maritime revolution
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Maritime Revolution. Before 1450 - 1550. Expansion before 1450 Pacific Ocean. Polynesians New Guinea to Hawaii to New Zealand Expansion or accidental? Malayo-Indonesians Madagascar. Expansion before 1450 Indian Ocean. Muslim Traders Very important by 1400 Trade ports not empire - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Maritime Revolution
Before 1450 - 1550
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Expansion before 1450Pacific Ocean
• Polynesians– New Guinea to Hawaii to New Zealand– Expansion or accidental?
• Malayo-Indonesians– Madagascar
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Expansion before 1450Indian Ocean
• Muslim Traders– Very important by 1400– Trade ports not empire
• Ming Empire– Mongol defeat leads to early expansionism– Voyages of Zheng He– Ways to show off wealth
rather than trade– Africa– By 1433 voyages ended– POWER VACUUM
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Expansion before 1450Atlantic Ocean
• Vikings– First major power– Exploration and settlement– Impact of changing climate in 1200
• Europeans– Applied Mediterranean knowledge– Mostly Genoese and Portuguese– Expeditionary - Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands
• Africans– Mansa Musa
• Americas– Limited– Arawaks into Lesser Antilles
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European Expansion1400-1550
• Who?– Iberian Kingdoms (Spain & Portugal)– Economic, political & religious inspiration– Improvements in their technology allowed them to “master”
maritime push• Four Trends in Latin West since 1000
– Revival of urban life and trade– European idea of alliance b/w rulers & merchants– Struggle with Islamic Empires over Med.– Growing intellectual curiosity
• Why not Italians?– Venice & Genoa had pre-existing trade alliances with Muslims
(access to SR through the Med.)– Ships too small for Atlantic Ocean– Merchant Princes supported trade in N Europe, Black Sea,
Indian Ocean
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Why Portugal?
• c. 1415 – attack on Morocco (Muslim)– Part crusade, tournament, plundering
• Importance of Gold– Unable to push inland– Sought direct contact with Gold producers– Need to sail
• Henry the Navigator– Multiple agendas – religion,
ottoman, exploration– Cartography
• Caravel– Smaller, lighter, more maneuverable, small cannons
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• Order of Christ Money– Red crosses on ships
• Slavery and gold
• Cruzado– Link between religion and exploration
• Real Success comes after private investors become involved– Sao Tome
• Seek a passage to India
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Why Spain?• History of conflict with Muslims
– Aragon & Castile unite to capture Granada• Later entrance into Revolution• Columbus - 1492
– Expedition sponsored by Queen Isabella
– Never believed he reached “New” World
• Vespucci– Explores “new” world
• Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494– Negotiated by pope– Splits Atlantic Ocean with imaginary line– Americas = Spain– Africa & S Asia = Portugal
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African Encounters with Europe
• Portugal– Offered new markets for African goods
• Gold Coast & Benin– Trade gold, pepper, some
slavery– African nations held power
• Kongo– Only had slaves to offer
• Ethiopia– Only Christian Empire on east coast– Alliances against the Turks– Conflict over version of Christianity
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Indian Ocean Encounters with Europeans
• Portugal– Sought access to trade– Crown decided that IO would belong to them alone – use of
force• Why did Portugal gain power so easily? (1505 – 1535)
– Superior weaponry and ships– Small port cities, not empire– Large empires not interested in maritime intrusion – internal
focus– Seized Malacca
• Methods of control– Taxation– Portuguese “passports”– Execution
• Response– Larger empires ignored or considered unimportant– Smaller trade ports attempted resistance - failed
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America Encounters with Europe• Spain
– Territorial Empire rather than trade– No contact between Amerindians and others – had to
rely on conquest & plunder• Arawak
– Hispaniola (Haiti)– 1493 – Columbus 2nd voyage with settlers– 1495 rebellion: quashed, ended with death and
bondage– Famine and smallpox spread– 1502 – all remaining Arawaks made slaves to
colonists• Conquistadors
– Defeat non-believers, bring them to god and get rich in the process
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American Empires
• Cortes and Aztecs– Aztec empire only 100 yrs old– Loyalty divided – “new” could offer more– Tlaxcalans – Moctezuma– 1521 defeat – impact of smallpox
• Pizarro and the Incans– Taxes, exile and forced labor used
to control– Civil war– 1531 Pizarro sets out– Pizarro betrays Atahualpa– Internal conflict leads to splintering