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Regional Table Top Exercise for Countries of Middle East and North Africa
Tunisia; 11 – 13 July 2017
Mariano Ramos
Surveillance
Chargé de Mission – OIE Programmes Department
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Rinderpest: surveillance considerations
Key definitions and criteria
Critical components in the design
Performance: assessment and evaluation on
surveillance systems
Data sources
Tools and applications
Agenda
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Chapter 1
Key definitions and criteria
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How do countries do to deal against
animal diseases?
How can we detect animal
diseases?
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Setting up a system
for animal disease control
All animal diseases are of our interest ?
• Private profession
• Public profession
Are there priorities ?
• Assessment
• Impact
• Decisions
Taking decisions
• Public goods
• Actors
Consensus
Agreements
Based on:
• Priorities
• Structure
• Operability
• Action plan
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The Animal Health status
Animal Health Status
Applying animal disease
control measures
Identifying animal
diseases
Control
purposes
Eradication
purposes
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Surveillance: its importance
Animal health surveillance has always been an essential activity of
Veterinary Services, necessary:
for the detection of diseases,
for monitoring disease trends,
as a tool for controlling endemic and exotic diseases,
to support claims for freedom from disease, infection or residues,
to provide data to support the risk analysis process in trade decision making
for both animal health and public health purposes,
to evaluate the economic loss caused by diseases,
to provide data required for international trade of animals and animal
products and
to substantiate the rationale for sanitary measures.
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SurveillanceKey definitions and criteria
Passive surveillance
Notification received from:
• producers,
• veterinarians in the field,
• slaughterhouse/abattoir
inspection
• or a diagnostic laboratory
Active surveillance
• Game of priorities
• Assessment on impact
• Perspectives:
PH/WL/Stakeholders
• Needs for disease information
• Budget limitations
Core component for the early warning systems
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Surveillance in a glance
Design:
critical
components
Data sourceTools and
applications
Definition
and core
concepts
Performance:
assessment
and evaluation
on surveillance
systems
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Chapter 2
Critical components in the design
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Setting up the surveillance plan
1. What is the purpose of the surveillance plan?
2. What is the scope of the surveillance plan?
3. Who is the intended audience for the
surveillance plan? Who will ultimately read and
use it?
4. Who are the customers using the information
and how will they benefit from surveillance?
5. Who are the members of the surveillance
planning team and what are their roles and
responsibilities?
6. What background and supporting information
are needed for the development of the
surveillance plan?
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Surveillance system process and actors
National Veterinary Services and laboratory
• Data management and analyses
• Scope and objectives of surveillance (Steering committee)
• Surveillance protocols and implementation (Technical committee)
Data centralisation
Veterinary Services and laboratorios at lower administrative unit
Data centralisation and validation
Local veterinarians, technicians, wildlife management personnel,
paraprofessionals and Community animal health workers
Data reporting and collection
Farms Markets SlaughterhousesBorder
controlWildlife
Feed
back
of in
form
atio
n
Field level
Local level
Intermediate level
Central level
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Selection of appropriate methodsSeveral questions to determine methods or tools
What are the purpose(s)
and objectives
of the system?
Which animals constitute the
population of interest and at what
level (e.g. herd, individual)?
What surveillance type(s)
would be appropriate (i.e.
active, passive)?
What surveillance method
(e.g. survey, tissue sample
collection, observational)?
How does one select
which animals will be
included (e.g. random,
risk-based)?
How will the results of the surveillance be shared
with stakeholders (e.g. verbal report, electronic
report, team meeting)?
How often (e.g. annually, monthly)?
How will the data be analyzed? What is the analysis
intended to provide (e.g. management practices in
a population, disease prevalence, documentation of
disease freedom)?
How/where are data maintained (e.g. paper, local
spreadsheet, centralized database)?
Do any kind of tissue or other materials need to be
collected for analysis (e.g. feed, blood/sera,
tissue)? If so, what kind of tests will be performed?
What data need to be collected in the field (e.g.
breed, age, herd size, management practices)?
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Other critical components in the design
Nature of disease or conditions
Expected outputs or outcomes of surveillance
Selection of the methods and tools available
Planning the use of data sources
Target population data
Sampling strategies
Data processing and analysis
Investigation procedures
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Other critical components in the design
Communication, reporting and sharing of
information
Planning performance measurements
Surveillance system implementation
priorities, timeline and internal
communications
Cost-effectiveness and funding
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Chapter 3
Performance: assessment and evaluation
on surveillance systems
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Performance: assessment and evaluation on
surveillance systems
For overall assessment
• Structure of the evaluation
• Quality attributes
• Cost and cost-effectiveness
Evaluation of the Veterinary Services
• The OIE PVS Pathway
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Elements of a surveillance system to be
described in the evaluationObjectives: i.e. enabling trade, enhancing
production or profitability, mitigating human
health risks, protecting biodiversity, etc.
Health event: case definitions
Surveillance activities including populations under
surveillance, i.e. passive reporting from different
sources, periodic sampling to estimate prevalence,
active risk-based screening of selected production
establishments or conservation areas, etc. Logistics: describe data type, data sources,
data collection and storage, data analysis,
data reporting, frequency and distribution of
data reports
Stakeholders, authority and
responsibilities
Description of relevant regulations
Estimated costs: budget description
1
3
5
7
2
4
6
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Evaluation of a surveillance system
Identify objectives of the evaluation
Which questions we wish to ask
and what we want to achieve with surveillance
Describe the surveillance system
Question 1:
What are the purpose and objectives and are
they appropriate?
Question 2:
What are the impacts of the system?
Question 3:
Is the combination of surveillance activities
best suited to meet the surveillance
objectives?
Question 4:
Are the selected surveillance activities being
implemented well?
Conclusions and recommendations
1
3
5
7
2
4
6
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OIE PVS Pathway
The OIE collaborates with governments, donors and other stakeholders
Sustainable consolidation of national animal health systems
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Surveillance in the PVS pathway
Fundamental component II:
• Technical authority and capability
Critical competency 5:
• Epidemiological surveillance and early
detection
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Epidemiological surveillance and early detection
Critical Competency Nº II – 5 of the PVS EvaluationII-5 Epidemiological
surveillance and early
detection
Levels of advancement
The authority and capability
of the VS to determine,
verify and report on the
sanitary status of the
animal populations,
including wildlife, under
their mandate.
A. Passive
epidemiological
Surveillance
< 1 The VS have no passive surveillance programme.
2 The VS conduct passive surveillance for some relevant diseases and have
the capacity to produce national reports on some diseases.
3
The VS conduct passive surveillance in compliance with OIE standards for
some relevant diseases at the national level through appropriate networks in
the field, whereby samples from suspect cases are collected and sent for
laboratory diagnosis with evidence of correct results obtained. The VS have a
basic national disease
reporting system.
4
The VS conduct passive surveillance and report at the national level in
compliance with OIE standards for most relevant diseases. Producers and
other interested parties are aware of and comply with their obligation to report
the suspicion and occurrence of notifiable diseases to the VS.
> 5 The VS regularly report to producers and other interested parties and the
international community (where applicable) on the findings of passive
surveillance programmes.
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Epidemiological surveillance and early detection
Critical Competency Nº II – 5 of the PVS Evaluation
II-5 Epidemiological
surveillance and early
detection
Levels of advancement
The authority and capability
of the VS to determine,
verify and report on the
sanitary status of the
animal populations,
including wildlife, under
their mandate.
B. Active epidemiological
Surveillance
< 1 The VS have no active surveillance programme.
2 The VS conduct active surveillance for some relevant diseases (of economic and
zoonotic importance) but apply it only in a part of susceptible populations and/or do
not update it regularly.
3 The VS conduct active surveillance in compliance with scientific principles and OIE
standards for some relevant diseases and apply it to all susceptible populations but
do not update it regularly.
4 The VS conduct active surveillance in compliance with scientific principles and OIE
standards for some relevant diseases, apply it to all susceptible populations, update
it regularly and report the results systematically.
> 5 The VS conduct active surveillance for most or all relevant diseases and apply it to
all susceptible populations. The surveillance programmes are evaluated and meet
the country’s OIE obligations.
Terrestrial Code References:
Points 6, 7 and 9 of Article 3.1.2. on Fundamental principles of quality: Veterinary legislation/General
organisation/Procedures and standards.
Points 1-3 of Article 3.2.8. on Animal health controls: Animal health status/Animal health control/National animal disease
Reporting systems.
Sub-points a) i), ii) and iii) of Point 7 of Article 3.2.14. on Animal health: Description of and sample reference data from
any national animal disease reporting system controlled and operated or coordinated by the Veterinary
Services/Description of and sample reference data from other national animal disease reporting systems controlled and
operated by other organisations which make data and results available to Veterinary Services/Description and relevant
data of current official control programmes including:… or eradication programmes for specific diseases.
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Chapter 4
Data sources
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Data sources
Personnel involved in data collection
• people in contact with animals
• diagnosticians
• people able to collect, organise and analyse
the data;
• people who can assess the information
generated
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Data sources
Where can surveillance data be collected
and accessed?
• a) interviews and questionnaires;
• b) observations;
• c) review of records or other documents.
• d) collection may varies as surveillance
Passive
Active
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Data sources
Notifications
Slaughterhouse/abattoir surveillance
Engagement of hunters and others in wildlife surveillance
Vector surveillance
Indirect indicators
Import and export testing
Vaccination records
Production records
Mortality and animal disposal data
Animal movement records
Population data
Media-based surveillance
Advantages
Limitations
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Chapter 5
Tools and applications
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Tools and applications
Application of surveillance strategies
• Disease presence
• Absence of disease
• Monitoring progress
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Tools and applications
Classic tools
• Case definition
• Surveys and
sampling design
• Reporting systems
• Compensation
issues
• Passive surveillance
• Active surveillance
Sentinel herds or animals
Participatory surveillance
Syndromic surveillance
Serological surveillance
and immunity coverage
Vector surveillance
• Chemical residue
surveillance
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Tools and applications
Tools for optimisation of surveillance
systems
• Risk-based surveillance
• Integration of data from multiple sources
• Epidemiological modeling
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References
Guide to Terrestrial Animal Health
Surveillance
• © Copyright OIE, 2014
• ISBN: 978-92-9044-842-6
OIE Terrestrial Code
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OIE Publications Unit
www.oie.int/catalogue/eCAT2017.pdf
• Standards
• Review
• Bulletin
• Proceedings & Compendiums
• Thematic publications
• Technical Series
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Chapter 1
Rinderpest: surveillance considerations
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OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code
Section 1.Animal disease diagnosis, surveillance and
notification
Chapter 1.1.Notification of diseases, infections and
infestations, and provision of epidemiological
information
Chapter 1.2.Criteria for the inclusion of diseases, infections
and infestations in the OIE list
Chapter 1.3.Diseases, infections and infestations listed by
the OIE
Chapter 1.4.Animal health surveillance
Chapter 1.5.Surveillance for arthropod vectors of animal
diseases
Chapter 1.6.Procedures for self declaration and for official
recognition by the OIE
Volume 1: General provisions
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Chapter 8.15. Rinderpest standards
Article 8.15.3: Ongoing surveillance post global
freedom
• annual re-confirmation of rinderpest absence is no
longer required.
• countries are still required:
to carry out general surveillance in accordance with Chapter 1.4. to detect
rinderpest should it recur and
to comply with OIE reporting obligations concerning the occurrence of
unusual epidemiological events in accordance with Chapter 1.1.
Countries should also maintain national contingency plans for responding
to events suggestive of rinderpest.
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Rinderpest: surveillance perspective
RP is an animal disease globally eradicated in 2011
Passive surveillance is the most likely way in which:
• new or emerging disease will be detected
• an intentional introduction of disease would be detected
(bioterrorism)
Active surveillance:
• Syndromic surveillance
Stomatitis-enteritis syndrome
Sudden death
• Die-off mortality in cattle / buffalo with negative results for other
etiology usual findings
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Conclusion
Surveillance for the veterinary community is very
important.
Several fields use different data sources for
different purposes.
Integration of surveillance systems - e.g.
• Animal Health
• Public Health
Other perspectives in the future ?
• Animal Health
• Law Enforcement / Security
12, rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France
www.oie.int
[email protected] - [email protected]
Mariano Ramos
Thank you for your attention