd the cout conduct any examnaton, dhere exsts he ossilty that the rresentatios were not e But e court is more nclneto ow he mpressions it receiv seeing him han these specuatons, especall bcause hcould n te chance to ta i the US fact wiout gog thou he trouble he dd e

court ds, then hat he had a geune ntention to ]ave, ad to do so qcy ecicallyere h ad to go to cort d tat he evdnc preonderates to show h dd hrre lvor to th scdd hn

8


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V THE USUAL PRACTICE CASES L HESE

The court sees my more cases of people eavinge US bere a sceded eng tjust ese ve Mos e cses ikely to rech te Bod because neer p appeas Myre represented some e no. Sometmes the ifoaion a he issed eng s very explicit

d cle ad docmened ore oen i is no Oen n oey s oy second-hdnaion or mors abou e person's depre, repoed om fmy meber Somemeslers do not wn to end y more e on te cse ppareny oing tey w no be

pad r e eos d may not oppose an order of remov absen Somemes a fymember appes to report e crcmsances drecy to e court or he aoey as spoen inde t a fy member And mny peope smply do no w or see voy depreeven houg ey ve e becase i mes no derence o te becase ey do no nted tore.

I generl te s practice is r e cou either o order te peson doed in absentiar flure o ppe or r HS nd/or te responden to move o teate Qe oen neiter

corse is owed mediaey becse te deped responden's famy meber or aeymy see a oppo o prove o HS te person hs le d ddng on tec nd e picul goveet toey d respondent's atoey tere ay be eos oprove depre o DHSs sson DHS oen b no aways cates e provison os and icions r sc a responden ( RCH-s cse were te HS atoeyappreny gave responden's attoey a by wic respondent cod prove is depe bygetng t ed ou t e US consate n San Jose)Postponng e cse r te gaterng of scevdene s oen neer probemic nor conoversl (HS opposed te rs posonement nVs cse b no sseqent ones Aowing sc n oppo does no commi HS oneway or e oter o any pculr course of con ater when er evidence may come in

Soetimes S oey w nd e evdence given a te missed eng scien osow depe nd move to ermnte en d tere Oer tmes te inoa gaerng ofevdence goes on e paries negoiate d sometmes HS moves r teaton oer timesit opposes t d moves r a nabsena order of remova s happened n F- d RC-H- andV-D-Some HS aoeys may ee o tente ad oers no or one atoey my aee none cse but no in noer similr one Someimes he DHS atoey reqire a specic eof evdence B sied d seed docen om he US consle abrod bu even wen sc adocument is obned (s n R-CH-s cse t s no necessy deemed sucent o caseterminton

DHS respondens and the co a regard HS te sole ao te power odetermine weer ny gven ndivida wo deps vony por o a sceded egshoud be order removed or not Where judges have aced to temne sc cses wout egovents consent e Bord s ed t a respondent does no ave the power ouieray "compel ermnaon of deporton proceedngs whch ave been commenced agnsm merey by eecting a deprure Maer ofBrown 8 &N Dec 324 325 (982 or once


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havig com u h cour's juisicon in a xclusio procding, to "fat is urisicionb thrawing his applicaion r amissio,"Mae of Vagaolina 3 & c 65,65(B 91.Thus v if tmaio ma lgitimatl protct a wor rsons ntrst o having a poaion orr r agais im or hr, t govnts intrst n sgth cas to compltio obtaig a al nforcabl orr invariabl ovs

rspot's itrest ot bg orr rmov us, wh t sol choic is beentination in abenia orr, tr must a wnr an a losr, an h winr is awast govn losr rso

rort cass recoig govts trs i cass lik s oar hasot loo vorabl on os o avoi a oration orr b tmiatig cas Whn thonl o altativs tiaton in abenia orr h tnc to of onl asingl winr avs v acknowlgmnt at iviual rsonts ma also havirss v bi as lgiimat as govts a movs v bit as ur"[hconfmnt of such an aorina powr on th niviual who lavs] woul hav oublngimplitions, as it woul allow an ain to avoi a oniall avrs ling b ths Boa bag th Src's abili o proscu appa" LuRoguez & c 75(B 1999"s log as Sric chooss to proscut th applit's procings to acoclusio mgao ugs an this oa must or t applicat xclu aor if th vc supos such a dg" Mae /Singh &N ec , 35 (BA996"So log as t nform ocials of th Srvic choos to nate proceegs again ain an o proscut thos procigs o a conclusio, t immiao judg an Boarmus orr poraion if h vinc supos a ning of oabilit on groun ch"Mae o/Yazdani 17 & c. 66, 630 A 98 Sas th Svnt ircui, Immationuls gv nrcm oials, ot iiation jugs or th iscrton to inatrmoval procigs S 8 CR 39. 8 .R.39" Amedv Goale 3 3 09,

11 (h Cr 005

h HS xciss is scro o mna, i s apanl motiva b, amongor higs, an usanig an compasson r a prson who ma fac xigncis that a buscou or HS canno alwas accommoa probabl also rcognizs ha, ankl th rson's par givs HS mos or all of wha i sought sng NTA, a so at rlaivllil ps to HS. rcogizs ha t rso can wn somthg wthou HS losng

3 Though cass do not po that adstatv closu has bn usd ts pupos th ogc o usng such apocdu to potct a spondnt wh pudcng th govnt sus th sa dbts as tnaton nMatter ofAm;co, 9 &N Dc 62 ( 9) Mater ofLopez-Bros, 20 &N D 20 3 (B 990) and Mt

oMuno-Sto 20 & Dc 20 ( 990) th pson subct to pocdngs had d o app ad hgaton udg adnsatv cosd h cas ah han pocng o a han i bi. dmstosu d dnt c on S bus "h spondnt [was] ab to aod an od gadng hdpob" Lo-Barros 20 &N at 204 nowthstandng tha h as was pocua p a dson ondpobl Nothng n th s o cnt dcson n Matter ofAveta 2 &N Dc 6 (B 202)shoud chng hat sut: adsa cosu s not an appopa spons whn soon has coundung pocdngs

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Te conce about conferng blnke power on eve respondent as a mater of ooverrde e goent's nteests is obiously egitimate as can be seen cases whee OHSseeks to depot a peson r a seious cme or as a genune teos hea as addessed n MaeofLui supa But a ban ue may not be necessa at . Wha moivas e couts

decision in tese ve cases is the ew tat when judgent s exercised ad exercised on hesame estabished pincipes as is in other cases we may ee ousees om e assumion

tha one party must wn and the other lose, which appeas near ineviable when e oy choicesare ermiation or in absentia remoal

VI. SSUES

The issue is wheer imiaon cou has any power whaoever o tvolntay depure nun o tun when no sate or regulation expicity provdes r i, and apreceden has no ye been established OS has rgued in severa of ese caes a e lack ofeplici authori o mes e cout is prohbted om doing i. y itself s is obviously no a

valid argumen if the power llows om established aw but it is impotant o address iexplicitl, as w be done in section V below o avoid an assumpon o e cony creepingin and carng e day.

The Board recenly reminded u of he wo principes imiaion judge shoud keepin nd when adessing new lega siuations: (1 o exercise juden, and (2 to emanconsisent with established law " deciding indid cses, Immiaon udge musexercise is or her indepenent jugment and discretion d may te y action consistent wi

the Act and reguations ha is appropriate ad necess r the disposion of such cases.8CFR 003.().Mae ofAesyan 25 I& Dec 688, 691 (BA 2011.Te whole poin inexamining the circustaces of a respondents depatue prior to a scheduled heing anddetemining whether olunta deptue shoul be anted is to exercise judent where i hsnot been exercise bere, in order to consier interests of indiidual respondents hat have beeniore in the case law unil now So e Bord's rst ceon is met witout tereaboration

The oter issue is wheher granting olunary departure nun o un is consistent whapplicable law. e courts acion here impicates ur well-esabished areas of aw, wich wilbe addressed in below olunta epte (section V; a couts power to adress rouieprocedur maters like scheuling, timing, and exceptonal circumstces (section ) nun otun action (section X; d in absentia orders (secion X).

VI ADDRESSG THE ACT THAT TS S NW PRC

OHS hs opposed e couts anng olunta depture nun o un not becauseDHS will be pejudice, nd not because the policy is not a good one, bu because he reguatonsdo not t erba autho to the cot to o so. n hs point OHS is litealy coec but

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at is only e rs obseao, ot e las i tereting the statto ad reato schemeas a woe

Law evoves e oer ivg gs ou e tocasc process of ng dlowg e feedack om eac sccessve and eor. e sccessve guesses e ot

dom but e amed at accompisig soethg based o expeece 'ew" proceds whesuccess tend to e otg mor thn applicaio of od ad est proceres a newsiuon ot realy muc of a depre om e proven d scces coses (ie ey econsistentwit already-exstig aw)

Applng is triad-eor process ts co hs ed both teao d in absentiaords of removal he pt d d that eer meet e eeds of bot pes eer aywors So we wl someg ese If e Bod allows vo dre nunc o tunc be ried ore broady reveang sengths which ll eveualy prevl d weesseswichwll e coeced hs seem to be other way of sayg ha the Bod sad etan at a co shod exercise judent (epoy the feedbac om pt eece to

repod o prese eeds) d e a aco (eorecy openended empzg ovao)consistentw esabled aw ad pracce (ie st ncore to tha vast body of pcipes hatsold not sddey cange)

Over te yes mgratio law has own en e Bod ad mmato cosapplyg er esablised expeiece to new siaios ave e creative actio otspecicay auozed by law or regaion but sl cositet wt etablised a d pciceTey ave ed gaps e ope in te saute and reuations wi sgnict nd ltmaelysuccess soons to problems at begged r soutions Among em are hese poe:

-o cge venue, Matte oSeen 1 I&N ec 90, 591(96) ormer 8 CR242() "as e immiao dge e power to ae suc acon as may eapppiate to te dispositio of e cse' Ecopassed ti ta t of auoty ste power to ule on a moo to cge vene);

o adnisavely close cases Matte oAetian, 25 I& Dec 688 690(2011) ("a procedual ool creaed [by imiratio cous and he Bod] r teconvenece of e immiaio cos nd te Bod)

- o widraw an appication r adisson o te US Matte o Vagas-Molina 13&N ec 1 6523( 197) ("e reuaions and sautes do o provde r

te situaon bere us We erere le ha n appican r adssion aybe prmie o widraw his applcaon if sice may best be seed bypeii e widrawa

o nnc o tun reef sef Matte o 6 I&N Dec 40 434 (BIA9 (It has og bee te amiisative pracce to exercse the dscreo

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permed by the regoing provisions of law [disretion waiver r CIM]nunc o un here complete justie to an alien ditates suh eaordinaato1); and

- to t volntay dre itself,Daa Mu, 554 US , 8 (2008)

("Volut de ws orgnally developed y admisative ors, in eabsene of a spei mandate in the staute he prate was oied in thelien Resaton t of 9401[teal qottion ms ad itations omitd)

he power to ome p with new es ontines whout a spei preauorngregaon, pusut to the our's and Board's genera auorty to take any other aoonsistent i appliabe law nd regulation as may be appropate,1 8 CFR 240 (a)(l){iv),eian, ua and e outs broad overall authori to ondut remova proeedgsMae ofHeea De Oen 25 &N De 589 593 (B 20) at the aproah suggestedhere is ne aaly ts nto old, honorable, and wellestablished pati.

V OLNTRYDEPRR

. VoltD paur Geeral

mation la has long vord and enoged ounty depare bause it tnds tobenet bot pies" oluntary depare is disreonary relief that allows eri vored aiesto leave the onty lligly t benets the oveen by eg expedig the depaurepoess d avoidig depoation expenses and benets the aien by eg., iitaingreaission.1 aa Muky, 554 S. , 2 (2008).t is a mior m of reief regdng whihthe to paries an sometimes reah the so of negotiated ompromise at oen ours otherareas of la, an agreedupo exhge of benets, muh like a selement aeement,11 i at 9

ese benets ae not neessarily of eqal impoae to all respondents I oexpeene not eveone leaving the S hopes to ren in the tue and of those who do not allat voltary depare. A peso may be ineligible ture re-admssion r reasons otherthan a deportation suh as an earlier nlawllresene in the United States under IN22(a)(9)(B)(i) and be ineligible r a waiver, in whih ase volunry depare gives no addedbeet.

ount deprture may also have its drawbaks of its ow r idividuals ho aept it:tey open temselves to penalties that old not be mposed if they were simply depoed.

Failing to dep by the sheduled date may sbjet te person to a ivi penay (entlybetween $000 and $,000) d make him or her ineligible r the ne ten years r elaono reoa, hge or adusment of stats, or volunt departe aga

4 A waiver s avalable ony f the applca has a pare o spouse wo s a US zen o LP A212(a)(9(B(v.

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240B()(l )e Court eve lacks screto to at excepo o he eea egblpeo Matte o/Zmews 24 I&N Dec. 87, 93 (BI 2007)

Fall eve case where volua epure s ge, alave o ofremov s mpose well, mae to appl as a coto subseque f o f e peso

fals o leave b the eale mpose.

B. L al R gur m ts

hle he a ecso o a o e vol epaure s a sceo sessmemae each vual case, the saue reguaos pove boh poceda ubsvereeme as well, a hese va epeg o whee e vual asks por to compleo of a removal poceeg, 240B(a)() o a the cocuso of apoceeg uer seco 240," IN 240B(b) See, geeall, Matte ofAguees 22 &N Dec81, 81317 (BI 999)

Por o cocluso of a proceeg the ol subsve equeme s at he peso obe covce of a aggavae lo or e epoable r secuelae os oomol chacter a he acal meas to epa ae o reque. But applc mus llemosae ha she ws a voable exercse of sceo Aguees a 8167Poceural s ol ecessa to cocee emovabl, o seek o oer adoal ef, o wave appeal of all ssues, a 10 as c e e 8 CFR 140.26)()().

he reqese at he coclso of a proceeg t s also ecessa o show hat heperso h bee he US a ea pro to ao of remova proceegs, has bee of goomoal character r ve eas, a has the mes a eto o leave he US bere he

expao pero, r whch presetato of a val passpo s a ecessar em of proof8 CFR1240 26(c)(1) maxmum of 60 as ma be grate bo ma be mpose eher casebu a mum o of $500 s reqre whe the reques s mae a he coclso of aproceeg to esure that the ale epas wh he tme spece 8 CR 14026(c)(3)().

C. How Ca e echcaR gur m ts

Be Met f the Peso Has ay

e?

o aswer s queso we must rea he regulaos he same wa e Supeme Coutcousels that we rea statutes Courts must o look meel o a pacula clause bu shoucoser each provso coeco wth .. he whole staue Koosz eo 47 U.S642 650 (1974) (ctato a eal quotato mks ome); ee also Gozon-Peetz Unte

ates 498 .S 395, 407 (1991) ( eteg the meg of e aute, we look o o oe pcular stao laguage, bu o the es of he saue as a whole a o s objec apolc (caos quotao mars omtte)); Unte ates eis ooisoe 8 How. 1,22 (1850) (e mus o be gue b a sgle setece or membe of a seece, b look o

e provsos of he whole law a to s object a polc). also Daa sua a 6.

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The Spreme Cr has exed the very state wch he reglats at sse ebased, d ade cear at e prpse s t help e hat pee tht e rt t sa the US teprl prst t a vlnt depre rder d fact leave raher remadete. Te cet srctre, passed 1996, addressed e "crc fgratn cas wh had expressed sratn at aes ated vltry depe were

permed t ontinue tei iega esene n te ted Sates r mths, ad eve s"Da at 9 (ctat d nteal qtes mted, emphass addedLeavng, leavng qc, dsavg e gveet ne are a gas:

Frm the Gveet's sdpt, he ae's aeement t eavevltrl expedtes te depre prcess d avds te exesef depra B cldg prcrg necess dce ddeg e ale pedg deprat. e Gveet alselates se f the csts d bdens scaed wh tgaver e depre. W he appeuoe ouing tat teGoenment attains te benet t see the Act pses l

e e r vl dep . d rhb jdcal revewf vln dep decsns see 8 S.. 229c( d1252(a(2(B(.

Da at 1 1 (ephss added. e Act as as t benet dvdas erse sbect tdepratn.

He r she avds extended detet pendng cpletn f ravelaangements; s awed t ooe wen to eat (sbject tcer cnsants and ca seec te c f dean. And,f great prace, b depng vntarl e ae cateshe pssbty f readss . .der e cent ct, alennvntar remved m te ted States s egble rress r a ped 5 , 1 0, r 20 ers, dependg pn ecrcstces reva . An aen wh mes a tmeldepre der a grt vntar depe, n te ther hand,s nt sbect t ese resctns.

I (emphs addedThs, vlnt depe s ntended t beet bot pes n a wa tatdepratn d benet nether f them. B es ca w, rater rcg a statwhere ne ws d e ther necess lses. Bh c have ther terests prtected d

benet the her the rcess. Vn depre, der the cent sctre alws heGveet ad e ae t aee pn a qui o quo Daa t 11Vlt depre s aeed-pn ecge benes, ch ke a seleent ageeent. d at 19

e regatns eqent reteate ter specc pse f rcg the dvdal'sdepre. hen seeng vnt depre at te cnclsn f a prceedg he dvda

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must establish by clear and onvincing evidence that [he or she] has the meas to eat teUnite State and he intention to do so."8 CFR 124026(c)()(iv) (empasis addd).erequiremen o presen a passpo is o asceain t i is "sucien o ssue lawl ent ohe coun o which e ien is eatng 8 CFR 140.26(c)(), 8 CFR 1240.6(b)(3)(i)emphasis addd).he pose of a voa depe bond is to eue tat te aien eat

wtn te e spec8 CR 1 4026(c)(3), 8 CF 240.26()(3)() (empasis add), d tis eted wen te person proves he or se eat[e] he United States prior to e expioo the peod ated olt depaue. 8 CFR 40.26(c)(2)(v) (emphasis added)Animmiationjudge may ipose sc conditions as he o se deems necessa to eue teaien timey eate om e Uied Staes.8 CF 4026(c)(3), 8 CFR 240.26(b)(3)(i)(emphasis adde)And te to appeal, whc mus be wve wen volnty depe isated po to compleon o a proceeding CFR 1 40.6(b)()(i)(D) in oder to ure that hedepe is no fue posoned occs automaically when a respondent acually depat omte couny while a appea is pending, snce the []eatue om e ited Staes . . . salconstute a witdawal o te appeal and the initial decision in the case shall be to e saeextent as og no appel ad been taken.8 CFR 10034.

en a peso h aleady daed e Unite tes bere e dge maes adetenation whehe o grat volntary depare leu of ced removal at goveentexpese teuoe of e tial requiemt aleady been aomplished. Sowing apassport to prove e igibi li ente o coun, payg a bond, wavg appeal, or beingsubect to other conditions a jdge may impose -- all tese ae moot wen te inended poseof gaaeeg actal dure om e US already been accomplsed Rather anobstace to ganting vonta deparure he areadyaccompished depaue of a respondent mayin ct ciitate such a at since e puose o te reguations is so clealy et aleady heeot to preven respondens om coninu[ing] their illegal presence in te United Sates mons, and even years one o e goals of the cuen ega sucure, accoding o theSpreme Co aa t 9 - is sipy moot when the person as depaed bere te ode isenered

f there were a stuo or regultoy provision direcly on point seting out reqirementr a posdeparre order o vouna depure (or pohibiting i) we would of cose ow i.Bu here is none. Since he puose o the satute and reguations is accompished when

volnta deptue is made aailable to deseing individuas who ave aeady le e countyd the plain text o he ate makes no expicit restcon maing at eef avalable oly othose ho promise o leave te te, we soud not assume that he statute intends o igorehe benets aready estowed on e goveen by a class o peope wo appear equaly voed

by the same aw. See Ctell IS 76 US 10 1718 (1964) (counseling ong hesitaton"bere adopng a consucon o stute wich woud, with respect to entire class of aiens,compee ni pocedue so inisic a pa o e lesive sceme"

he ironic concsion is what rt appea as a obtacle o ling the echncreuiremets r volua departue the peson's having depated already is in c soce

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of codencetha the purpose r whch those teccal requiremets werecreatedh ready

bee ed. The assances reedwhen peopepromise toeave eayldol

when heydo eave. Bt when peope haveaeadyef, theassrces sough by heechnical

egaos e lld wthout te eed othe asuces.

he avaabiliy of voluy depae to peope seg suc cicmstaces ou o beseosy etetad.

D udgent d Dsceo

Beow we we appy aw to cts we w see ow he iciples oued ee eceac pic case Ta apcaio of la t c i be a execse ofjude o heco's pa. Reos w be ve execisg te wa it is doe Te poi ee is a isaysis of e aw does ot po o dicate how a judge mu decde y pcu cse, buoy opes te doo o execsg ea jude i e lives of peoe we apoiae hesedays we ews ices exess compats tha oo oe mmiaio aws dicae sevee

cosequeces uwrad by e secic cs, he cocio of e a ee he isitede o so ha i is pic ype of siuo wee i h bee ssed a judgeshave o jude o exeise they fac do s s o iee o cose e doo o yoesciustaces bu o oe e doo to a f cosideo of exceo cicces jut Uscosde em ote coexs

e soio oeed ee des sstaay om ee a aomaic emato ofpoceedigs o a automac ode o emoval al caes of a peso wo ha vouydeped bee poceedgs coclde ecase t eqes e execise ofjudet efeed to Aeisyan.

X PROEDRAL LAW APPLIAL TO SHEDGTG AND PTIONAL MSTANS

e ype of pobem to wc he cou seeks to apy nun o tun powe hee s oetat immiao cos ae empoweed o addess ad do addess, o a oie bass: pobemsof dsupo o he od schedug o caes cased by emegecies, excepio suatiosad eos ad e cos ow mtatios deag wi em

A Whe as Fa

Imaio jdges oe dea wh dsuos d poteta dsptios to odeg Peope get sc, me -mte moos, eques accomodaio to eseccstces d e maes whch they as deadg mmao dgesexecse dsceo i poceda mates o a day basis to see a pes ae eaed faly ibot od ad usual cicces Whe idividual o the goveet cno apea a schedued heaig becase of a emegecy o eve a mee icoveiece o cnot pee

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r n avce, r when the c self ms pospne a cse, he maon juge as a f r, n-contversa scren powers wt h t aress he prposechne n pls hese cle e pwer t schele cses 8 CFR 1 003 . 1 8(a), pstponeens 8 FR 003.8() 8 CFR 406 t wave the esereqre presene f a p8 CR 00325 (a) to ant ontnuanes 8 FR 003 29 n o oese reuate e ouse

of he hen, 8 R 240. ().

Su powers ma so be nerent n oness's use of e word udge dene epresng oc n mgaon ts, A 0 (b)(4), A 240(b) ) does e AoeGeneral n e reglatns, e. 8 CFR 003 2, 003 . 14, 40. , an elsewhee houou 8CR 1003 n 0e ve name "ue caes t wn ae-ol menng as oal wcerta nheren pwers he sme ven he Ae Generals reguao conssten use ofthe cen wrd "cu" to ene he ru n whch remova prceegs e pae(See e.g.he eadn o 8 CFR Sbp , "mmatn Cor, he nmeros he erences n 8CR 003 an 40. an smen sm nheren jcal pwer s expllelegated b he Ate Genera o ese uges: t ake an er an cnsstent thapplable law n regans a ma be appropae. 8 CFR 240 (a)(v).

B Em nci s

Saues, reguaons nd e aw expll reue juges me proedua udgmensabou wheher emergen (or someg le ) exss. hese nlude exaorncrumsanes r not lng aslu applaon n a ear of arva n e S INA08(a)()(D) 8 USC 58(a)()(D) 8 CFR 1084(a)(5); exceptonal rcmsances" rmssng a earng when seeg repen an n absenia order A 40(b)(5)()(), 8 S 9a(b)()(C)() "ul excepnal crstaces fo exersng e exan eme" of

sa sone reopenn Mae ofGD, I& Dec. 1 32, 13 334 (BI 1 999), amng ohesJges mus als exe cser acual ad ptetal harsp when nvuals seesstntve rele lke sspensn of deprn under mer INA 244 cellatn f remvalr nn-esens, INA 40A{b)( ) wavers er A 2 () d ene, oter rms ofelef le wavers ner mer seton 2() an ncellan of emovl r LPRs uner INA40A(a)

mmaon ous not onl ave e owe o onder personal nd fml emergeneswhen mn proedural decsons bu ess ves tem the obligaion o do so s we nmn rcusces To fal to exerse dsreton wen t s lled r ma be an abuse ofjucal du, even f a er co wold no judge ow suh dseon s exersed. Utd

aes ex e ai v hagnes 347 U .S 60 268 ( 954)(I s poan o empzetha we e n here revewing an reversn he mnner n wh sreton was exerse. sch wee the ce we wl e scss e evence he rec prn r nennge alens cam screto relef ater we bect t the s aee falre exerses scretn cntr exng vd regulatns.")IfRH FI, r VD- ha msse aeng but nt e te cut, ave he same reasons e ve hee, atn jues

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not aways abe to accommoate e genuine an egiimate needs of he memers of epubic when emergencies require quick action. But f om an excuse iong suchexigencies, e cour's itaions e a pacticaiy to tae into consieation hen assessig thenividua's at leas we e a cue om e Supreme Cour:

eer a aien's moon [to reopen] l e cat we 60-asttory peo a ikeihoo wi epend on pe happce ney, ebacklog of e pc Bor memer to hom e moo is ssigne. CfUnted atev on , 503 US. 329, 334 (1 992) (arbiy rests e not to epresme ighy)

Dada at 7 8Slly, "these practcal aons must e ken into accout appgont deptre law to people eiibe r it but r e cou's pactca iaiity toaccommodate em At a minimum, olun departure shoul not be iee out tequeson js because of e cours pactical imtons.

D Concusion

Appicae a alows d someimes emds that iiaon ges sche, eschede, posone ces, ad waive the oerwseeu psence o a p wenemergencies, exaoa circstces, exceptiona cicces, a een oo causeeqire. Tis is not new or pon. An when in some cases e ccmsces e so emeat bsic humn ecency cs r a ersons epartue om he US to ated to a ove onesexreme needs or oe eepy t huan oigations, an imigraion court is empoee to teose exraoin circusans into account in evauang hat procedue wou e such a case

Een nonemergency siuations or siuations in hch he court is not inrmed hythe person shes to leae soo, the court is sll able to accommoate many people who as ran ealier hering ate to leae he coun vouny. ut such cases aso suet to thesame imitations as emergenc cses less time avlabiity a the ne to accommoate theoer par give notice to a, ad some peopes schelin needs may not e met.

In pactice, howeer, nn o tn autority is simply ot necessa in most casesbecause emegencies ont happen equently nd when tey do the co oen accommoatesthem bereh What makes tese cases dierent om most other emerenies elt wth ye immigraion cour is at hey ecessite aancng the case, which is enery more

dict r a co hoonng a case Fewer me sots e aaiable in te shor perodhich c accooae he esoents nee an gie notie to the goeent

e co coul respond ieiatey to all ho need a qick esponse, especiay hosecing genine emerencies, a if respondents in genera kne or ruste at e co wogive an ediate esponse, te isse r of hese ve ces (a ut VD) oud not have

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arsen Vouny depue woul have been address accordng o tng genely epecedn he crcumsces u e cour canno aways ac fs nough, d rsponens cannoaways wa r So ngs happen ou of order Respondens v "oo soon" e mngges rown o The ne secton addresss how mmaon cous hav addressed such mngproblms snc r ncepton

X UC PRO TC T POWER O PV ENT IG ERRORSROM NEGATG SUSTANTIVE RIGHTS

A evig Too Soon1

A smpe charceaon of te pobm r s a h spondents a e UnedSaes o soon" Ta may n c b e oy probm d w n ngan a co order, ach of them may wel hav been d voun dpur as a roune,nonconoversa concluson o the cse

e "oo" n "oo soon, owver, rvas assumpon a may no b u aavng bere a eng s someow bekng us Coness s up us, n madsue ta e NTA coencng a remova poceng ves peopl mos mponnaton thy need o ow abou h proceeng -- a s or o "reove" em omthe US, wy he eor s mad, ha hy ave cer rgs and obgaons d a f y dono go o co hey wl be ordrd mov anyway. A 239(a(

wo hngs abou hs noc shold mke us ecen o crcze those who leave whenhy canno ge an ear harng da s nonces a h heng wl no be hed ness an 0 days (so responden c look r a awyer) "uness e aen rquess ng

an a heang dae, A 239b)() hs rases pecaons specy n hos whouawyrs, a wh he m aks o mak such a rqus, s elr ng, and sen ou enew heang noces cour can usually res a c n a day or wo Tha dos no a alaccod wh acu pracce our gaon cour

Scond, he A oe o wa peope no o eae he US beore gog o cour orprohb heo ong o Whn an odnay, reasonabl hons person reads suc a noc,wha happens f hey aee wth he goven ha they ar subec o emoval om e UneSaes" and hey eave? Is possble r a peson o beeve n compee goo f hey shodleave and ha by dong so hey ae obeyng, even hepng, he auhores who wan hem oleave?

s queston s mpor no because s ecy evan o an appcaon of law ohese cs bu becase aswerng may coec an assumpon a oterwse be mae ha pop who eav bere te cour allows hem o are po aco dsobedn, unswoy,subjecvey ng o "dfa he DHS or he cou. Tha may b e n som css bu s noru n a To apply generay or as a sng pon s o msapply assumpon of c s

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timing can be coected by aing acion now, today, eective "then, yesterda ( e lways earler dae), the me when somethng should have been done bu wasn', to e prejde of apy

j about oer procedural conex mgraon udges wold no t of orngthe real human dcltes seveal of these respondents lved o IJs wod have no qualmsabout seng he cases at least somewha sooner f e need wee now

mlaly, when a co cao accomodate a reuest o se a case sooner as occued nee o e cases we e not nclned o make he responen pay r te pracc aons ofte system For exple, f a asylu appcaon has o b e sbme oly at a ase calendaheang d e our's ae calea cong wees s aleay le or oveowg, wewl sll add a ce n ore o allow a respondent o mee a one-ye lng eane, o, wecnot, we wou no pedce e responen or ow l schee X MLM ad 1- he cour cod no or d not ae acton when was sked r by esponens Butf e acon can be taen now, eecve back hen when ey sogh ealer acon, a frespondent s qualed i n he execise of sceon ad e cou c t e ree appopraeto an acual depre wthout predcng the oher p, e ntene nse cause by ournaral bsyness can s be coeced onssen wh e appcabe aw egg u rou acon s . beyon ueston hat awa ou ro tu may, n appropraeccumsce be granted as a mes o recng eror n maton proceegs" Ear a309

imingEors

Te econ rcu rers y mes to eors hat are corected by u ro u

acton Wha s the nare of such errors?

rst, t reected DHs vew that the lne shold be draw between naveent eors anderos ofudgent, ie beween mere mstaes by Js or e Board, whch ma be coectedu r u d e more wegh consdered opons, dens, and oer ntentonal actslater superseded by oher law, whch cannot Whatever he merts of that poson may be oter areas of te law, s clearly not the approach at has been taen the mmgatoncontext at 309 n 2 For ou prposes ts meas t maers lle whether he cors notactng earler n ay of hese cases s vewed now as n ovesgh or sake on the one hd or aconsdered uent on the other about he lack of sucen e r notce or ack o space onthe udge's calend

econd, Ear reed on an el decson o he pee u whch shows heequable oots behind uc ro u relef, which should be ated or resed, as stce mayrequre, says e econd rcut, Ear a 30, ctng Mce v erma 03 U 6, 65,3 O o 6, 880 WL 8766,6 d 369 882) e context of the cted upreme ouconcluso s helpl:

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,

We content oselves wi sayng that he l establishe b gener concuence of e erc Engish cours is, atwhere the dela in renerig a jugment or a deee ses om theact of e c, that is whre e la has been cuse ither rits conveninc or b e muiplici or press ofbusiess, eiherthe incac of he quesons invoved, or of oter cause notaibube to the laches of he pries, th udgment or he ecreemay be entre reospectivel, as of a time when it shoud ormit have been enere up such cses, upon e mxim usuriae neminem avabt [an act of e cou shoul preuce noone] - which has been wel sai to be nd in rt d goosense, d to aord a safe cean ide r e adminsaonof justice, it is the du of the cor t see at he pis shal notsuer by e la. A nun o tun order shu be anted orrese, as usce may require in view of e circmstces of hepicr cse

103 US at 64-65 e premse r ting nunc ro tun reief as ustce may reqre" is theneed r jutice raer tha aporoent of ble, a long as e reso r e dea s notatbutabe to the requng p's !aches or oher dmonsration of uncle hns wangeni of eqitabe relief (ot n issue a of these ces). B te wor "eay" he SupremeCou ipies not just a postponement but one which is preudici, one whch shoul nothappen or shod not be accepted if it happens ut te ela need not be a blamewoh eoror mistae b e cou in order to mert corection; it c b r nirely reasonable grounds liethe cous convenence, the mupici or press of business, so rh As r cosemselves, the reai is that tey need to low schedues r a large number of people, whichmens they caot always act immediatey to meet eve itigant' timing nees. In immiationcors in picul as the upreme ou noted in a about the Bo e practicaities ofeaing wih outofeorin situations may render cean nonroutine acon feasibe teven considered such practica timing dicuties in e I's abiity to adress motions toreopen a reet premise r consting the meing of e statute:

t is reseabe and quite iel hat te time aowed rountary depaure wil expire long bre the IA issues aecision on a imey ed motion to reope . . . As a practica

maer it is oen e case at an maton udge or the oardcannot reasonab be expecte to ajudicate a motion to ropen orreconsider ding the vont depaure period. hese practcalimitatons must be taen into account.

aa at 67.

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Les one guess that "a justie may requie" is too vague a standard to enust toimmiation judges, the Board has done exatly hat bee Akowedging the la of aspei authoation in e statte the Bod h aowed appiants admission to ithdrawthe appiatons in exlusion proeedings when "jue may best be served." ae o/Vargoa 3 &N De. 65, 6523 (BIA 971) ("he regulaos and staes do not provide

the siation bere u . We therere e hat an applit admission . . . may be pemied towthdra his appiation jutie may best be seed by perming he wthdawa). Twenve years late in oness odied ths way of doing justie y legislating a speght to see wdawal o appliation r admissio n the disetion of the AtoeyGeneal NA235(a)(4).

Wihout queson, the, the powe to at uc o u is one of he proedul tools tatmae up an immgration judge's autory to "tae y othe ation onsistent with appliabe laand regulations as may be approprate" 8 FR 240(a).

I ABSEA ODE OF REMOVA S NOT ALWAYS MANATORYW SONDT S BSEN

IN setion 240(b)(5)(A) reads pernent pat:

An alien who wrten notie requred unde pph ()TA] o (2) [hearng note] of setion 239(a) has bee provided . does not attend a poeedng nde hs seton shal be oderedemoved in absentia f te Seie establishes by lenequivoal, and onvnig evidene at the ren notie wasso provided and that he alien is removable . .

When the only two options under onsideration were temination aganst S's wll o an absea oder of emova against the respondent's, the Seventh iuit hed tat teination sprohbited d an absea oder is mndatory as noted above. Ahme Gozaez 432 F3d709 (h ir 2005) at our dd not onside the thrd option presented hee e Ahme isnot binding on this ort it ould not prevent te ranting of volunt deparure even if it wee

s deision does not dspute te holding in Ahme: teination aganst the wll of DHSis impoper when based on nothing but he respondent's aleged depue om he US ingpoeedings. But the ts here are disngushable in seveal espets Most impoant theespondent n Ahme did not ask r volunty deparue the J did not ant it and e Seventh

iut did not address it. onversely e respondents hee do not seek teination as didAed (exept V-) so he Seventh uts holding at teinaon was not allowed does notont at a t tis ous hoding that vont deparure is alowed On a f eve theepondent n hme pesented neither poof of deparue nor a statement of he eason therebut ony the allegatons of ounsel. No did the imiation ourt make a nding as to whetherthe espondent had e or, if so, hat eason.

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Te ationae oAhmd is thee subect to quacatio these cases The SeventhCicuit ead A 240(b)(5)(A) to say oce an imigaion dge has deteied at aien() is emovabe ad (2) has been povided wth adequate noce at udge sha ssue a emovaode Ahed Goas 432 3d 709 71 (7th C 2005) (emphass povided by Seventh

Cicuit) ve idepedent easons expan why a ode of emova is o mandao a suchcases

A We Does Mdato D orato Apy?

Secton 240(b)()(A) eqes Is to ode peope emoved hen ey ai to go to couWhat is the domain o ts appcaon? One cua assumpto is so obos at Coness mayot have t a need to state it - hose to be emoved e i h US The genea satemet aboutemova poceedngs section 240(a)(3) o the Act gves the st step mng tat assumptionvisibe

Uness oewise specied i s Ac a poceedig unde issecon 240 which incudes secon 240b)(5)(A)] sha be the soeand excusve pocedue deteming whee a aie may beamed to te nted Sates o i te aien has been so admitedemoved

Deteinng whethe aie may be admied icudes mag detenatons about peope(ie R-H ad C-X- hee) who ae 'est te ited States wihout admissio o have"ave[d] e Uited States at a tme o pace othe an designated by e Aoeyeneal A 2 2(a)(6)(A)(i) (emphasis added i each insce n this paagaph). Simaly

peope who have been admitted - ike MS-M and V-D may be emoved i ey ae" d admitted to the nited States A 2 7(a ose who have ovestayed thei aotedpeiod o amission ae emovable i they ae es te Uited sates i vioato o aw 1

A 237(a)()() Thus whe consung the vaous statutes peaing to emova o peopeom te Uited States it is se to sta om e assumptio tat Cogesss es ae diectedagaist people who ae ndeed in the US (This is a stang pont not the ast wod o emae Emphaticay the poit hee is ot a lega oe about uisdictio ie whete the couoses uisdicto ove peope whe tey eave the S (we assume om e case aw it does ot)but a pactca oe about te likey assumpon Coness made about the domai o appicatio othis sectio when daig ectio 240(b)(5)(A))

A pimy motivatio i istitutig madato depoatio aue to appea waste hgh numbe o aliens who aed to appea at heags 1 a ofava 2 I& Dec 2730 A 199) citig U eezVadea 899 Supp 8 85 2 (SDNY 99) (which itu cited e egisative stoy) ot because tey had e te US but becase tey hoped to getthe beets by ingeg onge The absa povision was inteded to pevet aiens

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om eneting om the varous discretion s o ree aer ng to aear r herheings rava at 30, citing a 1989 GAO reort

B emova Under A240(5(A)

isMandato

When That Sectionpi s Bu That

Secon Does NotAwas A

hen secon 240((5(A aies ts tes e mdato u wheter it aies or notdeends on whether other rovisions o aw tae precedence in e circumsances or waivng a ersons resence under 8 CF 100325a , i exercised, m te oiation toorder he asent erson removed So may ting a reasonae adjoen eiter at [he Js]on nstance or, r good cause sho, uon aication y he resondent or e Serce 8CF 12406 Wen rsence is waved ror to te heag, INA 240 ovosy hs noaicaion at a even oug is itera tes woud reque remova it aid So section240(A is not asoute ut reative to oher rovisions o he Act d reguations as awhoe

Even when not done erehd an mmaon judge h and does indeed exercse heower to wave a ersons aeaance or to ant an adjoent when jusic requires a ehearing ise raer th necessariy deor the asent erson an aoey eors t a cientih a good reco o andance and rma cie eigii r reie h caed to say she ssuc n c or at he hosit or her chd is sc or he resondent has some ohercomeing reason r not eng here the court waive the ersons aearnce or reset thecase It sometimes makes sense to exercise discretion to waive an asent erson's aearancerather an aiciay go hroug the aiies o an in absenia order o remova whencredie eidence (incuding e reresentations o an ocer o he cou aready showsexcetona crcustances r e erson's nonaearance hat woud wa reoenng uon

sumission o a motion to reoen ater he Second Circuit aroves o is ractice, anddemands a genuine exercise o discreton in such cases Where a resondent moved to changevenue and was asent i anticiation o the moion eing granted the immiraton cour eed inordering the resonden deored n absena under INA 240A (actuay under tsidentica redecessor staute, codied hen as 242B(c instead o consideing the meris othe motion he in absenia rovision does not ay asoutey to require deortation wthouregar o oher reguaions which may make heir on demands on IJ hat woud econradicted ithe erson were indy deorted as i240A were he oy rovision o theaw

Whie secon 242B(c requires IJ to issue a deotation order

in asentia uner appropriae iruanes we do not eievetha the IJ was recuded om consdering the change o venuemotion S reguations rovide an IJ wih road discretionregding change ovenue8 CF 320 anng IJ discretion tochange venue r good cause Te IJ is required to tae areevant ctors into account n exercisng is discretion Campos

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C I Abseta Removal Order isAbsolut ly Reuir d

ForEv Non- App anc

henhe Cot acks Power o Gran Teinaio Even en he Paes Ag Ohewse

Oe o hese ve cases VD- sarkly represens hs possibiliy Bee DHS changed snd and oered einaon respoden had already aled o appe a a heng r wch she

received oce and DS specicaly moved o depo her abseta. ow DHS werecoecha she absolutely ms be depoed abseta because i he Seveh Circuis wordsshe is removale ad (2) has ee provided h adequae noice ad a's al here is o iad as a consequece he "judge 'shall' issue a removal order" Ahme a 7 he he IJ migh beviolaing hs obligaion nder Romeroorales y s "ailure o exame the artulars ofthease before him prior o eiher issuing he in aseia lng or denying he moio [r volnadepae, adminisaive closue or enaio -D-s case] a ailre a we ascibe o he!Js mstae belef that he statutorly relueom og so 25 F3 d a

B insead he co waved her appeaance a leas by mplicaion d adjoed ece o esh o he cs and applicaion o he aw o hem i her case in p ecase she wasstill a mior d had no pens d mi e prma cie elible r specia mmian jveiesaus oher words depog her abseta m e [recipious i ese circmscesWe did no ye know Evealy aer severa more couces he addioa evidececonvincdDHS ha d i seeks o exercise is o discreion o ask ha er case beeinaed Now again 240)(5)(A) absolutely reqires abseta order in eve casewhere s leral es apply thout regar to a other roso ofl e he had opower a he hearig o pospone e case bu oy e power o order her removed and haso power oday o erinae oly o order her removed he provisio DHS wold read aslieraly idig i every case - ordering her removed i aseia no maer wha -- does oconan any ieral excepion r cases where he DHS laer agrees o einae So ermiaing

VD's case as DHS ow requess can oy e done i240()(5)(A) is eier (1) iored or (2)read as relaive o oher laws raher h as absoe The rs opion is unenable, so we musllow he secod The secod is reasonae is probaby corec d has applicaio o oerprovisios o law ad regulaions as well hose wold icude he cous power o gravouary deparure u ro tu i a is oherwise cosise wih appicabe law I oherwords der opon (2) secio 240(b)(5)(A) woud o oger be osace o do wha mayoheise e righ i ese cases

s Even to argue that the cous powe to tenate deves om DHS's consent sses e pot, because t is stllthe cou not DHS that has the sole powe to temnate (dsss) once the NTA has been ed wth he cou, 8 F1239.2(c) even hough OHS has the sole powe soe cases to request dsmssal n ths context(n othe contethe cou has powe to tenate even when DHS opposes t See eg Matte oG-YR 2 I&N Dec 8 92(B 200 l ) hodng that were HS does no establsh by clear convncn, ad unequvoca evdence tha heespondent eceved o can be chaged wth ecevng a notce, the canot poceeded n absenta, but shouldtenatee eent Cu elance on te sae eglaton jt cted to sa tat []gaton l gveenceent ocals, not mmaton judges o the A, te dsceton to tenate emoal poceedngs sovestateent t s st l the co tha h the soe powe to tenate once the case s bee t an 40(b)(5)(A)absolutely eques a emova ode n absenta in eve case of an absent peso the cou s hout authoty totermnate the case even f HS equests t

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V-Ds ce s erere ceied to he BI aog wi e cases graning vouydearture becaue ifDHS is rt hat he iiation jdge h no creion to do anyhng butdeor absent erson becase o the adatory language n A 240(b)((A), en it ha noauthoy to teate V-D-'s case eier, or to oson it, or t waive her presece even ifDHS

was to tenate OHS is ght about 240)(5)(A beng absoute, the cort i og abouts ower to teinate her case when se i absent

But OHS is not rit, preisely because section 240(b(5(A is not absolutely andliteral andato in every cae. ike oher rovions of he law, it ut be read in relation toal e rovsios of he Act d reglations as a whole. DHS' spor r VD-s teiation isisef a reductio ad absurdu get against its positio he other r cases, deosatingthat reading 240(b)(A) to prevent vounary deure woud by e sae ogic preventteinatio when OHS supors it Since it is deonsaby absurd to read it to revent astipulated tenation, it is equay absurd to revent voluta dearture by he sae reading of240(bA).

D.Gring Von D paru

N Pro un R oaciv ly Eliinaes te Reuir m nt to BePresent at te Missed H arin

Blacs Law Diction says the Latn rae unc ro ape to acs alowe tobe done aer e tie when ey shod be done, wi a reoactive eect, i .e , wih the seeect a if regarly done. t is that reoacive eect tat allows nunc ro un reief to cureting decs. allows a later act to tae preceence over a earier act exacy as he ater acthad occued elier t low now to occr, as it were, before en, the earlier date tswtche the teora order of events in order to do utce.

So, if the cour grants volunty depre toda, eective ror to the ised eing,then te voluntay derure order taes precedence tie, it had bee ated bere heschedulng o te eng. he eect (whch s ntended) s that he scheduled hering is nolonger scheduled e wen noice o e hearing as been serseded by he nal voluntadere order It is no longer e hat he resondent does not atend a roceeding under hissection, whic is the reise r he alicatio of section 240(b5)A), becase in the neworder of events brogt by nun ro un acon, the proceeding as nshed prior to e sedhearng he von departue order has aready take eect, o no ture cheduing of hecase c ave any eaningl eect ather than st adoing the ised herng by a nunro un order te cor cancels e issed heang u no hearng i issed because none is

schedled any onger If o hering i sceduled, the reise r aing INA secton240(b5A) dsappears

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E. AVolntm D par rderIAFinal Orderof Remova

shod no be glossed over at orde of voua depe ncue a order ofreoal and f s made to e eec n the at e olnty depre perod wll haveexpird by e e te oluny depe oder s ener so at on e day is enred theorder s a nal order o removal if the esponden is sill n e S. ht s e cse eachnsnce he where the co nts volunt deparre retroely. nd i he respondnt sno longer in the U, so much e beer - msson aompished, a pies ene

hs o te extent at we shod red IN 4(b)()() as reqring te co o orderrespondent removed n asenta e e copshng ecy e copsh no oy tespit of he l ut its le as ell. econ 2()(5)) as ded to e A 990 to ringniy to proceedgs. See eg. U Peeadea, 899 Spp 1 8 1 1 86 n 2 (NY 199)(gng a bre dscussion of he be egslative hsto) A volnty depure order has ese ni s an order of depoaion or remol, and n ese cases an ord of remov taesee medatey when volay deparue s gted nunc po tun

XI. STD FO APLYG NC PO NC LIEF

Nunc po tun tion is loed n pricple o e sec acts o ese or anyother cses ho do we ssess heter "jusc reure loing volt depe nunc potun? Bsed on he nature of he cases d e l dscssed so six steps o piples ppeory of consderaon n y such ase:

A d he Person R qu st Volun D pr ?

Volu depaue is ot necssly best r eveone d no eveone wnts t asdiscussed above (section VA). eceny r epe a coupe o S children andpendg appcatons r ccellaion r nonresdents n hs ou me a ly emergency ngentna e e wh the chlde pror o her heng The husbad ae to co asscheduled, seekng vol depe whh wa ged wth Hs ageeent Bu helawyer explictly chose not o seek volay depare r e fe because gae her nongmore an depoaton order would snce she ws so subet to 1 0-year reent b rhving lived here more than a ye llegaly a r hich havng US cizen chlden oudnot qui her to seek ver. ws in her es terests to hve the 1 0 yes ng already,d not n her nterests to postpone s st y latng r o rele that es her nohngpractcal een she ns

B. Wha Were the Reasons r L aving

Ceranly f the reondent or a close iy member suers the knds o hdshp hawould ndce e co o gan a posponeme ave oheserered aendance or reopen acase he co should no more ore i hen the prson goes abroad tan t does when the

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person tends to he y membe here n he US e court shoud inquie into it, d giveespondet a oppotuni to demonsate o expain it er if he o she wants to.

a hdship s ot show or is uno that shoud not by ief pecude vonta

depare nun ro tun but it ay necessitate a howng of oer poat fatos mpicagjice such mkg a reqet berehnd that the court od ot respond to on me

C Ha e Peson Fact Le?

A e eidence shoud be cosdered dect and cicumstatia If it s ce at hepeson is eady outside te S the pocedua reqements r ount depre hat seek togrtee deptre become supeuous d moot

so even if voy depre is dened i the execise of discetion a dig at eperson ready e e S may hep do jsce i e e sce beig outside the S mayby itsef costite an entrey appropate reason r not ateding he heing a potentayipot nding becae a person who a faed to appear at a heag wiout good cause isbed om re-ssio to e US r 5 yers A 2 12(a)(B) A fortiori if a person e e USbecase of a fmiy emergency he faie to atted e hearng ay be a e more ustied

D Shoud e our Grnt Volunt Depare

To d that a perso is not baed om seeg vouy depe is ot e se asnding hat vouta depe shoud be gated on e merits A person may ce othestautoy bs (eg coiction of a "agavated feony Or a peson may ot erit a ant ofvount depare in te exercise of discetion Each case ust be exained on its ow ctsaccording to e ogstading stadds he execise of discretion i sch cases which wigaby be no dierent ese caes

What is impotat here is to ecogize that ts disceon detenation isconcepuay eent d poceduy separte o e disceonary determnation wheher toentertin a vont depe request nun pro tun Tee ay be good reaons enteig a vo deprtue request but so good eos denig t o e me.ovesey, thee may aso be good reaons grting ounty deprture (o a ac ofdisquag ctors hch may be sucient some ces) but a ak of good eaons reteag it in e st pace e because the peson h ed ou good cause to aed aheig

A wave of te rt to appea is a reguatoy requreent gnting voutadepe pio o e concusion ofpoceedigs8 R 124026(b)(l(D. As discssed aboe(secon VIIC that proisio is tended to gutee e repodent's depaue d togutee at e goeent eceives i quid pro quo in e bargain. Dd sr at 1 1 . ie cour ndg espondent hs eady departed e puose of at proson is aeady et

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As so discussed dpue om he US constues widrwl of ny appea 8 CFR 10034so e eer of e lw is me well he sii6

E When Should he olun D p Perod B n and End?

To ccomplish he gol of doing jusice when ouna depure s acuy aned nuncro un he voluna depae peod shold egn when heng would hve een se if eco had een ale o advnce he heg o h dae; or n e case of a peson who had anemegency d e hen a sho me ee he depae s s he de of he "" - een" in he cours order he de he ode ecomes eecve en he ode ecomeseecve on h earer de, he hengs ha hd een schedued e de e no longescheduld d if no longe schedued responden s no longe eired o e presen a heme o she canno e consideed sen om em much ess asen whou good cause f noqured o end any heaings eyond he eecie dte of e cous ode respondent cnnoe consdeed asen" om such non-hearing so he fa emse an ode of emovl in

absena r missing such a lae nonhearing no longe exissTo do jusice he ountary depe peod should end ae he s reaone dae a

esnden woud have e u oviously no longe an he mmum de allowed y saueand regulios (60 dys e concusion of poceedings f ere he concuson ofpceedngs) The esponden hus cn enjoy e ene of volunary depue f he o sheoves depae ere he epiion of ha period n ll ces whee a person hs e he USere he mssed cou heang he voun depare eiod can end on or ee e dae heoder is enered e "unc" o "now" dae is gies ede roecion o DS eua owha i ge om a n absea order of reov7 The nl oe is no jus one r vodepaue anymore u is n imediaely enforceae order of removl if esponden shoud sil

e n he S An hones responde on he oher hd avoids oder of reoval oh paieswin neiher loses

F A he sua ules o Coninuances r Fuer Evdence

The cos auhoriy o schedue and reschedule caes an coninuances d wveresponden appearce c e employed a ny sge of y rceing according o he coussod discreio espondens who leae he US hae no gaeed rgh o herconinuces or a wive of hei esence if hey do no ppea co u only i o seek asoud eecise of he cous disceion s is alwys he case when excepona crcumsances

occuri

he iiaion cous When necess o address racca circumsances lie e

6 The waiver of appeal should not be consed wh e gh o seek one moion o reopen wtn 90 days of a naode. ada at 19. Even whee volunt depte is aned in a normal ase wle te peson is sill n he US,and the rh o appeal s explctly waved, and hen the person leaves te S a moon o eopen may nonehelessbe ade7 The goveen s aguab n a beer poson than w n bn ode beause a esponden whoovestas a voluna depaue perod does no enjo an auoac sa upon in a oon o eopen

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gatering of evidence of an emergency or evidence of deure, the cou may make te sekinds of procedural decisions it makes in an oer circumstance Tis auoriy is exercisedroutiely rey i such cases and is generall noncontroversial.

APPLCATON OF LAW TO FACTSBsed on e ndns of ct (section V above and te conclsions of law (manly

sections Vltou X above) tis section alies he law to te cts by enerally llowinge standds n section to eac of the ve cases as llows.

A. F-

F-- admts he is removable der NA 237(a)( )(B) and he is He requested voluntdeue in writig ice bere he le, but e could not wait r the heaing ecause smoers gave condition (She died the day bere he arrived.) Te cours connces aer

hs dee gave im the oporuni to document is reason r leaving, wich he dd amly,d hs aso appeed in person to cooborate e inao resened. As d above,he has ideed le d had good case r missing his heng As a raccal mater iiorescions wll not alow m to re just r his heng He seeks voluay dee at theconclusio of proceedins, mee te stato requiemes, and meis he reief a mater ofdiscreo

The cou will t volunt dearure r 30 days nnc ro tun as of April 2, 2010te day s second motion was led Since e has already depared a bond r his deaure ismoot Because s is a nal order eecive tat date, all subsequent heaings r him eccelled nnc r n i e or to any required apearance by im at em ecause he is

aready out of e S any aeal is waived by is dure as a matter of lawB R-C-H-

R-CH has conceded om e outset hat he is removable, but has maintaned as aquestion of ct that e came to e S wi a visa and he sought a relacement 94 tosubsttiate it Without his proof of entr wi a visa, HS chared he is resent withoutadmisson under NA 2 1 2(a)(6)(A)(i). Resondent has gone to reat lenhs to prove time laced mner of his dearure has not done e same r is en Te requirements of 8 CFR4026(b)( )(i)(C) requirn a concession of removailiy is clearly met by his lostandincocession, and e ovement's secic carge is sustained because respondent concedigalienage and removabili, has oered no evidence contesti it

RCH requested volun depaue hrou counse llowing s acua physcaldeure om the S o November 3, 2008. He le because of the dea of hs moer, anexaordin d compelling reason r not atendin a cour eing, and wth the practicalmmiation restrctions on coming back into he S r a mere emova proceedin, his choice

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to be wth her was pret much evocable. A mes hearng was not yet set in his cae d hisrequest r vount depaue s made pror to e completon of removal proceedngs

He was concted of crina contempt nder New Yok Pena Code 21 50 a Cass Asdemeo n June 20 007 nd sentenced 6 months' mprsonent wth a condona

dschrge of one ear and e ears' pobaton e as convcted of dsode conduct aolaton, on Stember 12 2007 de ew Yok Pena Code 24020 and sentenced to a $25 00ne ethe cme s an "agaated lon or r that matter a crme novng morlturptude He s statutoy elgbe to seek ouna depue pror to he conclusion of emoalprocedngs and woud also be elgbe f he were seekng t at e concluson of procegse ony ssue s whether to grat voun depue in he exercse of dscreon Whle thssse s contested t s a competey conentona one n maton aw

The corts dsceon n hs case s fored boh b hs crcumstances and by the 1996che n the a n hch Coness sialed at he ma ssue to be addessed n p-concluson voluntry depare decsons s the practcal eency of e ud ro uo eSupreme Cot refers to Dada. The good mora chaacer of the ndid s not mpotissue at st f he peson s not dend b aw hang commted "aggavated onBoth pes std to gan f espondent eaes er hs o he ow ste On the othe hadose who make e goveent expend resources prepang r d n man cases gang anappcaton r relefke asm or cclaton o a wae have pe much emnat theecenc ssue mking ther character a elately more mpoant remaing ssue In exercsngdscreton at the end of a hearng t s more mporat to know abot he chaacter of theappict an it is when a equest is made bere a merts hearing has been set The counqured here aout rher detals of espondents concon r cmnal contempt a crmewhose eements mostl nolve srespect or dsobedence r a court But he co has had tme

to reect d wou apply e se stadar here as it woud f respondent were personaypesent bere lean e man ssue about screton s whethe he wl a eae so hegoveent ge t ud ro uo so he should get hs f not he shoud not get hs f we weehearing is case prior to hs deparre we would see n hs mother's grave condton d hshers pendng vsa applcaton r h a strong ncene r respondent to eae a orderedAs her decson based o crtea releat to the benet he seeks d he qtes he presents atthat tme wheneer at ma be Whateer ood or bad occus beeen now d then wll beher duty to consder r duy at ths pont where Coness does not even reque hat he haegood moral character s to scean that he realy wl eve ad eethng ponts to the ctthat he wll or ookng back now hat he n ct he US has receied ts benet He shoudreceve hs Alowng hm to leave voy uder e scheme Congess expanded in 996 r

the ual enet of ndvduals d he goeent at least keeps the door open so hatdiscreton can e exercsed n hs vor ater ifthe crcumstces e such hat t should be dhat appers to be whoy consstent with the beralzton o the ounta deptue aw n996

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hs cse his laer mkes the pont tat hs her s a US ctzen and hs lved theS a log e. He has led a vs petton r hs so. Hs moher lved Costa Rca and hasded The court does ot know wheter he should become a resdet or ot, but a ctor not tognore s at tng voluny daue keeps open te exercse of oer coes'dscreo i t should be best r hm, hs er, ad te rest of he US at he become a resdent

e ure I have acually delberaed log d e seosly DHSs guets agtvoluty depre but decde aganst that course because s request s sll goveed by heew policy crated by Coess r such requests made bere the conclusion of proceedgs,nd beleve at polcy s met by gving ll weigt to e hrdshp he hs aready suered hisaly propng h to leave, d leavg open (but cey not guateeng) e possblyof s reng to e S to jon hs er And he hs le, and te S goveet d peoplehave ready recved t beet, so e qud po quo he desees shoud be ted He hbee respectl o s cou i the y eos he has de to gve docuentaon om CostaRca of hs depe d especally n lt o hs ealer c covction r dsespect ooter cout, tat more recet acton should ot be ored

e cou wll grt a perod of 30 days voluay deparue nnc pro n eecveNoveber 8 2008 e day of hs oers deat, ve days bere e ppaent date of s cualdeptue. W hat te eectve date of the courts order, subsequet egs e o logern eect, so s of ow he w o loger requred to aed y hegs, d o loger ssedny requed hengs; the teatve by leavg e S to atend to s moer upon her deahe had good cause r falue to aend subsequent hengs coupled wh he practc ct hathe would not be ble to re-enter the US sply to attend reovl proceedigs once he had le.Hs depe s waver o appeal as a er of law

C MLS

MLS requested volunt depture ad requested a earler hearng date to receivea order o he cou but dd not say why she wanted to leave ele We do not e plyat she should hve stted a reason since the TA tself gives the mpresso that a heng canasly be had less th 1 0 days, when n c t ca at lest not ou cout Te cour did notgrant as erly a heaing date s she requested but dd nt one whch was bot earler ad ealyenough to eet te ed r deprture by the date she had requested (a heng October todep he "ddle o October She dd ot appe October 1 She did not appe at nyother te She did not wte agan wth a copy of a tcket to nfo the cout o a plneddeparture dte, as soe pople do She dd not send proof or eve a leer om her hoe coutyaer avg sayng at se had le, s we receve in soe cses. As to the questo wheer

she le we ud bove secton B tht he evdence does show hat she le Sce heevdence shows eer hat she le he US nor tat eergency or exor crcustnceeplns her bsence om te heng Octoer 1 , we cnnot wve her aence nd mus dtat secto 240(b)()(A) applcable n her ce

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e goveet as presented lear unequivoal and onvinig evidene at se is aitize of Coobia ad at se e to e Uid States Deeber 6 995 o a B-1 visa dstaed beod er alloed perod Te aegatios of te NTA are proved Se wl be orderedreoved n absena

We do ot rea e quesion weer se soud be anted voar departure but ifwe were to rea it te ourt woud at it a se seeks it bere e olusion of proeegsis sattor eligbe d o disquang or is sow

D CX-

Peadgs were take bere veue w ged s ae d reponden rougounsel representing i at e tie oneded reovabil wi settles at aer

C-X- urepresented er venue wa aged to New York e to ourt n person wia tket n d to inrm te ourt tat e pned to leave e US voluntar wout e US

ang depor . Te evdene nludig irstaal evdene preponderates n vor ofhs avng e e US pror to is t sedued maer aendar eng w e ew orkmato our Agust 1 0 0 0 w woud ave bee a da or two aer e appeared inour d a da or wo bere s earng Spei dgs were ade uder seon VBabove

Give at e ost like was ot i e US o e da of s earg and iel beievedsef to ave ompied wih e wses of he US goveent b eaving the or ds ead good ause r being abset wi waive is appeare r at da His request rvolun deparure is ade wel bere e onusio of proeedngs It wil be granted nunpo un r 3 das as ofAugust 6 201 0 wi is approxiatel te da e ame i peroirig e our e wsed to leave vouari

f i soud out at e our is wrong d e respodet is atual stil i eU Staes en e 30-da vouna deparure period as alread expired and a al order ofremova to Cia is i eet agast respode

E V-D

VD- asked r vounta depare as oe of severa rms of relef aer er aoeouded se ad goe to Caada o live wi reaives owig te deat of bo of er

pares. Oter rs of reief iluded adinsraive osure ad eiation A er rsissed earing bere e detais of er absene were ow but er age 2 er avig oeto e US at 5 ad er avig os bot pares aer a were o DHS opposed aouae r gaerg er iraio ad moved r er reova n absena Te ourated a ontiue over its objetio w an mpliit waiver of presee

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On October 26 201 0 her atoey had more information about her having gone toCnada is time HS did not oppose a connuce nd said that i she went to he USconsulate in Cada it would consid aeeing to terminaon

No HS tes the point o view that it ws no mandatory to order her depored in

absenia at her rt missed hearing aer a Why? Appenty ony because DHS says so whichis not the law but no oher reon is given But even it were the aw it ould pove areadythat e appent mndate in A 240(b)()(A) hat e udge the sha issue a removal order is not absoute DSs consent constites a vaid excepion ten ecepons exist eventhough e satte provides r none Were do they come om? That is realy no myeThey come om reading imiaion la as a whoe where each p is reave to eve oerpar. t also mes hat despite DHSs prerence agai a continuce at hat rst mssedherng the power to t such contnuces e oer exception to the appret mandae depo Ths was a dscssed above but t must be emphasized here at i DHS prevas isrguent that 240(b)()(A) is absotey mandato so at the cour has no opon but to issue anin absenia order in y o hese ces then it must order VD epored as well because she toowas absent er receivng noce d ere s no more o excepton ren to e iteralterms o 40(b)()(A) r her th there is r anyone ese The reucio a absurum genteads us to ask To what end e peope ordered removed under this secion? w

maria ludivia sanchez-medina, a087 944 781 (bia june 27, 2014)

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