MARINE TERMINAL UNIT 1 BY MARK BUTLER MARINE TERMINAL Marine Terminal Define as: A marine environment where loading and unloading, striping and stuffing of ships and container receiving, handling, holding, consolidating and loading or delivery of waterborne shipments or passengers. MARINE TERMINAL OSHA define marine terminal as: Marine terminal means wharves, bulkheads, quays, piers, docks and other berthing locations and adjacent storage or adjacent areas and structures associated with the primary movement of cargo or materials from vessel to shore or shore to vessel including structures which are devoted to receiving, handling, holding, consolidating and loading or delivery of waterborne shipments or passengers, including areas devoted to the maintenance of the terminal or equipment. The term does not include production or manufacturing areas nor does the term include storage facilities directly associated with those productions or manufacturing areas. Marine Terminal Operators Marine Terminal Operators (MTOs) provide wharfage, dock, warehouse, or other marine terminal facilities to ocean common carriers moving cargo in the ocean-borne, foreign commerce of the United States. MTOs include: Marine Terminal Operators Public port authorities: That own and maintain the docks and other facilities, and sometimes directly operate the marine terminal that ocean common carriers use. Marine Terminal Operators Private terminal operators: Companies that lease terminals from a public port authority (which acts as a landlord) and operate the leased terminals as a private business Marine Terminal Operators Roles of a marine terminal are to: service a country service an urban area service a hinterland service a specific industrial process Be part of a transportation network. Marine Terminal Operators The term hinterland has the general sense of the district behind that lying along the coast or along the shore of a river; the backcountry. Marine Terminal Operators The hinterland is the catchment area from which a port draws its trade. This means the area from which it receives goods and commodities to be shipped and to which it sends the goods and commodities that are unloaded from ships. Marine Terminal Operators Functions Some of the many functions that a marine terminal may perform are: to transfer cargo between: ship and shore one ship and another; often between ocean-going vessels and vessels servicing local coasts and islands Marine Terminal Operators ship and rail ship and road (roll on and roll off) ship and barge (LASH, SEEBEE, BACAT and inland barges)1 ship and pipelines Marine Terminal Operators to store cargo (open and closed storage) to consolidate cargo from individual consignors to various consignees for shipment as one overall consignment and, conversely, break it up for distribution to package cargo so that it can be stowed Marine Terminal Operators to partially process raw materials in order to diminish their weight or volume, simplify transfer and storage, reduce hazards and difficulties during transportation, or to improve and simplify the next stage of their processing to handle passengers. to store cargo (open and closed storage) Factors Governing Terminal Investment Marine terminals require enormous investment and go through several years of planning before they ever get built. Some of the broad categories of the many issues that have to be considered in deciding to build a terminal are: Factors Governing Terminal Investment its location and geography the availability and cost of labour the availability of basic utilitiespower, water, telephones its transport linksrail, road, inland waterways its hinterlandbusiness plans, business forecasts Factors Governing Terminal Investment economicfinancial planning, cost-benefit analyses environmental impacts socialpositive and negative impacts. Infrastructure for management and workershousing, shops, schools, transport, hospitals politicaljurisdiction, support and opposition Brief History Of Terminal Development The original terminals were often ramshackle collections of buildings and warehouses built along the wharves in line with the local waterfront. Finger piers developed in the 19th century when the supply of unused water frontage dwindled. Brief History Of Terminal Development Modern terminals are often constructed away from major urban centres because the land and open spaces they require is just not available at the historical sites, or if it is, only at a prohibitively high cost. Brief History Of Terminal Development Over time, terminals have evolved from being general-purpose facilities to highly specialized and highly mechanized facilities equipped to very efficiently handle just one type of cargo such as liquid bulk, dry bulk, or containers. Operational planning Equipment The type of equipment used at marine terminals obviously depends on the products to be handled, the weight and dimensions of the individual units of the product, the quantities of the product, and the distance of movement during cargo operations. Operational planning Equipment selection involves not only the acquisition of the equipment (its cost, performance, delivery time, anticipated lifetime) but also the operation and maintenance of the equipment. Operational planning Purchasers need to consider: reliability skill level of operators (and hence the cost) operator training required quality of the maintenance manuals Operational planning routine maintenance procedures and defect reporting procedures repair and workshop requirements spare parts provisioning average repair times equipment replacement plans in the event of failure. Operational planning The size of the inventory of spare parts for machinery required at the terminal depends on the location of the terminal. If the terminal is close to an off-site supply of spares, then a smaller and less expensive inventory of spare parts needs to be kept at the site. Operational planning In locations close to established urban areas, some terminals frequently have routine maintenance and repairs handled by contract off site, or at least have the immediate availability of experts specialists if required. Warehouse And Storage Areas The type and size of warehouses and transit areas at terminals are dependent on the product, its unit size (average weight/measurement ratio or density of the cargo mix), floor weight restrictions, and the throughput Warehouse And Storage Areas the daily received tonnage equated to the proposed shipping tonnage, and the under- roof non-useable space, for example, aisles for mobile machinery. The requirement for the building to be sprinkle red or not affects the buildings size, design, and cost. Warehouse And Storage Areas Other factors that go into building specifications are: need for road and rail access peak handling requirements for daily landside reception and delivery maximum shipment sizes peak vessel throughputs Warehouse And Storage Areas storage demandsaverage and maximum dwell time of cargoes; cargo separation requirements; cargo storage environmental controls traffic flow; space for roadways, railways, aisles for machinery; mobile equipment turning circles need for open spans, free of obstruction. Warehouse And Storage Areas The type of storage (open or closed) for bulk cargoes similarly would be dependent on the product, its special storage requirements, its chemical composition, and its susceptibility to fire, explosion, spontaneous combustion, and weather Warehouse And Storage Areas Some shippers indicate their preference as to the form the storage will take, dependent on the type of mobile machinery that might be required to handle their product. Tracked vehicles break up the size of individual granules more easily than wheeled vehicles, and this degradation can have negative commercial repercussions. Material And Storage Areas Sulphur is explosive and supports fire; consequently, it is stored in outside stockpiles and not in sheds or silos. Coal is liable to spontaneously combust, and it too is stored in outside stockpiles. Material And Storage Areas Grain deteriorates in quality when wet, so it is stored in silos. Grain dust is explosive and therefore precautionary systems are supplied in grain elevators to reduce the chances of explosion. Material And Storage Areas Liquid chemicals and fuels, most of which are hazardous, are stored in tanks that are designed with built-in precautionary systemsfoam systems, ventilation systems, breakaway construction and extensive fire-fighting and spillage control equipment. Material And Storage Areas The size and construction of container storage areas is dependent on the throughput, rate of receipt, rate of shipment, and calculated storage periods. Material And Storage Areas The purpose of the terminal is to receive, store and ship cargo as a link in the chain of trade, and how well the terminal is designed to do that can have enormous financial consequences. Safety Safety is an important aspect of the operation of any industrial plant. In most countries, both government authorities and representatives of labour organisations are involved in ensuring safety at marine terminals. Safety All equipment used has to be operated in a safe manner, provided with valid safety certificates, inspected daily before use, and periodically maintained. Experience has shown that the introduction and strict enforcement of safety codes, guidelines, and procedures can reduce accident frequency. Safety All marine terminal workers need to be trained in the: terminals safety regulations safe operation of equipment handling and the storage of dangerous goods (IMO regulations) use of protective clothing and personal safety devices Safety Required first aid rooms must be provided and their locations carefully planned. Obviously, if the terminal is situated close to an area served by a hospital, then post first aid care is immediately available. However, if the terminals location is remote from any hospital, the transportation of injured persons requiring hospital care requires to be planned before hand. Safety Ambulances, planes, helicopters, fast powerboats, or whatever is required must be available when needed, and the co-operation of outside agencies, such as police, army, and navy must also be organized in advance. Safety Emergency And Disaster Response Similar plans have to be in place for the marine terminals response to an emergency or disaster situation at the terminal. Again, if immediate local assistance in the event of fire or disaster is available, then prior arrangements can be made with the relevant local authorities to service the terminal accordingly. Emergency And Disaster Response However, if the terminal location is remote from such assistance, then terminal personnel, equipped with all necessary equipment, must be prepared to act as first responders in the event of an emergency. Emergency And Disaster Response In remote locations, terminal personnel must be fully trained, and as necessary, union contracts have to be negotiated to allow for this extra requirement. Under some circumstances, fully trained safety and emergency response personnel have to be employed on a fulltime basis Emergency And Disaster Response The port authority has to provide: the necessary infrastructure ( fire hydrants, telephone lines, access routes, fire-fighting equipment, and medical centres) manpower trained in firefighting, rescue techniques, and first aid, with access to information on dangerous substances a centre for the coordination of emergency and disaster handling. Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design Civil engineering is a major part of terminal planning and design. The first step in design is detailed site surveys. The site surveys will include: bathymetric survey. Studies of water depth, bottom profiled obstacles, wrecks. The results affect the location of berths and the choice of sea-lanes. Most bathymetric surveys are carried out by means of high- resolution side-scan sonar Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design Topographic survey. Studies of coastal topography. Results affect type of port, ease of land access, and extent of usable land. Topographical survey is required in conjunction with a hydrographic survey to establish shore points Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design meteorological survey. Studies of the dominant winds, rain fall, visibility, precipitation, ice, frequency and severity of storms. Most inhabited regions of the world have weather records. Results affect orientation of approach channels, harbor entrances and berths, breakwater design, ship manoeuvring areas, navaids, and productivity Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design Oceanographic survey. Studies: offshore wave statistics and local wave patterns storm surge amplitudes and frequencies coastal, estuarine, and tidal currents tidal statistics sedimentation littoral drift (migration of beach material due to wave action). Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design The results of these studies affect breakwater design profile of channel and harbour bed profile of banks, beaches, and harbour walls orientation of channels, piers, berths maintenance dredging quay wall design requirements for locks and basins ship manoeuvring requirements Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design Geo-technical survey. Studies: seismic soundings of subsoil strata identification of soil engineering properties of rock penetrability and shearing strength of soft soils. Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design The results affect the design of terminal structures and the design and cost of dredging and reclamation programs Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design Analysis of water properties. Studies the physical chemistry of water, including salinity, pollution, and turbidity. The results affect corrosion of structures and provides data for environmental impact studies Environmental Impact Study. Studies marine flora and fauna. Civil Engineering Aspects of Terminal Design It also studies existing and future land uses. The results estimate the impact on different species, fishing, agriculture, and urban development, leisure activities and historic sites. The study may also recommend terminal design changes aimed at reducing the environmental impact. Marine Terminal Unit1 THE END ARE THERE ANY QUESTION