mario ellul' - melitensiawth.commelitensiawth.com/incoming/index/storja/storja1998/10s.pdf ·...

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STORJA '98 95 MALTESE IMPERIAL MENTALITIES: SUBJECTING THE MALTESE MIND TO IMPERIAL RULE Mario Ellul' By t h e i n t e r - w a r p e r i o d the p o l i t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s at the Colonial Office together with the naval and military requirements i n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n h a d come t o d i c t a t e t h e i b r t u n c s of a n e v e r g r o w i n g number of families on the island. The demise of the commercial and local manufacturing sectors in t h e i m m e d i a t e p r e - W o r l d W a r I years, checked the development of serious alternatives to the Dockyard or the fleet as employment c e n t r e s ' a n d t h e m a j o r i t y of t h e p o p u l a t i o n came t o b e fully dependent on t h e a b i l i t y of t h e i m p e r i a l a u t h o r i t i e s to p r o v i d e d i r e c t and indirect employment or i t s l i v i n g . This growing dependence on m i l i t a r y s p e n d i n g was even more significant to the inhabitants of the C o t t o n e r a , e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r t h e final consolidation o f t h e n a v a l base in F r e n c h C r e e k . W i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of docks f o u r a n d f i v e a n d t h e i r a n c i l l a r y f a c i l i t i e s ( c o m p l e t e d in 1907), the last vestiges of a commercial harbour disappeared- and t h e o r i g i n s of the d a i l y l i v e l i h o o d of n e a r l y a l l t h e f a m i l i e s in the T h r e e C i t i e s c o u l d almost invariably be traced to t h e p r e s e n c e of t h e R o y a l Navy in Maltese waters. From the dockyard worker or naval rating, to the dghajsaman or the washerwoman scrubbing away at the coarse s a i l o r u n i f o r m s , t h e control over the fortunes of these people w a s a b s o l u t e a n d so w a s t h e c o n t r o l over their minds. 1 A s l o n g as the British remained committed to t h e n a v a l b a s e , a wide c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e population r e m a i n e d l a r g e l y l o y a l t o t h e i m p e r i a l cause or if not, to t h e c o n t i n u e d British permanence on t h e i s l a n d . This trend w a s e v e n n o t i c e a b l e among t h e r a n k s o f t h e s o c a l l e d ' p r o - I t a l i a n p a r t y ' and foreign observers somewhat cynically noted that 'I makesi vogliono la religionc di Roma, la lingua di Dante e l a s t e r l i n a i n g l e s e ' . 3 As long as the British p r e s e n c e g u a r a n t e e d a l i v i n g , t h e h u l k o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w a s perhaps m o r e w o n t to sec them as generous benefactors r a t h e r t h a n as usurpers of ' Mario Ellul, a m e m b e r of Storjas editorial board, holds a first class honours degree in history from the University of Malta; he now leaches at De La Salle College.

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Page 1: Mario Ellul' - melitensiawth.commelitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Storja/Storja1998/10s.pdf · STORJA '98 95 MALTESE IMPERIA MENTALITIESL : SUBJECTING THE MALTESE MIND TO IMPERIA RULL

STORJA ' 9 8 9 5

M A L T E S E I M P E R I A L M E N T A L I T I E S :

SUB JECT ING T H E M A L T E S E M I N D T O IMPERIAL R U L E

M a r i o E l l u l '

B y t h e i n t e r - w a r p e r i o d t h e p o l i t i c a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n s a t t h e C o l o n i a l

O f f i c e t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e n a v a l a n d m i l i t a r y r e q u i r e m e n t s i n t h e

M e d i t e r r a n e a n h a d c o m e t o d i c t a t e t h e i b r t u n c s o f a n e v e r g r o w i n g n u m b e r

o f f a m i l i e s o n t h e i s l a n d . T h e d e m i s e o f t h e c o m m e r c i a l a n d l o c a l

m a n u f a c t u r i n g s e c t o r s i n t h e i m m e d i a t e p r e - W o r l d W a r I y e a r s , c h e c k e d

t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s e r i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h e D o c k y a r d o r t h e f l e e t a s

e m p l o y m e n t c e n t r e s ' a n d t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n c a m e t o b e f u l l y

d e p e n d e n t o n t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e i m p e r i a l a u t h o r i t i e s t o p r o v i d e d i r e c t a n d

i n d i r e c t e m p l o y m e n t o r i t s l i v i n g .

T h i s g r o w i n g d e p e n d e n c e o n m i l i t a r y s p e n d i n g w a s e v e n m o r e

s i g n i f i c a n t t o t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e C o t t o n e r a , e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r t h e f i n a l

c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f t h e n a v a l b a s e i n F r e n c h C r e e k . W i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

d o c k s f o u r a n d f i v e a n d t h e i r a n c i l l a r y f a c i l i t i e s ( c o m p l e t e d i n 1 9 0 7 ) , t h e

l a s t v e s t i g e s o f a c o m m e r c i a l h a r b o u r d i s a p p e a r e d - a n d t h e o r i g i n s o f t h e

d a i l y l i v e l i h o o d o f n e a r l y a l l t h e f a m i l i e s i n t h e T h r e e C i t i e s c o u l d a l m o s t

i n v a r i a b l y b e t r a c e d t o t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e R o y a l N a v y i n M a l t e s e w a t e r s .

F r o m t h e d o c k y a r d w o r k e r o r n a v a l r a t i n g , t o t h e d g h a j s a m a n o r t h e

w a s h e r w o m a n s c r u b b i n g a w a y a t t h e c o a r s e s a i l o r u n i f o r m s , t h e c o n t r o l

o v e r t h e fortunes o f t h e s e p e o p l e w a s a b s o l u t e a n d s o w a s t h e c o n t r o l o v e r

t h e i r m i n d s . 1

A s l o n g a s t h e B r i t i s h r e m a i n e d c o m m i t t e d t o t h e n a v a l b a s e , a w i d e

c r o s s s e c t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n r e m a i n e d l a r g e l y l o y a l t o t h e i m p e r i a l c a u s e

o r i f n o t , t o t h e c o n t i n u e d B r i t i s h p e r m a n e n c e o n t h e i s l a n d . T h i s t r e n d

w a s e v e n n o t i c e a b l e a m o n g t h e r a n k s o f t h e s o c a l l e d ' p r o - I t a l i a n p a r t y ' a n d

f o r e i g n o b s e r v e r s s o m e w h a t c y n i c a l l y n o t e d t h a t ' I m a k e s i v o g l i o n o l a

r e l i g i o n c d i R o m a , l a l i n g u a d i D a n t e e l a s t e r l i n a i n g l e s e ' . 3 A s l o n g a s t h e

B r i t i s h p r e s e n c e g u a r a n t e e d a l i v i n g , t h e h u l k o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n w a s p e r h a p s

m o r e w o n t t o s e c t h e m a s g e n e r o u s b e n e f a c t o r s r a t h e r t h a n a s u s u r p e r s o f

' M a r i o E l l u l , a m e m b e r o f Storjas e d i t o r i a l b o a r d , h o l d s a f i r s t class h o n o u r s deg ree

i n h i s t o r y f r o m t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M a l t a ; h e n o w leaches a t D e L a S a l l e C o l l e g e .

Page 2: Mario Ellul' - melitensiawth.commelitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Storja/Storja1998/10s.pdf · STORJA '98 95 MALTESE IMPERIA MENTALITIESL : SUBJECTING THE MALTESE MIND TO IMPERIA RULL

9 6 STORJA ' 9 8

s o v e r e i g n o r c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s .

I n d e e d , a s l o n g a s t h e p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e s c e n t r e d o n c o n s t i t u t i o n a l

i s s u e s , t h e l a n g u a g e q u e s t i o n a n d r e s i s t a n c e t o t h e B r i t i s h a u t h o r i t i e s , t h e

n a t i o n a l d e b a t e r e m a i n e d ' n o t j u s t a l i e n h u t u n d e r c e r t a i n a s p e c t s a n t a g o n i s t i c

t o u r b a n w o r k i n g c l a s s i n t e r e s t s ' . 1 C a r m e l o M i f s u d B o n n i e ! h i m s e l f , a n

e r s t w h i l e s u p p o r t e r o f I t a l i a n c u l t u r e i n t h e i s l a n d , d e c l a r e d t h a t t h e s q u a b b l e s

o v e r t h e l a n g u a g e q u e s t i o n h a d h i n d e r e d t h e s o l u t i o n o f a h o s t o f p r o b l e m s

w h i c h a f f l i c t e d t h e l o w e r c l a s s e s / ' T h o u g h t h e s p e e c h c a m e a t a p o i n t w h e n

' i | - G r o s s ' w a s t r y i n g t o j u s t i f y h i s d e f e c t i o n f r o m t h e N a t i o n a l i s t s ' t o t h e

G o v e r n m e n t ' s s i d e , i t i s s u r e l y v e r y f a i r t o n o t e t h a t t h e p r o b l e m s o f i n f a n t

m o r t a l i t y , u n e m p l o y m e n t , s u b - s t a n d a r d h o u s i n g , t h e m i n o r o u t b u r s t o f

p l a g u e i n 1 9 3 6 , w e r e m o r e r e a l t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n a t l a r g e t h a n t h e i s s u e s o f

n a t i o n h o o d .

PA TRONS AND CLIENTS

T h e f o r c e s i n a d i s t a n t m e t r o p o l i s w h i c h u n d e r w r o t e t h e M a l t e s e

w o r k e r ' s s c a n t y l i v i n g w e r e u n f a t h o m a b l y d e t a c h e d f r o m t h e p r e v a i l i n g s o c i a l

r e a l i t i e s o n t h e i s l a n d , a t l e a s t a s m u c h a s t h e M a l t e s e w e r e i g n o r a n t o f t h e

w o r k i n g s o f W h i t e h a l l o r D o w n i n g S t r e e t . M o r e o v e r , o n g o i n g t h r o u g h

t h e c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w h i c h f l o w e d b e t w e e n M a l t a a n d L o n d o n , o n e i s b o u n d

t o n o t i c e t h a t m a n y a t i m e t h e v i s i o n a t o n e e n d w a s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y s h a r e d

b y t h e o t h e r . T h e u n r e a l i s t i c M a l t e s e e x p e c t e d t o o m u c h o f t h e r i c h a n d

m i g h t y B r i t i s h E m p i r e , 7 n o t e d t h e C o l o n i a l O f f i c e . W h i l e t h e G o v e r n o r ' s

r e a d i n g o f t h e I t a l i a n s i t u a t i o n w a s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y s h a r e d b y D i n d o n ,

e s p e c i a l l y t h e F o r e i g n O f f i c e . O n e s o l i d r e a l i t y b r i d g e d t h e t w o s i d e s - t h a t

t h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e f o r t r e s s d e p e n d e d v e r y m u c h o n t h e l o y a l t y o f t h e

i n h a b i t a n t s .

I n t h e c o n t e x t o f d e t a c h e d r u l e , p a t r o n a g e f l o u r i s h e d a n d d e v e l o p e d

i n t o a p r o m i n e n t t r a i t o f C o l o n i a l M a l t a . I t h a s b e e n p o i n t e d a r g u e d t h a t a

t r u e p a t r o n ' m u s t h a v e m o n o p o l i s t i c c o n t r o l o v e r s o m e s c a r c e o r d e s i r e d

r e s o u r c e ' . 8 I n d e e d , a s t h e l o c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f t h a t d i s t a n t p o w e r i n

L o n d o n , a w h o l e c l a s s o f o f f i c e r s r a n g i n g f r o m t h e G o v e r n o r t o t h e l o c a l

f o r e m a n a t H . M D o c k y a r d c a m e t o b e t h e o n e s w h o i n t h e a b s e n c e o f f o r m a l

i n s t i t u t i o n s , g u a r a n t e e d a c c e s s t o s u c h r a r e c o m m o d i t i e s a s s t e a d y

e m p l o y m e n t . I n r e t u r n , a s i n a t y p i c a l p a t r o n - c l i e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p , t h e i m p e r i a l

a u t h o r i t i e s a n d t h e i r s u b o r d i n a t e s o b t a i n e d p r e s t i g e , p o w e r a n d m o s t

STORJA ' 9 8 9 7

i m p o r t a n t o f a l l l o y a l t y . I n t h e c o l o n i a l c o n t e x t , M a l t a i t s e l f h a s b e e n

d e s c r i b e d a s a ' c l i e n t s t a t e " a n d t h e r e w a s n o l a c k e i t h e r o f p a t r o n s o r o f

c l i e n t s . A p p e a l s w e r e m a d e t o a n y o n e w h o p o s s e s s e d a h i n t o f p o w e r a n d

s t a t u s , f r o m v i l l a g e l e v e l t o t h e G o v e r n o r a t V a l l e t t a . N o r w e r e t h e S e c r e t a r y

o f S t a t e o r t h e K i n g s p a r e d requests r a n g i n g f r o m p l e a s for t h e a b o l i t i o n o f

t h e N . A . A . F . I . , t o l e t t e r s b e g g i n g i n t e r c e s s i o n w i t h O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y

e x a m i n i n g b o a r d s for g o o d p a s s m a r k s . 1 " A s y s t e m o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d

b e g g i n g w h i c h p l a c e d a l l s u b o r d i n a t e s i n t h e s a m e r e l a t i o n t o a p a t e r n a l i s t

o v e r l o r d .

T h e l o c a l d i s p e n s e r s o f p a t r o n a g e w e r e o f c o u r s e q u i t e c o n s p i c u o u s

figures a n d t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s o f t e n v e r g e d o n t h e l i m i t s o f c o r r u p t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y

i f t h e y c o n t r o l l e d a c c e s s t o t h e m o s t p r e c i o u s c o m m o d i t i e s a v a i l a b l e . O n e

o f t h e m o s t n o t o r i o u s c a s e s , o f t e n q u o t e d " a n d c o m m o n k n o w l e d g e t o

m a n y a C o t t o n e r a i n h a b i t a n t w h o s t i l l r e m e m b e r s t h o s e y e a r s , 1 2 w a s a

r e c r u i t m e n t r a c k e t o r g a n i z e d b y o n e o f t h e D o c k y a r d H e a d s o f D e p a r t m e n t

a n d l e d b y h i s s i s t e r . T h e c a s e , w h i c h h a s p a s s e d i n h i s t o r y a s t h a t o f ' j s -

S i n j u r a t a l - B i r g u ' , w a s e x p o s e d b y T h e D o c k y a r d W o r k e r " n e w s p a p e r i n i t s

M a r c h 1 9 3 7 e d i t i o n . U n d e r a t h i n v e i l o f fiction, t h e e d i t o r t o l d t h e s t o r y

o f a ' m y s t e r i o u s s o r c e r e s s ' w h o w o t k e d m i r a c l e s ' a t a p r i c e ' :

A p r i c e i s n o t a b r i b e . F v e r y b o d y i n t h e y a r d k n o w s t h a t . O n l y i t i s

t h e p r i c e t h a t d o e s t h e t r i c k . . . I w o u l d c h a r g e y o u £60 i f y o u i n s i s t t o b e t o o

w i s e . 1 w o u l d c h a r g e o t h e r s d i f f e r e n t p r i c e s r a n g i n g f r o m £10 t o £50. I t i s

f o r y o u t o c h o o s e H

T h e e x i s t e n c e o f s u c h a r a c k e t w a s a t o o w e l l k n o w n s e c r e t , w h i c h

u n t i l i t w a s e x p o s e d w a s t o l e r a t e d b y a l l a n d s u n d r y . A f t e r a l l , t h e c r o w d s o f

u n e m p l o y e d w o r k e r s s t a n d i n g a t t h e D o c k y a r d ' s C o s p i c u a G a t e d i d n o t

e v e n b o t h e r t o r u s h u p t o t h e ' s o r c e r e s s ' i f t h e o c c a s i o n f o r e m p l o y m e n t a t a

p r i c e a r o s e o u t o f t h e r e . " M r . J o e M i z z i , o f C o s p i c u a remembers v e r y c l e a r l y

t h a t h i s f a t h e r o b t a i n e d e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e y a r d i n t h i s w a y , s t a n d i n g a t

C o s p i c u a G a t e w h e r e h e w a s a p p r o a c h e d b y a D o c k y a r d e m p l o y e e . T h e

l a t t e r , a M a l t e s e c h a p w i t h a n F i n g l i s h s u r n a m e , i n s t r u c t e d M i z z i s e n i o r t o

r e p o r t t o a c e r t a i n foreman ' u g h i d l u l i b g h a t t e k j i e n " . a t a p r i c e o f c o u r s e . I t

i s g e n e r a l l y b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s e m p l o y e e w a s w e l l k n o w n t o t h e A d m i r a l

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f H . M . D o c k y a r d : ' t - A m m i r a J l k i e n i h o b h u h a f n a l i l d a n

i t - i a l i ... l o r s i g h a x k e l l u k u n j o n u i I n g l i z ' . " ' '

T h o s e d o c k y a r d w o r k e r s w h o w e r e m o r e l i c i t l y e n r o l l e d , e s p e c i a l l y

t h e y o u n g a p p r e n t i c e s w h o h a d p a s s e d t h e h i g h l y c o m p e t i t i v e D o c k y a r d

Page 3: Mario Ellul' - melitensiawth.commelitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Storja/Storja1998/10s.pdf · STORJA '98 95 MALTESE IMPERIA MENTALITIESL : SUBJECTING THE MALTESE MIND TO IMPERIA RULL

9 8 STORJA ' 9 8

E x a m i n a t i o n h a d a l i f e t i m e s i n e c u r e o p e n e d u p f o r t h e m :

l e k k x i h a d d i k u n d a h a l a p p r e n t f t t i d - D o c k y a r d , k u l h a d d k i c n i n m r

j i f r a h l i l n i n m u . Q i s u s a r x i p r o f e s s u r g h a x d a h a l i d - D o c k y a r d , a l l L i r a g h a n d u

l - h o h / . a t a ' k u l j u m g h a l l - f a m i l i a z g u r . A l i k e t - t f ' a j l i e t . H I d a k k i e n u j k e l l m u .

g h a s d a k g h a n d c k f u t u r m i e g h u . ' 7

T h e u n s k i l l e d d r a f t s o r t h e c a s u a l w o r k e r s w e r e i n a m u c h m o r e

v u l n e r a b l e p o s i t i o n . F o r t h e s e , h o l d i n g o n t o t h e i r d o c k y a r d j o b w a s a c o s t l y

a f f a i r s i n c e t h e i r p e r m a n e n c e o n t h e y a r d ' s r o l l s o f t e n d e p e n d e d o n t h e i r

a b i l i t y t o p a y b r i b e s . D u r i n g t h e p e r i o d i c d i s m i s s a l s o r s p e l l s o f l o n g l e a v e ,

t h o s e w h o d i d n o t p a y w e r e t h e f i r s t t o g o . O t h e r w o r k e r s h u n g u n d e r t h e

m e n a c i n g s h a d o w o f t h e ' S h o a l L i s t s ' : a s y s t e m w h e r e b y w o r k e r s w e r e g r a d e d

b y t h e i r c h a r g e m c n . s u p p o s e d l y a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r p e r f o r m a n c e . T h o s e a t

t h e b o t t o m o f t h e l i s t w o u l d b e t h e f i r s t t o g o i n t i m e s o f r e d u c e d w o r k a t

t h e y a r d . ' " D r . J . S a l i b a s t i l l r e m e m b e r s t h e a n x i e t y w h i c h r e i g n e d a t h o m e

w h e n t h e r u m o u r s o f a p p r o a c h i n g d i s m i s s a l s s t a r t e d c i r c u l a t i n g i n t h e

D o c k y a r d . T h e i n t e r c e s s i o n o f a p a t r o n h a d t o b e b o u g h t o f f a n d S a l i b a

s e n i o r w o u l d h a v e t o b u y a s e v e n s h i l l i n g s ' w o r t h b o t t l e o f e a u d e c o l o g n e

f o r t h e M a l t e s e c h a r g e m a n i n h i s s e c t i o n t o e n s u r e h i s r e t e n t i o n . N o m e a n

p r i c e t o p a y o u t o f a w e e k l y s a l a r y o f a b o u t t h i r t y s h i l l i n g s w h i c h h a d t o g o

i n t o s u p p o r t i n g a f a m i l y o f s i x a n d t w o g r a n d p a r e n t s . T h e s e ' v o l u n t a r y '

c o n t r i b u t i o n s w e r e a v e r y c o m m o n p r a c t i c e a t H . M . D o c k y a r d a n d

c o l l e c t i o n s o f a c u s t o m a r y five s h i l l i n g s w e r e h e l d r e g u l a r l y f o r t h e b u y i n g o f

g i f t s t o c h a r g e m e n o r s u p e r v i s o r s . F a i l u r e t o c o m p l y , n o r m a l l y s p e l l e d t h e

i n c l u s i o n o f y o u r n a m e i n t h e f o r e m a n ' s b l a c k b o o k . I t w a s e v e n c u s t o m a r y

t o p a y s o m e t h i n g l i k e h a l f a c r o w n t o b e s e l e c t e d f o r w o r k i n c o n f i n e d s p a c e

( f o r w h i c h a s p e c i a l a l l o w a n c e w a s p a i d ) o r o v e r t i m e . '*

DIVIDE E T IMPERA

T h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f a c l a s s o f ' g o b e t w e e n ' i n t h e d o c k y a r d i s v e r y

s y m p t o m a t i c o f t h e e m e r g e n c e o f a n e w p r o - B r i t i s h m i d d l e c l a s s o n t h e

i s l a n d . T h e B r i t i s h c o n n e c t i o n o p e n e d u p t h e w a y f o r a g r o u p o f p e o p l e

w h o o t h e r w i s e w o u l d h a v e f o u n d i t d i f f i c u l t t o s t e p u p t h e l a d d e r t h r o u g h

t h e m o r e t r a d i t i o n a l a v e n u e s o f t i t l e s , l a n d e d w e a l t h o r u n i v e r s i t y e d u c a t i o n .

T a k i n g a s a n e x a m p l e t h e D o c k y a r d e m p l o y e e w h o h a d j u s t b e e n p r o m o t e d :

A s a f i r s t s t e p ... h e p u t s o n h i s f e s t a d r e s s f o r d a i l y u s e ... h e i n s i s t s o n

b e i n g c a l l e d ' s i g n o r ' b y h i s f o r m e r m a t e s . H e w i l l n o t a n s w e r u n l e s s t h e y

STORJA ' 9 8 9 9

a d d r e s s h i m s o . H e i s a s h a m e d t o c a l l h i m s e l f w o r k m a n ... C o m p a r i n g

h i m s e l f w i t h t h e c l c r i c o - l e g a l - c o m m e r c i a l c l a s s e s , h e r e n t s a c o s t l y h o u s e

a n d b u y s a n e w s e t o f f u r n i t u r e ... h e k e e p s a s e r v a n t b e c a u s e w i t h o u t a

s e r v a n t n e i t h e r h e w i l l b e c a l l e d ' s i g n o r ' n o r h i s w i f e ' s i g n o r a ' * "

A s a c l a s s , t h i s g r o u p o f p e o p l e o w e d t h e i r e x i s t e n c e t o t h e B r i t i s h

c o n n e c t i o n a n d c o u l d t h u s b e c o u n t e d u p o n a s p r i m e s u p p o r t e r s o f t h e

i m p e r i a l a u t h o r i t i e s o n t h e i s l a n d . A s s u c h , t h i s c l a s s e v e n m a n a g e d t o

p e n e t r a t e o n e o f t h e p u r e l y B r i t i s h s t r o n g h o l d s o n t h e i s l a n d : t h e S l i e m a

b r a n c h o f t h e U n i o n C l u b , w h e r e t h e o n l y M a l t e s e w h o m o n e c o u l d c o m e

a c r o s s w e r e ' a s p r i n k l i n g o f t h e n o b i l i t y a n d t h o s e h o l d i n g m i n o r p o s t s . i t

t h e D o c k y a r d ' . 2 '

A s a m a t t e r o f o f f i c i a l p o l i c y , t h e h i g h e r r a n k s i n t h e y a r d w e r e n o t

o p e n t o ' n a t i v e s ' a n d a s l o n g a s t h e D o c k y a r d r e m a i n e d u n d e r t h e d i r e c t i o n

o f t h e A d m i r a l t y , t h e h i g h e s t p o s t o p e n t o a M a l t e s e w a s t h a t o f ' l o c a l

s u p e r v i s o r ' . 2 2 H o w e v e r , t h e n e w l y a r r i v e d e n g i n e e r o r o f f i c e r f r o m E n g l a n d

w a s m o r e o f t e n t h a n n o t r e a d y t o t h r o w h i m s e l f i n t o t h e h a n d s o f t h i s c l a s s

o f M a l t e s e s u b o r d i n a t e s a n d a c t o n t h e i r a d v i c e e s p e c i a l l y i n m a t t e r s w h i c h

i n v o l v e d r e l a t i o n s w i t h o t h e r w o r k e r s i n t h e y a r d . '1

' T h e p r i v i l e g e d p o s i t i o n o f t h i s c l a s s o f i n t e r m e d i a r i e s w a s c l e a r l y

r e s e n t e d b y t h e l o w e r c l a s s o f w o r k e r s i n t h e D o c k y a r d , w h o g r a d u a l l y b e c a m e

e v e n m o r e d e p e n d e n t o n t h e B r i t i s h a s t h e i r o n l y m e a n s o f r e d r e s s . I t i s

s u r e l y v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e f o r e x a m p l e t h a t t h e g e n e r a l t o n e o f t h e U n i o n

o f D o c k y a r d E m p l o y e e s t h r o u g h T h e D o c k y a r d W o r k e r , w a s m o r e o f t e n

t h a n n o t r e a d y r o l a y t h e p l i g h t o f t h e w o r k e r s ' l o t a t t h e f e e t o f t h e M a l t e s e

' a g i t a t o r s w h o f o o l e d r h c E n g l i s h o f f i c e r s i n t o a c c e p t i n g t h e i r g u i d a n c e " .

A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s a m e n e w s p a p e r , t h o s e E n g l i s h m e n l i t t l e u n d e r s t o o d t h e

p e t t y j e a l o u s i e s a n d b i a s o f t h e s e l o c a l s w h o ' c a u s e d g r e a t h a r m t o m o r e

A n g l o - M a l t e s e u n d e r s t a n d i n g i n t h e y a r d ' . 2 4

T h i s c l a s s o f ' g o b e t w e e n ' w a s e v e n a c c u s e d o f b e i n g b e h i n d t h e

' u n n e c e s s a r y ' d e m a n d s f o r h i g h e r w a g e s b y i n c i t i n g ' t h e o r d i n a r y w o r k m a n

w h o l i v e s a f r u g a l l i f e a g a i n s t t h e a u t h o r i t i e s ' . 2 - A c c o r d i n g t o T h e D o c k y a r d

W o r k e r , t h e s e m e n w e r e l i v i n g b e y o n d t h e i r m e a n s a n d s i m p l y n e e d e d t h e

i n c r e a s e i n w a g e s r o finance s u c h e x t r a v a g a n z a s a s a n e w c a r o r a n e w s e t o f

f u r n i t u r e . " T h e U n i o n s u r g e d m o d e r a t i o n a m o n g t h e d i s a f f e c t e d r a n k s o f

w o r k m e n a n d e v e n t h e o f f i c e r s o f t h e D o c k y a r d a n d I m p e r i a l W o r k e r s U n i o n

p r o f e s s e d t h e i r i n t e n t i o n o f c l e a r i n g m i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g s b e t w e e n t h e

w o r k m e n a n d t h e a u t h o r i t i e s w h i c h a r e l i a b l e t o b e e x p l o i t e d t o t h e d e t r i m e n t

Page 4: Mario Ellul' - melitensiawth.commelitensiawth.com/incoming/Index/Storja/Storja1998/10s.pdf · STORJA '98 95 MALTESE IMPERIA MENTALITIESL : SUBJECTING THE MALTESE MIND TO IMPERIA RULL

1 0 0 STORJA ' 9 8

o f t h e w o r k m e n t h e m s e l v e s a n d t o t h e d e t r i m e n t o f t h e E m p i r e . 2 *

T h e U n i o n c l a i m e d t o b e m a k i n g :

A g e n u i n e e n d e a v o u r t o c o o p e r a t e w i t h t h e A u t h o r i t i e s , a n d t h e

A d m i r a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t h a s i n v a r i a b l y b e e n m o s t c o u r t e o u s a n d k i n d

w h e n e v e r w e h a d o c c a s i o n t o m e e t . Q u i t e r e c e n t l y t h e l o c a l I t a l i a n n e w s p a p e r

a r t a c k e d t h e s p o k e s m a n o f t h e D o c k y a r d a n d I m p e r i a l W o r k e r s U n i o n a s

b e i n g s e r v i l e t o t h e a u t h o r i t i e s b e c a u s e i n s p e e c h e s d e l i v e r e d i n a p u b l i c

m e e t i n g , w e c a r e f u l l y r e f r a i n e d f r o m s t r e s s i n g u n d u l y t h e w o r k e r s ' g r i e v a n c e s .

I w o u l d s u b m i t t h a t t h i s e d u c a t i v e e f f o r t o f m y m a n a g i n g c o m m i t t e e m i g h t

r e c e i v e w i d e r a p p r e c i a t i o n 2 7

T h e o n l y s o u r c e o f p r o t e c t i o n f o r t h e p o o r w o r k m a n a n d h i s f a m i l y

a g a i n s t t h e a b u s e o f h i s f e l l o w c o u n t r y m a n w a s r h e A d m i r a l , o r p e r h a p s

b e t t e r s t i l l a w h o l e h a n d f u l o f t h e m w h o h e l d c o m m a n d a s h o r e a n d a f l o a t .

I n t h e C o t t o n c r a , t h i s o f f i c e r w a s n e a r e r t o t h e p e o p l e ' s h e a r t s t h a n t h e

G o v e r n o r b e c a u s e t o a g r e a t e x t e n t h e w a s m o r e c l o s e l y l i n k e d w i t h t h e i r

p o c k e t s t h a n t h e g e n e r a l a c r o s s t h e h a r b o u r c o u l d e v e r b e . A d m i r a l s w e r e

f r e e l y d e s c r i b e d a s ' C h r i s t i a n ' i f t h e fleet w a s k e p t l o n g e n o u g h i n h a r b o u r

f o r m a n y p e o p l e t o k e e p t h e i r f a m i l i e s i n b r e a d a n d t h a t s o m e t h i n g e x t r a

m o r e . 2 8 A p a r t i c u l a r l y l o n g S u m m e r C r u i s e o r a fleet d e p l o y m e n t w e r e t h e

c a u s e s o f m a j o r c o n c e r n f o r t h e t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s w h o d e p e n d e d o n a s t r o n g

fleet's p r e s e n c e i n t h e h a r b o u r . I t s h o u l d c o m e a s n o s u r p r i s e T h e r e f o r e t h a t

i n t h e p o p u l a r i m a g i n a t i o n , t h e A d m i r a l C - i n - C ' s o r t h e A d m i r a l

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t ' s figures d e v e l o p e d i n t o c h o s e o f a b e m c d a l l e d , b l u e c l a d S t .

F r a n c i s w h o k e p t t h e f l e e t i n h a r b o u r f o r t h e e x c l u s i v e w e l f a r e o f t h e M a l t e s e

a n d d i s t r i b u t e d a l m s i n s h a p e o f e m p l o y m e n t . 2 '

I t i s s u r e l y v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t e v e n t o d a y , w h e n t h e C o t t o n e r a

p e o p l e s p e a k o f ' t h e ' A d m i r a l , m o s t o f t h e m a r e n o r m a l l y r e f e r r i n g t o t h e

A d m i r a l S u p e r i n t e n d e n t , t h e e x e c u t i v e h e a d o f H . M D o c k y a r d . T h i s o f f i c e r

w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y p o p u l a r w i t h t h e C o t t o n e r a p e o p l e . F o r o n e h e l i v e d ' o n

t h e i r s i d e ' i n a 1 7 t h c e n t u r y p a l a c e o n t h e V i t t o r i o s a M a r i n a a n d p e r h a p s

m o r e s i g n i f i c a n t l y , f o r t h e r e s o u r c e s h e h a d a t h i s d i s p o s a l . T h e A d m i r a l ' s

p a t r o n a g e w a s m o s t t h o r o u g h l y s t r i v e n f o r , e s p e c i a l l y b y s u c h b o d i e s a s b a n d

c l u b s a n d s c o u t g r o u p s a n d t h e g r a t i t u d e a n d r e s p e c t o f t h e p e o p l e s h o w e r e d

o n h i m l i k e r a i n :

G h a l l - f e s t i p e r e z e m p j u . l i l m i n s e r t i s t i e d e n . ' L i l t - A m m i r a l l t a d -

D o c k y a r d g h a x d a k s e r j a g h m i l l e k u n u r . G e j 1 - A m m i r a l l ! . . . s t e d i n t fill-gran

a l i a m e t a j i g j l - A m m i r a l l j o n o r a k b i l - p r e z e n / a t i c g h u u k i e n u j a g h m l u l u t -

STORJA ' 9 8 1 0 1

c a p i t i h o n i o r u k u l h a d d j i n k i n a l t j . " 1

T h e s e n s e o f p e r m a n e n c e p e r s o n i f i e d b y t h e o f f i c e o f t h e A d m i r a l

S u p e r i n t e n d e n t l e f t a s t r o n g i m p r i n t o n t h e m i n d s o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n a t

l a r g e . T h a t t h e m i g h t y B r i t i s h E m p i r e w o u l d o n e d a y h a v e t o r e d u c e i t s

w o r l d w i d e c o m m i t m e n t s w a s a p o s s i b i l i t y w h i c h n o o n e d r e a m t o f a n d

w h i l e t h e a b s e n c e o f t h e f l e e t m a y h a v e s p e l l e d r e d u c e d w o r k i n t h e y a r d ,

t h e D o c k y a r d c o u l d n o t s a i l o f t o n a S u m m e r C r u i s e . E v e n a f t e r t h e s a v a g e

p r u n i n g c a r r i e d o u t a f t e r t h e e n d o f t h e F i r s t W o r l d W a r , t h e A d m i r a l t y

r e m a i n e d t h e l a r g e s t e m p l o y e r i n t h e i s l a n d a n d i t s e m p l o y e e s t h e b e s t p a i d

o f t h e w h o l e l o o N o o t h e r e m p l o y e r c o u l d e v e r c h a l l e n g e i t s s t a n d a r d s o f

e m p l o y m e n t . 3 1 C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e w o r k f o r c e a t t h e y a r d w a s r e c k o n e d t o h e

t h e m o s t l o y a l i n p r o - B r i t i s h t e r m s , a l o y a l t y w h i c h a r o s e o u t o f t h e s i m p l e

y e t v e r y p o w e r f u l a x i o m o f ' n o t b i t i n g t h e h a n d t h a t f e d t h e m ' . 3 2

T H E DOCKYARD AS A CENTRE OE PRO-BRITISH FEELING

E m p l o y m e n t c o n d i t i o n s a t t h e D o c k y a r d w e r e f a r f r o m i d e a l . I n d e e d ,

i t h a s o f t e n b e e n p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e u n f a i r c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a i l i n g t h e r e

b r o u g h t a b o u t t h e b i r t h o f a p r o p e r t r a d e u n i o n o n t h e i s l a n d , a f u l l s c a l e

s t r i k e i n 1 9 1 7 a n d t h a t t h e d o c k y a r d w o r k e r s w e r e a m o n g t h e m o s t

p r o m i n e n t o f d i s a f f e c t e d p e o p l e i n t h e e v e n t s l e a d i n g t o t h e S e t t c G i u g n o . 3 3

H o w e v e r , i n s p i t e o f t h i s , e m p l o y m e n t i n t h e y a r d r e m a i n e d a m o n g t h e

m o s t e n v i e d o c c u p a t i o n s o f a l l a n d a c u r s o r y g l a n c e a t t h e s a l a r i e s o f t h e

v a r i o u s c a t e g o r i e s o f w o r k e r s i n 1936** o u g h t t o s h o w i m m e d i a t e l y w h y .

I n t h i s p e r i o d t h e D o c k y a r d w o r k e r s w e r e e n g a g e d i n a s t r u g g l e f o r

t h e r e m i t t a l o f s a l a r y a n d b o n u s c u t s w h i c h h a d b e e n i m p o s e d o n t h e y a r d

i n t h e w a k e o f t h e G r e a t D e p r e s s i o n . T h e e a r l i e r p a r t o f t h e 1 9 3 0 s h a d b e e n

o n e o f g r e a t h a r d s h i p s f o r a h o s t o f d o c k y a r d e m p l o y e e s w h o w e r e p u r o n

f o r c e d l e a v e , p l a c e d o n a 4 d a y w e e k o r s i m p l y d i s m i s s e d . I n 1 9 3 1 . p r i o r t o

t h e c u t s , t h e l o w e s t b a s i c r a t e o f p a y f o r a l o c a l l y e n t e r e d e m p l o y e e ( a p o l i t e

e u p h e m i s m f o r t h e M a l t e s e w o r k e r a t t h e D o c k y a r d , w h i c h d i s t i n g u i s h e d

h i m i n t e r m s o f l e s s e r p a y a n d t r e a t m e n t f r o m t h e w o r k e r e n r o l l e d i n E n g l a n d )

w a s f o u r t e e n s h i l l i n g s p e r w e e k , w h i c h t o g e t h e r w i t h a w e e k l y b o n u s o f n i n e

s h i l l i n g s , b r o u g h t t h e w e e k l y s a l a r y t o a g r a n d t o t a l o f t w e n t y t h r e e s h i l l i n g s . 3 5

I n O c t o b e r 1 9 3 1 , a r e d u c t i o n o f o n e s h i l l i n g w a s m a d e i n t h e b o n u s , w h i l e

i n J a n u a r y o f t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r t h e r e w a s a f u r t h e r r e d u c t i o n o f o n e s h i l l i n g

( m o r e i n t h e c a s e o f e m p l o y e e s w i t h h i g h e r w a g e s ) . T h i s s t i l l l e f t t h e l o w e s t

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1 0 2 STORJA ' 9 8

p a i d w o r k e r i n t h e y a r d w i t h a w e e k l y s a l a r y o f a r o u n d £ 1 , n o m e a n t h i n g

c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e i s l a n d e r s w e r e l u c k y e n o u g h t o m a n a g e

a f e w s h i l l i n g s i n o n e w e e k . D o m e s t i c s e r v a n t s f o r e x a m p l e , w e r e p a i d 1 0 ¬

1 5 s h i l l i n g s p e r M O N T H J , , a n d t h e w a s h e r w o m a n i n t h e l a u n d r i e s n o t m o r e

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t h a n t w o s h i l l i n g s p e r w e e k . 3 ' F o r t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e l o w e r c l a s s p e o p l e

a c r o s s t h e i s l a n d o n e p o u n d w a s t h e d r e a m o f a l i f e t i m e . 3 8

S t a t i s t i c s c o m p i l e d i n 1 9 3 6 d u r i n g a c a m p a i g n w h i c h l o b b i e d f o r t h e

r e t r a c t i o n o f t h e D o c k y a r d c u t s , s h o w t h a t t h e a v e r a g e w e e k l y s a l a r y a c r o s s

t h e i s l a n d w a s i n t h e r e g i o n o f 3 1 s / 6 d (£1. l i s 6 d ) . T h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e

d o c k y a r d w o r k e r s r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e s u r v e y w e r e a b o v e t h i s b u t a h o s t o f

o t h e r s w e r e w e l l b e l o w t h a t figure. T h e r e l a t i o n o f t h e w a g e s w i t h t h e p r i c e s

o f b a s i c c o m m o d i t i e s r u l i n g i n t h e o p e n m a r k e t 3 ' 1 w i l l c o n f i r m t h a t r e l a t i v e l y

s p e a k i n g , t h e D o c k y a r d w o r k e r w a s i n d e e d h a v i n g a m u c h b e t t e r d e a l t h a n

t h e a v e r a g e w o r k e r o n t h e i s l a n d .

A t r i p t o t h e C o s p i c u a m a r k e t w i t h j u s t t w o s h i l l i n g s w o u l d a l m o s t

i n v a r i a b l y e n d w i t h a b a s k e t f u l o f m e r c h a n d i s e f o r t h e h o u s e w i f e w h o s e

h u s b a n d w o r k e d a t t h e D o c k y a r d / " N o t s o f o r t h e o t h e r s , w h o i n s p i t e o f

STORJA ' 9 8 1 0 3

t h e r o c k b o t t o m p r i c e s c o u l d o n l y g a z e a t t h e s h o p w i n d o w s o r s t a l l s a n d

l i v e o n a m o n o t o n o u s d i e t o f m i n e s t r a , s a l t e d a n c h o v i e s a n d b r e a d , m a n y a

t i m e b o u g h t o n c r e d i t f r o m t h e s h o p n e x t d o o r : ' k o l l o x k i e n i r h i s , i m m a

flus f l - i d e j n m a k i e n x h a w n w i s q ' . 4 1

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w e r e r e p e a l e d . I n s o l i c i t i n g t h i s m o v e , G o v e r n o r B o n h a m - C a r t e r s t r e s s e d

t h e n e e d f o r r e m o v i n g t h e g r i e v a n c e s f r o m ' s o l a r g e a s e c t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n

a s t h e D o c k y a r d e m p l o y e e s a n d t h e p o l i t i c a l e x p e d i e n c i e s w h i c h i n a f o r t r e s s

l i k e M a l t a w a r r a n t e d t o b e s u f f i c i e n t t o j u s t i f y b e t t e r c o n d i t i o n s f o r

m a i n t a i n i n g t h e l o y a l t y o f t h e Y a r d ' s h a n d s . ' 1 2 T h e f o r t r e s s f o r m u l a h a s a l w a y s

b e e n a v e r y p o w e r f u l d e v i c e i n t h e h i s t o r y o f c o l o n i a l M a l t a . A t l e a s t , i t

c o m e s a s a b r e a t h o f f r e s h a i r t o find i t u s e d i n f u r t h e r i n g t h e i n t e r e s t s o f t h e

M a l t e s e .

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S e r v i c e a b o a r d H . M S h i p s w a s a n o t h e r c o m f o r t a b l e s i n e c u r e w h i c h

g u a r a n t e e d g o o d p a y a n d a r e l a t i v e l y c o m f o r t a b l e l i v i n g . T h e r a t e s o f p a y

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1 0 4 STORJA ' 9 8

w e r e f a r m o r e a d v a n t a g e o u s i n r h e N a v y t h a n i n t h e D o c k y a r d , b u t t h e

s t i n t s o f s e r v i c e i n d i s t a n t w a t e r s m a y h a v e d i s c o u r a g e d m a n y f r o m j o i n i n g

u p . 4 3 H e r e a g a i n c o n d i t i o n s w e r e f a r f r o m i d e a l a n d l a r g e l y d i s c r i m i n a t o r y .

R i g h t u p t o t h e p o s t S e c o n d W o r l d W a r y e a r s f o r e x a m p l e , t h e M a l t e s e

recruit c o u l d o n l y j o i n u p a s a s t e w a r d ( o f f i c e r s ' v a l e t / s e r v a n t ) o r a s a c o o k . 4 4

T h e r e w e r e p e r i o d s w h e n e v e n t h e s e o p e n i n g s w e r e c l o s e d u p . W h e n t h i s

o c c u r r e d t h e p o p u l a t i o n ' s g e n e r a l c o n s t e r n a t i o n w a s g r e a t e s p e c i a l l y t h a t ' o f

a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r o f m e n w h o s e e m p l o y m e n t w i t h t h e fleet h a d l o n g

b e e n u s u a l ' . 4 5

E v e n t u a l l y t h e recruitment o f M a l t e s e c o o k s , s t e w a r d s a n d c a r p e n t e r s

t o o k o f f a g a i n a n d d u r i n g t h e c r i s e s o f t h e t h i r t i e s ( e g A b y s s i n i a , t h e S p a n i s h

C i v i l W a r a n d M u n i c h ) , v o l u n t e e r s w e r e e n r o l l e d a s s h o r e s e r v i c e s e a m e n

for t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e e m e r g e n c i e s . 4 ' ' O n l y E n g l i s h m e n o f ' p u r e s t o c k '

c o u l d j o i n u p a s regular s e a m e n f o r s e r v i c e a f l o a t a n d t h e u n s t a b l e s e r v i c e

c o n d i t i o n s a s e m e r g e n c y d r a f t s w e r e a p a r t i c u l a r c a u s e o f a n n o y a n c e t o t h e

c h i l d r e n o f m i x e d m a r r i a g e s w h o w i s h e d t o j o i n t h e n a v y a s A b l e S e a m e n . 4 7

H o w e v e r , t h e M a l t e s e c o o k , s t e w a r d o r h i s d e p e n d e n t s , r a r e l y f o u n d a c a u s e

f o r c o m p l a i n t a n d t h e y c e r t a i n l y e n d e a r e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h t h e S e r v i c e a n d

a l l i t s t o o d f o r :

M a n i s t a x n a h b i l - f a t t I I l e j n i i - f l o t t a N g l i z a k e l l i g j b d a k b i r a ... k i f

k e l l h o m h a f n a M a l t i n o h r a . M i s s i e r i k e l l u p a g a t a h m i s t a x - i l l i r a f i x - x a h a r ,

I I d a k i z - z m i e n k i e n u i i s w e w h a f n a , u h i s - s a h h a t a g h h o m z a m m n i g h a x a r

s n i n 1 - U n i v e r s i t a ' . K i e n i g i b m i n n a b b o r d fliexken t a l - w h i s k y ...: p a k k e t t i

t a s - s a n d w i c h e s b l - a h i a r p e r z u t u b u t i r ; h i c c i e t t a l - c a k e u f i l - M i l i e d k i e n i g i b

u k o l l C h r i s t m a s p u d d i n g . K u l t a n t i l - k u x j e n z a k i e n e t t i p p e r m e t t i l u i g i b x i

b o t t z e b g h a b i e x n i z b g h u l - b i e b t a ' b a r r a u 1 - g a l l a r i i a 4 8

T h e M a l t e s e s e r v i c e m a n h a d a v e r y g o o d r e a s o n t o a t t a c h h i m s e l f s o

s t r o n g l y t o t h e N a v y . T h e c h a n c e o f finding a n o t h e r e m p l o y m e n t w a s v e r y

s l i m i n d e e d a n d s o h e d i d h i s v e r y b e s t t o i m p r e s s . H i s B r i t i s h c o u n t e r p a r t

b e h a v e d s o m e w h a t d i f f e r e n t l y , s i n c e m o r e o f t e n t h a n n o t h e l e f t t h e N a v y

a f t e r a c u s t o m a r y s t i n t o f t h r e e t o five y e a r s a n d h a d b e t t e r p r o s p e c t s o f

finding a j o b b a c k h o m e . A s o n e e x - s t e w a r d h a s i t : ' A h n a k o n n a s c f t u r i t a l -

f f a z j a l i . . . K o n n a n a g h m l u m i n n k o l l o x b i e x n i n g h o g b u u l i l l - f i z z i a l t i e g h e k

k o n t k w a / i r a s a l h i e x t i l g h a q l u z - z a r b u n ' . 4 9 N o n e t h e l e s s , a s i n t h e D o c k y a r d ,

t h e M a l t e s e s e r v i c e m a n r e c e i v e d a t r e a t m e n t i n f e r i o r t o t h a t o f h i s E n g l i s h

m a t e s : ' q a t t m a k o n n a s t m a t j d a q s h o m . a n k e i e k k j j e n a h a h r i b l - i s t e s s r a n k

t i e g h e k , i i e n f u q e k . H e k k k i e n e t i l - p r o c e d u r a u M a l t i m a k i e n x j i s t a j i l h a q

STORJA ' 9 8 1 0 5

a k t a r m i n n P e t t y O f f i c e r ' . 5 0

T h e p a y o f t h e M a l t e s e s e r v i c e m a n c o m p a r e d v e r y w e l l w i t h t h e rest

o f t h e w a g e s o n t h e i s l a n d a n d t h e r e w a s a l w a y s t h a t s o m e t h i n g ' e x t r a ' w h i c h

f o u n d i t s w a y i n t o t h e s a i l o r s ' h o m e :

K u l h a d d k i e n i i e h u . a n k e l - l n g l i z ... l l - k i t b a g d e j j e m m i m l i h a d t u

m i e g h i j d - d a r . s p e c j a l m e n t m e t a k o n n a n s e r v u T a ' X h i e x fil-btokk c a r -

W R N S . C a n i m . b u t i r . b o b / . , c o r n f l a k e s , l a n e d . K o n n a n o h o r g u n i i m l i j i n

m i l l - p a n t r y u flok i f i t t x u l n a k i e n u j g h i d u l e k " g o o d n i g h r " ... D a r b a k o n t

n i e z e l l - i s k a l u n a t a l - b a s t i m e p t u n q a t a l i l - h a n d l e u 1 - h a s k e t b a q a ' n i e z e l .

K i e n h e m m fizzjal u g a b a r u l i h u s t e s s ! 5 1

I t i s v e r y r e a s o n a b l e t o s u p p o s e t h a t t h e a u t h o r i t i e s w e r e v e r y m u c h

a w a r e o f t h e p i l f e r i n g f r o m t h e m i l i t a r y s t o r e s , w h i c h w e n t o n a c r o s s t h e

i s l a n d o n a g r a n d s c a l e . S e r v i c e p r o p e r t y b e a r i n g t h e c r o w n ' s m a r k s c o u l d

e v e n b e f o u n d f o r s a l e i n r h e o p e n m a r k e t s , 5 ' w h i l e t h e O c c u r r e n c e s B o o k s

o f t h e W a t e r D i v i s i o n s h o w t h a t t h e P o l i c e F o r c e h a d a b u s y t i m e i n

c o n t r o l l i n g t h e i l l i c i t t r a f f i c b e t w e e n s h i p s , n a v a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s a n d t h e

s h o r e . R o p e s , c a n v a s , m e t a l s h e e t s , p r o v i s i o n s a n d a h o s t o f o t h e r i t e m s

w e r e v e r y p r e c i o u s c o m m o d i t i e s e i t h e r f o r s a l e o n t h e m a r k e t o r f o r u s e a t

h o m e 5 3 . I t i s s u r e l y v e r y i n d i c a t i v e t o n o t e t h a t p r o s e c u t i o n o f t h e s e c a s e s

w a s i n t h e h a n d s o f t h e M a l t a o r t h e D o c k y a r d P o l i c e F o r c e a n d t h a t t h e

m a j o r i t y d e a l t m o r e w i t h t h e i n f r i n g e m e n t o f c u s t o m s r e g u l a t i o n s r a t h e r

t h a n t h e f t . I f i t w a s t h e c a s e o f t h e l a t t e r , B r i t i s h s e r v i c e m e n w o u l d m a n y a

t i m e b e f o u n d i n c o l l u s i o n w i t h t h e a c c u s e d . 5 4

I t i s a n o p e n s e c r e t t h a t t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t t h e N a v a l a u t h o r i t i e s

t o l e r a t e d a n a m o u n t o f p i l f e r i n g . l e a d i n g S t e w a r d M i z z i , remembers v e r y

c l e a r l y t h e d a y w h e n h e w a s a w a r d e d t h e L o n g S e r v i c e a n d G o o d C o n d u c t

M e d a l ( w h i c h w a s a w a r d e d a f t e r 1 5 y e a r s o f c o n t i n u o u s s e r v i c e w i t h a s p o t l e s s

c o n d u c t c e r t i f i c a t e ) , i h e C a p t a i n read t h e c i t a t i o n i n f r o n t o f t h e a s s e m b l e d

c r e w a n d p i n n e d t h e m e d a l , g e t t i n g n e a r e n o u g h t o w h i s p e r ' y o u ' r e l u c k y

y o u ' v e n e v e r b e e n c a u g h t . ' T o d a y t h e s t e w a r d i s s t i l l b l e s s i n g ' t h e A d m i r a l '

f o r p r o v i d i n g s o g e n e r o u s l y t o h i s f a m i l y a n d t h e e x t r a p o u n d s w h i c h t h e

G o o d C o n d u c t M e d a l h a s a d d e d t o h i s s e r v i c e p e n s i o n . 5 5

SERVICES TO THE SERVICES

F o r t h o s e w h o c o u l d n e i t h e r j o i n r h e N a v y n o r H . M D o c k y a r d , t h e r e

w e r e s e v e r a l o t h e r m e t h o d s w h i c h c o u l d c o m e i n h a n d y t o m a k e e n d s m e e t .

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1 0 6 STORJA ' 9 8

T h e r e w e r e t h e w a s h e r w o m e n , t a i l o r s a n d s e a m s t r e s s e s , ' d g h a j s a m e n ' , b a r

k e e p e r s , p r o s t i t u r e s , g a x i n d e a l e r s ( t h e g a s h , o r w h a t r e m a i n e d o f t h e f o o d

a b o a r d s h i p s ' g a l l e y s w a s c u s t o m a r i l y s o l d f o r c o n s u m p t i o n ) . T h o u g h n o t

d i r e c t l y d e p e n d e n t o n t h e B r i t i s h E x c h e q u e r , t h e l o y a l t y o f t h i s c l a s s o f p e o p l e

s t i l l r e m a i n s v e r y i m p r e s s i v e ( t h o u g h t o t h e l o g i c a l m i n d , t h e w o m a n w h o

s p e n t s l e e p l e s s n i g h t : - s e w i n g b u t t o n s o n s a i l o r s ' u n i f o r m s f o r a f e w p e n n i e s ,

i s m o r e j u s t i f i e d i n c u r s i n g r a t h e r t h a n b l e s s i n g t h e N a v y ) . P e r h a p s , t h e

p r e c a r i o u s e x i s t e n c e o f t h e s e p e o p l e m a d e t h e m e v e n m o r e g r a t e f u l f o r s m a l l

m e r c i e s t h a n t h e i r m a t e s i n t h e relatively s t a b l e w o r l d o f t h e D o c k y a r d o r

t h e N a v a l v e s s e l .

T h e b o a t m e n f o r e x a m p l e , m o r e p o p u l a r l y k n o w n e v e n w i t h i n t h e

S e r v i c e s a s d g h a j s a m e n . w e r e a c l a s s o f p e o p l e w h o s e l i v i n g d e p e n d e d

e x c l u s i v e l y o n t h e fleet's fickle p r e s e n c e i n t h e h a r b o u r . N i g h o n 1 3 0 0

b o a t m e n w e r e r e g i s t e r e d i n t h e G r a n d H a r b o u r a l o n e i n 1 9 3 6 y ' a n d h u n d r e d s

o f b o a t s flocked l i k e d u c k s a f t e r b r e a d c r u m b s a r o u n d e v e r y m e r c h a n t a n d

w a r s h i p t h a t e n t e r e d t h e h a r b o u r . 5 7

S i n c e t h e R o y a l N a v y s h i p s i n t h e h a r b o u r w e r e i n a n a b s o l u t e m a j o r i t y ,

t h e b o a t m a n h u n g o n t e n a c i o u s l y t o h i s c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e fleet a n d p r o u d l y

flaunted t h e p a s s e s i s s u e d b y p a r t i c u l a r c a p t a i n s i n H i s M a j e s t y ' s s e r v i c e .

T h e b o a t i t s e l f w a s a c l e a r i n d i c a t i o n o f w h e r e i t s o w n e r s s y m p a t h i e s l a y .

T h e s p a l l i e r a ( a s o r t o f b a c k s u p p o r t o n t h e b o a t ' s s t e r n s e a t ) , o n t h e m a j o r i t y

o f t h e b o a t s i n t h e G r a n d H a r b o u r w o u l d a l m o s t i n e v i t a b l y s p o r t a c a r v i n g

p o r t r a y i n g B r i t a n n i a o r S t . G e o r g e . D g h a j j e s a t t a c h e d t o a w a r s h i p ' s c o m p a n y

s h o w e d t h e v e s s e l ' s n a m e a n d s p o r t e d t h e s h i p ' s c r e s t a n d o t h e r A d m i r a l t y

s y m b o l s a s g e n e r a l d e c o r a t i o n . C e r t a i n l y t h e s e s y m b o l s w e r e n o n e t o o e f l u s i v e

a s s y m b o l s o f l o y a l t y , c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t e v e n t h e c h o i c e w o o d s a n d m e t a l

p i e c e s u s e d i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e d g h a j s a i t s e l f w e r e m o r e o f t e n t h a n

n o t p i l f e r e d f r o m t h e D o c k y a r d s t o r e s . 5 8

F o r t h e b o a t m e n , t h e R o y a l N a v y ' s p a t r o n a g e b e c a m e e v e n m o r e c r u c i a l

w h e n i n 1 9 2 8 t h e o f f i c e o f t h e C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e f i s s u e d a n o r d e r

p r o h i b i t i n g p e r s o n a l t r a d i n g o n b o a r d H . M S h i p s . 5 9 T h i s m e a s u r e p r o v o k e d

q u i t e a s t i r . T h e A d m i r a l d e c l a r e d t h a t h e w a s s i m p l y a p p l y i n g a n o r d e r

w h i c h h a d b e e n i n f o r c e i n h o m e w a t e r s s i n c e 1 9 1 1 , h o w e v e r t h e N a t i o n a l i s t

p r e s s a r g u e d c h a t i t w a s a i m e d a t f u r t h e r i n g t h e N . A . A . F . I s i n t e r e s t a g a i n s t

t h a t o f t h e l o c a l t r a d e r s . L o r d S t r i c k l a n d w e l c o m e d t h e o r d e r a s d u e i n

c u r t a i l i n g t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f I t a l i a n b a r b e r s ' w h o h a v e h a d m a n y o p p o r t u n i t i e s

t o g e t a b o a r d [ a n d ] m a y i n f u t u r e b e u s e d a s s p i e s o n s u c h s h i p s a s t h e n e w

STORJA ' 9 8 1 0 7

a i r c r a f t c a r r i e r ' . 6 0

U n t i l t h e e n f o r c e m e n t o f t h i s o r d e r , a w i d e c l a s s o f t r a d e s m e n c a r r i e d

o u t t h e i r b u s i n e s s d i r e c t l y o n R o y a l N a v y s h i p s . T h e n a l l b a r b e r s , b o o t m a k e r s ,

c u r i o v e n d o r s , t a i l o r s , p h o t o g r a p h e r s , w e r e p r o h i b i t e d f r o m b o a r d i n g N a v a l

v e s s e l s , s p e l l i n g t h e e n d o f a v e r y l u c r a t i v e t r a d e i n d e e d . D g h a j s a m e n w h o

c a r r i e d a s h i p ' s p a s s w e r e h o w e v e r e x e m p t e d a n d c o n t i n u e d t o c a r r y g o o d s ,

l a u n d r y a n d s t o r e s o n b o a r d . 5 1 M a n y a t i m e , t h a t ' l i t t l e s o m e t h i n g ' w o u l d

s u r r e p t i t i o u s l y e n d u p i n t h e b o a t c o o , e i t h e r d o w n t h e g a n g w a y o r e l s e

d o w n t h e g a s h c h u t e . T h i s w a y , t h e b o a t m a n c o u l d s u p p l e m e n t h i s m e a g r e

e a r n i n g s w i t h c h o i c e i t e m s f r o m t h e s h i p ' s m e s s , w h i c h e i t h e r e n d e d u p o n

h i s t a b l e o r u p for s a l e a t t h e m a r k e t . T h e g a s h t r a d e w a s p a r t i c u l a r l y l u c r a t i v e

for t h e b o a t m a n w h o w a s l u c k y e n o u g h t o b e c o n t r a c t e d t o c l e a r t h e s h i p ' s

m e s s e s o r t h e g a l l e y .

F o l l o w i n g t h e g e n e r a l p a t t e r n w h i c h h a d s e t i n d u r i n g t h e G r e a t

D e p r e s s i o n y e a r s i n t h e i s l a n d , t h e d g h a j s a m e n fell i n t o h a r d t i m e s t o o , s o

m u c h a s t o a t t r a c t t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e G o v e r n o r h i m s e l f . O n t h e 1 6

N o v e m b e r 1 9 3 1 , a w a i t i n g t h e p u b l i c a t i o n o t t h e R o y a l G o m m i s s i o n ' s R e p o r t

a n d a n t i c i p a t i n g ' p o l i t i c a l e x c i t e m e n t ' , G e n e r a l C a m p b e l l e x p r e s s e d p a r t i c u l a r

c o n c e r n a b o u t t h e p l i g h t o f t h e b o a t m e n , t h o s e ' o l d s e r v a n t s o f t h e N a v y '

w h o w e r e reduced t o ' a b s o l u t e p e n u r y a n d s t a r v a t i o n . C a m p b e l l b e l i e v e d

t h a t t h e ' p o l i t i c a l a g i t a t o r s w o u l d h a v e a p r e t t y g o o d field i n w h i c h t o w o r k

d u r i n g t h e W i n t e r ' a n d t h a t d i s g r u n t l e d d o c k y a r d m e n a n d d g h a j s a m e n

c o m b i n e d c o u l d h a v e g i v e n a l o t o f u n w a n t e d t r o u b l e . H e t h e r e f o r e a p p e a l e d

t o t h e C o m m a n d e r - i n - C h i e l o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n F l e e t t o e n c o u r a g e forther

t h e u s e o f d g h a j s a s b y N a v a l p e r s o n n e l i n o r d e r t o relieve ' t h e s e v e r y g o o d

fellows i m b u e d w i t h a fine p a t r i o t i c s p i r i t ' . 6 2

H a r d e r t i m e s w e r e y e t t o c o m e a n d w h e n t h e R o y a l N a v y l e f t o f f f o r

A l e x a n d r i a d u r i n g t h e A b y s s i n i a n C r i s i s , t h e fleet o f d g h a j j e s fell i n t o d i r e

s t r a i t s . O u t o f t h e 6 0 0 b o a t m e n w h o s e r v e d w i t h t h e fleet o r w i t h a n

o c c a s i o n a l t o u r i s t s h i p , 4 0 0 u s u a l l y t o o k u p a l t e r n a t i v e w o r k a s s t e v e d o r e s

o r c o a l h e a v e r s , t h e remaining t w o h u n d r e d a n d t h e i r d e p e n d e n t s w e r e l e f t

t o feel t h e p i n c h / ' - ' T h e s i t u a t i o n o f t h e s e d e s t i t u t e b o a t m e n a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s

s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n s o p r e c a r i o u s a s t o a t t r a c t t h e a t t e n t i o n o f A d m i r a l S i r

W i l l i a m F i s h e r a t A l e x a n d r i a . I n a n a p p e a l t o t h e f l e e t . F i s h e r i n s t i t u t e d a

fond for t h e r e l i e f o f t h e b o a t m e n a n d c l a i m e d t h a t a n o c c a s i o n a l five s h i l l i n g s

c o u l d ' t i d e a M a l t e s e f a m i l y for o v e r a w e e k o f a l m o s t c o m p l e t e s t a r v a t i o n ' / 4

C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t a p a s s a g e f r o m F r e n c h C r e e k t o B i g h i B a y c o s t 4 d 6 5 a n d

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1 0 8 STORJA ' 9 8

t h a t t h o s e f o u r p e n n i e s w e r e t h e m a x i m u m w h i c h t h e b o a t m e n c o u l d c h a r g e

o n a n y o f t h e l o n g e r r o u t e s , t h e A d m i r a l m u s t h a v e g o n e p r e t t y n e a r t h e

m a r k , e s p e c i a l l y w h e n o n e k e e p s i n m i n d t h e h u n d r e d s o f b o a t s p l y i n g d a i l y

t h e s a m e p l a c e s . E v e n t u a l l y , S i r W i l l i a m ' s a p p e a l r a i s e d a r o u n d £100 a n d

t h r e e h u n d r e d a n d e i g h t y o n e b o a t m e n w e r e s i n g l e d o u t f o r a i d . T h e fleet's

g e s t u r e w a s d e s c r i b e d b y G o v e r n o r B o n h a m - C a r t e r a s

B o t h t i m e l y a n d b e n e f i c i a l t o t h e r e c i p i e n t s a n d I n e e d h a r d l y a s s u r e

y o u o f t h e d e e p g r a t i t u d e , n o t o n l y o f t h e b o a t m e n t h e m s e l v e s h u t a l s o o f

t h e i n h a b i t a n t s o f t h e s e i s l a n d s w h o s e e i n t h i s g e s t u r e a f u r t h e r e x a m p l e o f

foe p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s t w h i c h t h e R o y a l N a v y t a k e s i n a l l t h a t c o n c e r n s t h e i r

w e l f a r e . 6 6

BARS AND PROSTITUTION

T h r o u g h o u t t h e h e y d a y o f t h e B r i t i s h p e r i o d , V a l l e t t a ' s S t r a d a

S t r e t t a , b e t t e r k n o w n t o t h e j o l l y J a c k T a r s a s ' t h e g u t ' , m a n a g e d t o p r e s e r v e

i t s p r i m a c y i n t h e field o f s a i l o r e n t e r t a i n m e n t , h o w e v e r t h e C o t t o n e r a h a d

i t s f a i r s h a r e o f r h e t r a d e t o o . O f t h e T h r e e C i t i e s , S e n g l e a ' s o p e n s h o r e w a s

t h e b e s t l o c a t i o n f o r e s t a b l i s h m e n t s c a t e r i n g f o r t h e e n t e r t a i n m e n t o f s a i l o r s

o f t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n fleet s i n c e b o t h V i t t o r i o s a s a n d C o s p i c u a ' s w a t e r f r o n t s

w e r e o c c u p i e d b y A d m i r a l t y p r o p e r t y . 6 ' H o w e v e r , t h e t r a d e w a s s o

l u c r a t i v e t h a t i t a l s o flourished ' i n l a n d ' , a w a y f r o m t h e s h o r e l i n e o f t h e G r a n d

H a r b o u r .

I n a n o u t w a r d m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f p r o - B r i t i s h s e n t i m e n t ( a n d a n e y e t o

a t t r a c t i n g t h e s a i l o r w i t h t h i n g s t h a t s o u n d e d l i k e h o m e ) , t h e m a j o r i t y o f

t h e s e e s t a b l i s h m e n t s d i s p l a y e d s i g n s l i k e ' E n g l a n d ' s G l o r y ' , ' T h e U n i o n ' ,

' K i n g G e o r g e V ' . ' D u k e o f Y o r k ' , ' M a l a y a ' , ' B e n b o w ' , ' N e l s o n * , ' C o r o n a t i o n ' .

' C o m e H o m e ' . 6 8 S o m e o f t h e m e v e n t o o k t o f l y i n g t h e W h i t e E n s i g n o r t h e

U n i o n J a c k i n w i n d o w s , b a l c o n i e s o r d o o r w a y s . 6 9 T h e s e s i g n s w e r e a l s o

i n d i c a t i v e o f t h e M a l t e s e p a r t i a l i t y f o r t h e N a v y a n d i n t h e H a r b o u r a r e a t h e

s a i l o r w a s c e r t a i n l y m u c h m o r e p o p u l a r t h a n t h e s o l d i e r . "1 F o r o n e , t h e

a r m y w a s i n t h e m i n o r i t y i n n u m e r a r y t e r m s a n d t h e s a i l o r w a s m o r e o f t h e

t y p e t o d i s h o u t g o o d m o n e y t o r a g l a s s o f ' c o l o u r e d w a t e r ' a n d t h e c o m p a n y

o f a p r o s t i t u t e w h o m o r e o f t e n t h a n n o t h a p p e n e d t o b e w e l l p a s t h e r p r i m e . "

T h e p r o s t i t u t i o n p h e n o m e n o n h a s b e e n i n t e r p r e t e d w i t h i n t h e M a l t e s e

c o l o n i a l c o n t e x t a s a m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n ' s o w n d e p e n d e n t s t a t u s

a n d ' i n a b i l i t y t o c o n t r o l t h e i r o w n l i v e s ' . 7 - T h e s t r i c t c o d e o f c o n d u c t

STORJA ' 9 8 1 0 9

p r o f e s s e d b y t h e R o r q a n C a t h o l i c C h u r c h w a s e v e r p r e s e n t i n t h e l i v e s o f

t h e M a l t e s e , y e t t h e p r a c t i c a l r e a l i t i e s o f w i d e s p r e a d p o v e r t y m a d e o f

p r o s t i t u t i o n o n e o f t h e m a n y w a y s o f e a r n i n g a l i v i n g , e s p e c i a l l y f o r s i n g l e

w o m e n .

T h o u g h p r o s t i t u t i o n w a s n o t p r a c t i c e d i n t h e b a r s , t h e s e

e s t a b l i s h m e n t s p r o v i d e d t h e i d e a l v e n u e f o r b a r m a i d s a n d a r t i s t e s t o m e e t

p r o s p e c t i v e c l i e n t s . 7 3 A c c o r d i n g t o t h e P o l i c e R e g u l a t i o n s , b a r m a i d s h a d t o

b e l i c e n s e d a n d n o w o m e n , o t h e r t h a n t h o s e r e g i s t e r e d u n d e r t h e r e g u l a t i o n s

a n d i s s u e d w i t h a b a d g e w e r e p e r m i t t e d t o l o i t e r i n s i d e t h e b a r s . T h e W h i t e

S l a v e T r a f f i c A c t h a d o u t l a w e d t h e b r o t h e l s , h o w e v e r p r o s t i t u t i o n r e m a i n e d

r a m p a n t 7 4 a n d t h e e x i s t e n c e o f c e r t a i n h o u s e s w a s w e l l k n o w n b o t h b y t h e

c l i e n t s a n d a u t h o r i t i e s a l i k e . 7 5 S o m e o f t h e m o r e n o t o r i o u s p r o s t i t u t e s w e r e

k n o w n t h r o u g h f a m e , w h i l e s o m e o f t h o s e w h o p r e f e r r e d t o a v o i d t h e b a r s

w e r e s o m e t i m e s d r i v e n i n t o c a r s , ' s o l i c i t i n g t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e p a s s e r s b y . "

T h e l a t t e r w e r e o f p a r t i c u l a r c a u s e o f a l a r m s i n c e i t w a s a s s u m e d t h a t t h e i r

t a k i n g t o t h e s t r e e t s w a s m a i n l y d u e t o t h e i r r e l u c t a n c e o f

s u b m i t t i n g t h e m s e l v e s t o t h e m e d i c a l t e s t w h i c h p r e c e d e d t h e i s s u e o f t h e

l i c e n c e . T h e y w e r e t h u s c o n s i d e r e d t o b e p o t e n t i a l c a r r i e r s o f v e n e r e a l

i n f e c t i o n . 7 6

T h e i n c i d e n c e o f v e n e r e a l d i s e a s e a m o n g t h e m e m b e r s o f t h e g a r r i s o n

a n d t h e fleet, e s p e c i a l l y t h e s o a r i n g r a t e s a m o n g t h e n a v a l r a t i n g s , w a s a

c a u s e o f m a j o r c o n c e r n for t h e i m p e r i a l a u t h o r i t i e s . F a c i l i t i e s f o r f r e e

t r e a t m e n t w e r e p r o v i d e d for t h e p r o s t i t u t e s a s a n i m p o r t a n t c o r o l l a r y t o t h e

p r e v e n t i o n o f s e x u a l l y t r a n s m i t t e d d i s e a s e a m o n g t h e s e r v i c e m e n . H o w e v e r ,

t r a g i c a s i t m a y s e e m , m a n y w o m e n w e r e s i m p l y l o a t h t o u n d e r g o t r e a t m e n t

s i n c e t h e i r p e r i o d o f d e t e n t i o n i n h o s p i t a l w o u l d h a v e d e p r i v e d t h e m o f

e a r n i n g s w h i c h t h e y c o u l d s c a r c e l y a f f o r d t o forgo.77

T h e b a r w i t h t h e n a m e o f h o m e o r h i s s h i p c o n t i n u e d t o b e a v e r i t a b l e

m a g n e t for ' J a c k ' a n d a n e v e n g r e a t e r o n e f o r t h e o w n e r ' s l o y a l t i e s . I n o n e

t y p i c a l e x a m p l e , M r . L i n o B o n n i c i , a C o s p i c u a v e t e r a n r e m e m b e r s t h a t t h e

' U n i o n ' , t h e b a r k e p t b y h i s f a t h e r i n S t r a d a N u o v a w a s a l w a y s f u l l o f s a i l o r s .

L i k e a c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r o f C o s p i c u a f a m i l i e s , t h e B o n n i c i s w e r e

N a t i o n a l i s t P a r t y s u p p o r t e r s ( o r p e r h a p s b e t t e r s t i l l , t o u s e B o n n i c i ' s

t e r m i n o l o g y , G r o s s i s t i ) o n b o t h p a r e n t s ' s i d e s . N o t s o B o n n i c i s e n i o r

h o w e v e r , w h o w a s a s t a u n c h p r o - B r i t i s h ' S t r i k l a n d j a n ' : a l o y a l t y w h i c h

a c c o r d i n g t o h i s s o n , w a s b o u g h t b y t h e c r o w d s o f s a i l o r s w h o a l w a y s filled

t h e b a r . 7 8

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1 1 0 STORJA ' 9 8

T H E BRITISH COMMUNITY

The resident British community in the Cottonera area constituted

another major source of influence in nurturing the perception of" Britain as

'the provider' and as such worthy of praise rarely short of adulation. The

higher representatives of the Services, together with their families kept very

much to themselves and the life at their club or in their homes was pretty

hard for the newly arrived English officers and their ladies to infiltrate, let

alone for the lowly 'Malts'."1 It would seem for example that the only Maltese

whom Major Ponder (an Infantry officer sent in with the re-enforcements

during the Abyssinian Crisis) came into contact with throughout his seven

month stay on the island, were the kindly guide at the museum, discourteous

shopkeepers and servants who were singularly

Unintelligent, lazy and ... most independent... Much ofthe trouble

can be traced to the fact that their employers are heretics and only to be

worked for because they pay well.8"

The Imperial authorities higher up the ladder were very much aware

ofthe hostility aroused by the proverbial British arrogance and with an eye

on reducing this animosity, Governor Bonham-Carter encouraged the newly

arrived officers to cut down on their exclusiveness. According to Sir Charles,

this could help in making the Maltese enthusiastic supporters of anything

British.81

I f the traditional Maltese upper middle classes ofthe inter-war

period never quite got into the frame of mind desired by Bonham-Carter,

the lower levels ofthe population certainly made deeper inroads. In the

major points of contact between the two peoples, the Maltese families

interacted at work and at play with the English Dockyard workers,

Servicemen and their families. At this level mixed marriages occurred more

frequently and friends were made much more easily. The standard of living

ofthe English rankers and Dockyard hands, though relatively higher than

that ofthe Maltese was not that lofty as to inhibit contacts. When even this

proved to be impossible, even the host of beggars could hope to scrounge a

penny or two:

L-Inglizi kienu jiehdu gost iaraw hafna tfal jigru warajhom u kienu

jhobbu jitfghulhom xi sin hahbjet. Konna nhobbuhom haftia... makonnig*

niptghu naraw Ingliz. Kulhadd jigri warajh u jghidlu "give me penny Joe".

Konna mmorru nghumu hdejn xi bast intent u kienu jitfghulck xi sitt habbict

STORJA ' 9 8 1 1 1

jew xi sold ... u kulhadd joghdos ghas-soldi. Kulhajd kien hadha f'halqu 1

-"give me penny foe". Mindu kelli ghaxar snin kont nahdem ma' hajiar.

Dan kien ihallasni bis-soldi. ghalhekk is-sold li kien jaghtina l-Ingliz konna

narawh dcheb ... iien kont immur nigri naghtih lil o m m F

To a family often, living in a casemate within St. Nicholas' Bastion, a

group of English Dockyard employees and their families (who occupied a

block of fiats a mere two hundred yards away), were the living embodiment

of that benevolent but mysterious hand at London which fed them. The

gift of a second hand rag doll for a twelve year old girl who played at mummy

with a stone wrapped in a rug in lieu of the doll which she could never even

hope to have, was heaven sent. Her mother could not even afford to buy

her brood of children a halfpenny worth of sweets and even ran into debts

to buy the basic necessities and here were these Englishmen who rewarded

the odd errand with cakes, sweets and dolls: 'Kienu jhobbuna hafna ... qatt

ma kienet tghaddi minn rasna li qeghdin iahkmuna u ahna konna

nhobbuhom'/' One can just imagine the significance which this gleaming

block of flats, foil of 'kbarat tad-Dockyard' had in the lives of people living

in a hole of a room in a 17th century bastion. After receiving a near hit in

the Second World War, the block of flats was demolished and its stones

transported to build aircraft pens in the airfields:

Kien bini sabih, b'zcwg sulari, arjuz u kollu arkati. Kienu gew is-

suldati jwaqqghuh ... konna thassarnieh. Ghalina kien iftsser li daqshekk

rajna affarijiet.

In the days when there was no reason to suppose that the Empire

would not go on forever, no instrument was more valuable in forging loyalty

and attachment than the feeling of helplessness instigated by the mere thought

of having to do without 'big brother'. The colonization ofthe mind may he

said to have been total and absolute!

NOTES

S. Busutti], "An Overview of Malta's Economic Development' in The British

Colonial Experience ed. V, Mallia-Mdanes (Mireva. Malta 1988). 161 : J . Bonnici & M. Cassar, The Malta Grand Harbour and its Dockyard (Gutenberg

Press, Malta 1994), 117

'E .L . Zammit. A Colonial Inheritance (Malta University Press, 1984), 11 JUgo Ojetti, Corriere Delia Sera correspondent. Quoted in H.Ganado, Rait Malta

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1 1 2 STORJA ' 9 8

Tinfridel. Vol. II. (tnterprint, Malta 1977). 101. SD. Fenech, 'Birgu during the British Period' in Birgu. a Maltese Maritime City

eds. L. Bugeja. M. Buhagiar & S. Fiorini (Malta University Services, 1993), 178 6N.A.R. L. G. 0. File no. 2772/1936, Speech delivered by Dr. C. Mifsud Bonnici at

Cospicua on 27 September 1936. Police transcript, 13

'E .L . Zammit, op. cit. 13 BJ. Waterbury, 'An attempt to put patrons and clients in their place' in Patrons and

Clients eds. G. Gellner and J. Waterbury (Duckworth, London 1977), 330

"E.L. Zammit. op. cit. 17

'"see for example N.A.R. Desp. from the S. of S. to the G. 17 Aug. 1936

"Sec for example D. Fenech, op. cit. 151; and K. Ellul Galea, L-istorja tat-Tarzna.

(Aquilina & Co. Malta 1973), 156

'"Interviews with Dr.J.Saliba, M'Scala 24. t0.95 & Mr. J. Mizzi. Cospicua 13 Oct.

1995

"The Dockyard Worker was the official organ ofthe Union of Dockyard Employees. IJThe Dockyard Worker. March 1937, 4

"K . Ellul Galea, oe^cit. 113

'^Interview with Mr. J. Mizzi, Cospicua, 13 Oct. 1995

"Interview with Dr. J. Saliba, M'Scala, 24 Oct. 1995 1EThe Dockyard Worker. May 1937. 4

2,1 ibid. 2 1S. Ponder. Mediterranean Memories (Stanley Paul & Co.Ltd, London, undated), 114

"K . Ellul Galea, suora. 146

"Interview with Mr. L. Bonnici, Paola, 1 Nov. 1995

"The Dockyard Worker May 1937, 2

"ibid. 26N.A.R. L. G. O. File 1119/1936. Letter from Mr. J. OUvieri Munroe, President of

the Dockyard and Imperial Workers Union to Mr. G. Shakespeare, Parliamentary and

Financial Secretary at the Admiralty. I9ih September 1938

"ibid. ! EH. Ganado, Raji Malta Tinbidel Vol. I (Malta 1977), 34

"See for example The Dockyard Worker August 1937, 2

'"Interview with Dr. J. Saliba, M'Scala, 24 Oct. 1995

"N.A.R, L.G.O. File no. 1119/1936. Correspondence between the Dockyard and

Imperial Workers Union and the Admiralty, 19th September 1938.

"D. Fenech, op. cit. 136

"See for example M. Sant. Sette Giugno (S.K.S. Malta 1989), 58-65

"N.A.R, Despatch from the G. to the S. of S. 30th October 1936

"ibid.

"H. Ganado, siLJUl- Vol.1, 26

STORJA ' 9 8 113

"Interview with Mrs, R, Mizzi, Cospicua, 13 Oct. 1995

"A. Buttigieg, Mill-Album ta' Haiti. Vol II. L-Ghazla tat-Triq (Klabb Kotba Maltin.

1980), 180 3"N.A.R, L.G.O. Fileno. 1725/1936. Prices ruling in the open market at Valletta. November 1936

'"Interview with Mr. John Brincat, Cospicua, 13 Jan. 1996. whose father was on the higher scale of storekeepers at the Yard

"Interview with Mrs. Rita Mizzi. Cospicua. 13 Oct. 1995.one of the eight children of

a cartman

"N.A.R. Desp. from the G. to the S. of. S. 10th Oetoher 1936

"Interview with Dr. J. Saliba, M'Scala. 24 Oct. 1995

"T.O.M. May 25 1937. 10

"N.A.R. Desp, from the G. to the S. of S. 16th Feb. 1923 46T.O.M. 25 May 1937

"T.O.M. 17 October 1938 JSA. Buttigieg. op. cit. 161

'"Interview with Mr. J. Mizzi, Cospicua, 13 Oct. 1995

"ibid. '•ibid.

"N.A.R. L.G.O. File no. 1434/1921. Prosecution of persons found in possession of Crown Property

"N.A.R, l.Q.Q. Fileno. 142/1929. Suggested legislation against pilfering

"ibid, letter from Rear Admiral, Commanding at H.M.S Egmont I. 24 Oct. 1928 and

Water Police Occurrences. Vol. I I . Case no. 2414; Vol. 31. Cases nos. 3262. 157; Vol.

25, Case no. 2945

"Interview with Mr. J. Mizzi, Cospicua. 13 Oct. 1995

*N.A.R, L J iQ . Fileno. 1056/1936. Report by the Captain of the Ports, 4th

February 1936

"See for example J. Muscat. 'The Dghajsa - in Mcmoriam'. The Mariner's Mirror. vol. 77no.4(Nov. 1991) 389

"Information supplied by Mr. J. Muscat (ex-Maritime Museum). Rabat

"N.A.R. L.G.O. FileNo. 170/28. 4 June 1928

"'ibid. Handwritten note from the Head of the Ministry. 2 June 1928 61 Information supplied hy Mr. J. Muscat, Rabat S!N.A.R, L.G.0 File no. 501/31. Confidential report re. use of dghajsas by Naval

personnel. 16 November 1931 S1N.A.R. ISiQ- Fileno. 1056/1936. Report by the Captain of the Ports, 4th

February 1936

^ 4 jljid- Appeal by Sir W. Fisher for the relief of dghajsamen, 1 January 1936 6,Guida Generate 1939. (Malta Herald, Valletta), 354

"N.A.R, UG,Q . Fileno. 1056/36 Letter from Sir Charles Bonham-Carter to

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1 1 4 STORJA ' 9 8

Admiral Sir Dudley Pound, 25 April 1936. (My emphasis) 6 ,D. Fenech, op. cit. 154

"KL. Bugeja, 'Birgu during the Second World War' in Birgu. A Maltese Maritime City,

eds L. Bugeja et. al. (Malta University Services 1993), 191 and information given

by Messrs. Bonnici, Mizzi, Saliba.

"N.A.R, L i L Q . Fileno. 159/26

">H. Ganado, op. cit. Vol. I, 331

"A. Buttigieg. op. cit. 159-168 7 2G. Dench. The Maltese in London (Routledge. London 1975), 107

""N.A.R, Confidential Desp. from the G. to the S. of S. 30 December 1937

"N.A.R, L.G.O. Fileno. 54/1930

"A. Buttigieg. op.cit. 167-168 76N.A.R. Confidential Desp, from the G, to the S. of S. 30 December 1937

"ibid. 78Interview with Mr. L. Bonnici, Paola. 1 Nov. 1995 7*S. Ponder, op. cit. 89

*"ibid. 88

"V. Bonham-Carter. In a Liberal Tradition (Constable, London 1960), 207

"Interview with Mr. J. Mizzi, Cospicua, 13 Oct. 1995

"Interview with Mrs R. Mizzi, Cospicua, 13 Oct. 1995