Marine and Hydrokinetics

Hoyt Battey

Water Power Program

CESA

May 13th 2010

Marine and Hydrokinetic Technologies

Current Energy

• Includes tidal, ocean current and in-stream hydrokinetics

• Typically employs turbine variants

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion

• Open-cycle or closed-cycle – both use temperature differentials in water to power a low pressure turbine (Rankine cycle)

Wave Energy Converters

Wide variety of conversion technologies

• floating or submerged

• near-shore or far out to sea

• Attenuator

• Overtopping

• Oscillating Water

Column (OWC)

• Oscillating Wave Surge

Converter (OWSC)

• Point Absorber

– Floating

– Submerged Pressure Differential

• Other

Technology Types – Wave

Technology Types – Wave

• Attenuator• Overtopping

• Oscillating Water

Column (OWC)

• Oscillating Wave Surge

Converter (OWSC)

• Point Absorber

– Floating

– Submerged Pressure Differential

• Other

Description: An attenuator is a long, semi-submerged

floating structure aligned in parallel with wave direction

and anchored to the seafloor. Existing forms of this

technology are composed of multiple sections that rotate

relative to one another in a pitch-and-heave motion. The

differing heights of the waves create an up and down

motion of the sections, creating a flexing at the hinges,

which is turned into electricity via hydraulic pumps or

other forms of power take-offs.

Technology Types – Wave

• Attenuator

• Overtopping• Oscillating Water

Column (OWC)

• Oscillating Wave Surge

Converter (OWSC)

• Point Absorber

– Floating

– Submerged Pressure Differential

• Other

Description: An overtopping device is a floating reservoir

structure consisting of (1) a collector (a.k.a. reflecting

arms), (2) a ramp, and (3) a terminator / terminating

reservoir. Waves are concentrated by the collector and

delivered via the ramp(s) to the reservoir (above sea

level), which creates a head of water that is then released

through hydro turbines as the water flows back out into

the sea.

• Attenuator

• Overtopping

• Oscillating Water

Column (OWC)• Oscillating Wave Surge

Converter (OWSC)

• Point Absorber

– Floating

– Submerged Pressure Differential

• Other

Description: The OWC is a form of terminator that can utilize

collectors to increase electricity output. There are two types of

OWC: (1) shore/breakwater mounted and (2) floating. Both OWCs

operate by the same principle in which water enters a chamber

through a subsurface opening. The wave action causes this column

of water to move up and down much like a piston - compressing and

decompressing the air. The changes in air pressure are channeled

through an air turbine (usually a bi-directional Wells turbine) making

use of airflow in both directions.

Technology Types – Wave

• Attenuator

• Overtopping

• Oscillating Water

Column (OWC)

• Oscillating Wave Surge

Converter (OWSC)• Point Absorber

– Floating

– Submerged Pressure Differential

• Other

Description: An OWSC is a shoreline or near-shore

device situated perpendicular to the direction of the

waves that extracts the horizontal energy that exists in

waves caused by the movement of water particles within

them. The device consists of a paddle arm pivoting back-

and-forth on a horizontal axis. The oscillation of the

paddle arm is absorbed by a hydraulic pump to create

electricity.

Technology Types – Wave

• Attenuator

• Overtopping

• Oscillating Water

Column (OWC)

• Oscillating Wave Surge

Converter (OWSC)

• Point Absorber

– Floating– Submerged Pressure

Differential

• Other

Description: There are two types of point absorbers: (1) floating

and (2) submerged pressure differential. Wave action causes the

components of both types to move relative to each other. A

floating point absorber absorbs energy in all directions through its

movements at/near the water surface. The wave action drives an

electromechanical or hydraulic energy converter.

Technology Types – Wave

Description: The submerged pressure differential point absorber

consists of an air-filled chamber resting on an anchored shaft on

the seafloor. The motion of passing waves causes the sea level to

rise and fall above the, causing a pressure differential in the device.

This up and down motion of the air-filled chamber can either serve

as a water pump or can be directly converted to electricity through

use of a hydraulic system.

• Attenuator

• Overtopping

• Oscillating Water

Column (OWC)

• Oscillating Wave Surge

Converter (OWSC)

• Point Absorber– Floating

– Submerged Pressure Differential

• Other

Technology Types – Wave

• Horizontal axis turbine

– Venturi

• Vertical axis turbine

• Oscillating hydrofoil

Technology Types – Tidal Current

• Horizontal axis turbine• Vertical axis turbine

• Oscillating hydrofoil

Description: A horizontal axis tidal current rotary device

extracts energy from water moving parallel to the axis of

the rotor’s rotation. Devices can be housed within ducts –

e.g. Venturi – to create secondary flow effects by

concentrating the flow of water and producing a pressure

differential. Most devices have a central axle. However,

some devices, like OpenHydro’s Open-Centre Turbine, do

not have a central axle, but rather utilize a stator to keep

the rotors fixed.

Technology Types – Tidal Current

• Horizontal axis turbine

• Vertical axis turbine• Oscillating hydrofoil

Description: A vertical axis tidal current rotary device has

a main rotor shaft arranged vertically as to extract energy

from the flow of moving water in any horizontal direction.

An example of the vertical axis turbine include the Gorlov

helical turbine.

Technology Types – Tidal Current

• Horizontal axis turbine

• Vertical axis turbine

• Oscillating hydrofoil

Technology Types – Tidal Current

Description: This is a hydrofoil attached to an oscillating

arm. The oscillation motion is caused by the tidal current

flowing either side of a wing, which results in lift. This

motion can then drive fluid in a hydraulic system to be

converted into useful energy (IEA, 2006).

• Ocean Current Turbines

Description: While ocean current turbines are likely to

have many design similarities to tidal current turbines,

these devices will likely be larger, designed for

unidirectional flow, and have different mooring

configurations (for deeper water).

Technology Types – Ocean Current

• River Current Turbines Description: Essentially unidirectional tidal current

turbines, most designs developed to date have included

shrouded turbines with piled foundations/moorings.

Technology Types – River Current

Slide 16

Technology Types – OTEC

Closed CycleOpen Cycle

17

DOE Industry Database

At a Glance

• Industry Benchmarking / Investment

• Snapshot of the industry: 129 technologies (US, 42), 143 companies (US, 48), 292 projects (US, 180)

•Developer info and location

•Resource/technology category

•Project stage-of-development

•Regulatory status

•Unit dimensions, deployment and manufacturing locations

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydrokinetic/default.aspx

MHK Global Technology Database

Industry Challenges

• Lack of design tools, standards, and validation data are preventing disciplined approach to design.

• Lack of performance and reliability data creates high technical and cost uncertainty, is prohibiting financing of development and demonstration projects.

• Test facilities are needed where new technologies can be proven outside the normal regulatory path.

• Uncertain environmental, navigational, and competing use impacts, complex regulatory framework Siting and regulatory delays may stop industry before it starts

Technologies are at a relatively early stage – industry needs to be able to put projects in the water (and in the lab) and test them

19

European Experience

• Extensive testing resources:– European Marine Energy Centre

(EMEC) in Scotland's Orkney Islands

– New and Renewable Energy Centre (NaREC) in England

– WaveHub in England

– Nissum Bredning in Denmark

– Gallway Bay and proposed Belmullet Bay site in Ireland

• OpenHydro, Marine Current Turbine, OPT all industry leaders, deployed in EU with later commercial deployments planned in North America

Slide 20

Siting and Permitting

Diagram from PEV Report “Siting Methodologies for Hydrokinetics” produced for DOE, available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/

DOE Water Power Mission

• Assess the potential extractable energy from domestic rivers, estuaries and marine waters

• Help industry harness this renewable, emissions-free resource through environmentally sustainable and cost-effective electric generation

EERE focuses on applied research, development, and deployment

• Most fundamental R&D undertaken by DOE Office of Science

• Policy role limited to advice and recommendations

MHK Project Portfolio

Primary DOE Research Areas

Technology Development

System Development, Deployment and

Verification

• Prove device functionality and

generate cost, performance and

reliability data

Research Tools and Models

• Develop design codes, models

necessary for system development

and testing

Test Centers and Facilities

• Ensure necessary facilities exist to

generate and collect system data

Technology Characterization and

Evaluation

• Develop standards and models to

analyze and evaluate test data

Market Acceleration

Resource Assessments

• Quantify resource availability and

integrate with technology data to

produce cost curves

Environment and Siting

• Evaluate and minimize key

environmental risks to permitting

and deployment of demonstration

projects

Economic Analysis and Market

Development

• Disseminate technology and

resource data and integrate into

energy benefit/deployment models

13 GW

20 GW

57 GW

5 GW

3 GW7 GW

15 GW

20 GW

Aggregation of currently available published estimates

Prices for Electricity in the U.S.

Average Retail Price (all sectors) = 9.3¢/kwh

Regional Average Retail

Price (all sectors)

Alaska/Hawaii – 18.29¢/kwh

North Atlantic – 15.22¢/kwh

Mid Atlantic – 11.19¢/kwh

Pacific Coast – 10.71¢/kwhSource: Energy Information Administration, Form EIA-861, “Annual Electric Power Industry Report.”

Electricity Price Components

Generation accounts for only 68%

of the cost for retail electricity.

Where does MHK need to be?

•6.2¢/kWh based on average electricity

prices across the US

• 7.8¢/kWh based on average electricity

prices in coastal areas

• Alaska/Hawaii – 12.44¢/kwh

• North Atlantic – 10.34¢/kwh

• Mid Atlantic – 7.60¢/kwh

• Pacific Coast – 7.28¢/kwh

All prices in $2009

Current Costs for MHK

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Tidal

Electricity Prices for Generation

Wave

OTEC

Where is it now? Wave: $0.20-0.70/kWh

Current:$0.15-0.30/kWh

OTEC $0.50+/kWh

Fields represent ranges of cost uncertainty. DOE is undertaking projects to quantify and validate costs.

27

Estimated Components of Project Cost

Transmission and Grid

Interconnection (~5%)

Siting, Environmental

Monitoring and

Permitting (~20%)

Moorings and Foundation (~15%)

Mechanical and

Electrical

Components (~30%)

Materials and

Structure (~20%)

Installation, O+M, and

Decommissioning (~10%)

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DOE-SPONSORED TIDAL PROJECTS AND TECHOLOGY READINESS LEVELS

Funded MHK Projects

FY2008 Industry Awardees

• Verdant Power Inc.

• Snohomish PUD

• Concepts ETI

• Lockheed Martin

FY2009 Industry Awardees

• ORPC

• Harris Miller Miller & Hanson

• Principal Power

• Columbia Power Technologies

• Free Flow Power

• Dehlsen

• Ocean Power Technologies

FY2010 Industry Awardees

• DOE Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) currently open

DOE-Sponsored MHK Projects and

Technology Readiness Levels

TRL 1-3 TRL 4-6 TRL 7-8 TRL 9

Wave

• Point Absorber

• Attenuator

• OWC

• Air Turbine

Current

• Ocean

• Tidal

• In-Stream

• Turbines

• Gears / Generator

Power Transmission

Moorings & Anchors

OTEC

• Cold Water Pipe

• Heat Exchange

Resolute2

Resolute1

Dehlsen

E3Tec

Rotating

Composite

Technologies

Dehlsen

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MHK Resource Assessments

Existing Resource Assessments:

• Very basic and incomplete; show moderate resource size

Program Supported Detailed Resource Assessments

• Comprehensive across the U.S; integrated across resource type

– Wave: EPRI, complete in FY 2010

– Tidal: Georgia Tech, complete in FY 2010

– Ocean Current: Florida Atlantic University, complete in FY 2011

– Instream: EPRI, complete in FY 2011

– OTEC: Lockheed Martin, complete in FY 2011

– Final Integrated Model: National Academy of Sciences, Complete FY 2011/12

•Will not be detailed enough for project-specific siting, local zoning and/or marine spatial planning efforts.

31

DOE Hydrodynamic Test Facility Database

Existing hydrodynamic test facilities appropriate for MHK devices

• 27 operators and 84 different test facilities

• Information includes:• Basic Specifications • Towing Capabilities • Wavemaking Capabilities • Channel/Tunnel/Flume • Wind Capabilities • Control and Data Acquisition • Data Generation Capability • Test Services • Special Characteristics

Existing Testing Facilities

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydrodynamic/

NREL is in the process of conducting a national MHK Testing Facilities Needs Assessment for DOE

Turbine Impacts to Marine Mammal Behavior

Project Title: Acoustic Monitoring of Beluga Whale Interactions with Cook Inlet Tidal Energy Project

PI: Monty Worthington, ORPC

Partners: Greeneridge Sciences Inc., LGL Alaska Research Associates, Alaska Department of Fish and Game, University of Alaska Anchorage, HDR/DTA

Funding Level: $600,000

Objectives: Determine if physical presence and/or noise of planned ORPC tidal device is associated with changes in marine mammal distribution, relative abundance, and behavior. Passive hydroacoustic devices used determine relative abundance and location of beluga whale vocalizations and echolocations within Deployment Area in Cook Inlet, AK.

Slide 32

MHK MA 2.1 –Industry Projects 2009

Tidal Device Impacts on Sediment Transport

Project Title: Environmental Effects of Sediment Transport Alteration and Impacts on Protected Species: Edgartown Tidal Energy Project (Massachusetts)

PI: Stephen Barret, HMMS

Partners: UMASS-Dartmouth School for Marine Science & Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies

Funding Level: $600,000

Objectives: (1) evaluate potential environmental impacts associated with sediment transport alteration of two established tidal energy technologies; and (2) collect and analyze information on occurrence and potential impacts to protected species in the project area.

Slide 33

MHK MA 2.1 –Industry Projects 2009

Siting Study for Ocean Current Energy Devices

Project Title: Siting Study for a Hydrokinetic Energy Project Located Offshore Southeast Florida

PI: Charles Vinick, Dehlsen Associates, LLC.

Partners: Ecology and Environment, Inc. Miami Lakes, Florida; Florida Atlantic University, Center for Ocean Energy Technology, Dania Beach, Florida; Nova Southeastern University, Oceanographic Center, Dania Beach, Florida

Funding Level: $600,000

Objectives: (1) To develop a bottom habitat survey methodology and siting study approach in consultation with regulatory and resource management agencies on the OCS offshore southeast Florida; and (2) Use this information to conduct MHK site suitability analysis for ocean current MHK devices

Slide 34

MHK MA 2.1 –Industry Projects 2009

FY 09 University Research Program (Conventional Hydropower)

35

• Two awards, each of ~$1M/yr for 3 years

– Stimulate new interest among academic institutions, their students and research faculty in conventional hydropower

– Generate new knowledge and technology from the research conducted, and

– Produce a new generation of engineers and scientists to work in hydropower

• Penn State University (John Cimbala, et al.)

– Support at least eight MS or PhD research projects of graduate students and faculty members

– Strong ties to American Hydro Corporation

• Hydro Foundation for Research and Education

– Nationally competitive Hydropower Fellowship Program

– Two-year funding for up to 27 graduate students based on research proposals by committee of hydro experts

Education / Workforce Development

MHK Scholarship Program

Project Title: The Distinguished Visiting Scientist in Marine Renewable Energy Fellowship: An Innovative Workforce Development Program

PI: Sean O’Neill, Foundation for Ocean Renewables

Partners: Sustainable Energy Ireland

Funding Level: $85,600

Objectives:To send graduate, PhD, or post-graduate students (1 initially) to complete work/study on projects which involve day-to-day operations and maintenance on open-water test berths and demonstration devices (e.g., Galway Bay)

Slide 36

Education / Workforce Development

Summary

• The industry is real

• Technology is developing rapidly

• Environmental and other concerns need to be addressed early

• Overcoming challenges will require new information and responsible, adaptively managed pilot projects

Thank you for your time!!

Alejandro MorenoAlejandro.moreno@ee.doe.gov

Hoyt BatteyHoyt.Battey@ee.doe.gov