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Marketing Costs Structure StudyMarketing Costs Structure StudyMarketing Costs Structure StudyMarketing Costs Structure StudySeries 6Series 6Series 6Series 6
MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE FOR CALAMANSIFOR CALAMANSIFOR CALAMANSIFOR CALAMANSI
Marketing Studies and Development SectionMarketing Studies and Development SectionMarketing Studies and Development SectionMarketing Studies and Development Section
Agricultural Marketing Statistics DivisionAgricultural Marketing Statistics DivisionAgricultural Marketing Statistics DivisionAgricultural Marketing Statistics Division
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICSBUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICSBUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICSBUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL STATISTICSDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTUREDEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
June 2003June 2003June 2003June 2003
MARKETING COSTS MARKETING COSTS MARKETING COSTS MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE FOR CALAMANSISTRUCTURE FOR CALAMANSISTRUCTURE FOR CALAMANSISTRUCTURE FOR CALAMANSI
FOREWORD
This is the sixth of a series of research results on Marketing
Costs Structure Studies for Selected High Value Commercial Crops. The research was conducted in the second semester of 2001. This report describes the marketing costs of calamansi in the three producing provinces of Quezon, Mindoro Oriental and Guimaras. It includes the marketing costs incurred by traders in the demand areas.
It is hoped that the information in this report would serve as
inputs in policy formulation and as guide for various participants in the marketing chain for calamansi in their production and marketing decisions.
ROMEO S. RECIDE Director
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi i
Table of Contents
Foreword ......................................................................................... i Table of Contents ........................................................................... ii Statistical Table .............................................................................. vii List of Figures ................................................................................. vii
I. Introduction Objectives Scope and Limitation ....................................................... 1
II. Research Methodology ................................................................... 2
III. Discussion of Results
A. Distribution and Profile of Respondents Types of Marketing Participants ................................ 2 - 4 Profile of Respondents ............................................... 4 - 9 Marketing Practices and Functions ............................. 9 Procurement ............................................................... 9 Distribution .................................................................. 10 Geographic Flow ......................................................... 10 - 14 Marketing Channels .................................................... 14 - 18 Marketing Costs Labor ................................................ 18 Transportation Material Inputs Miscellaneous and Other Operating Costs Depreciation ......................... 19 - 20 Total Marketing Costs ................................................. 21 Marketing Costs by Point of Destination ..................... 21 - 25 Marketing Margins ...................................................... 26 - 31
IV. Problems/Constraints
Encountered ..................................................................... 32 Statistical Tables ................................................................ 33
1 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type, by province/municipality, 2001
2 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type of marketing participants, by province, 2001
3 CALAMANSI : Number and percentage distribution of farmer-respondents, by size of farm, by province, 2001
4 CALAMANSI : Number and percentage distribution of farmer-respondents, by tenurial status, by province, 2001
5 CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents by type of business, by province, 2001
5a CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by type of marketing participants, by type of business, by province, 2001
6 CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by nature of capitalization, by province, 2001
6a CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by type of marketing participants, by nature of capitalization, by province, 2001
7 CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by length of experience, by province, 2001
8 CALAMANSI : Major sources and destinations, by location, by province, 2001
9 CALAMANSI : Cropping Pattern, by activity in selected provinces, 2001
10 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondent by manner of procurement, by province, 2001
STATISTICAL TABLES
10a CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type of marketing participants, by manner of procurement, by province, 2001
11 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by mode of payment in procurement, by province, 2001
11a CALAMANSI : Distribution of trader-respondents, by marketing participants, by mode of payment in buying stocks, by province, 2001
12 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by manner of distribution, by province, 2001
12a CALAMANSI : Manner of distribution, by type of marketing participants, by province, 2001
13 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by mode of payment in distribution, by province, 2001
13a CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by type of marketing participants, by mode of payment for distribution, by province, 2001
14 CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by activity/practice, by province, 2001
14a CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Metro Manila, 2001
14b CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
14c CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Batangas, 2001
14d CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Quezon, 2001
14e CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Iloilo, 2001
14f CALAMANSI : Labor costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Guimaras, 2001
15 CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by activity/practice, by province, 2001
15a CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Metro Manila, 2001
15b CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
15c CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Quezon, 2001
15d CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Iloilo, 2001
15e CALAMANSI : Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Guimaras, 2001
16 CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice/cost item, by province, 2001
16a CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Metro Manila, 2001
16b CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
16c CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Batangas, 2001
16d CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Quezon, 2001
16e CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Iloilo, 2001
16f CALAMANSI : Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Guimaras, 2001
17 CALAMANSI : Other operating costs by cost item, by province, 2001
17a CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants, by cost item, Metro Manila, 2001
17b CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants, by cost item, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
17c CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants, by cost item, Batangas, 2001
17d CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants, by cost item, Quezon, 2001
17e CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants, by cost item, Iloilo, 2001
17f CALAMANSI : Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants, by cost item, Guimaras, 2001
18 CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation by facilities/equipment used, by province, 2001
18a CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by facilities/equipment used, Metro Manila, 2001
18b CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by facilities/equipment used, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
18c CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by facilities/equipment used, Batangas, 2001
18d CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by facilities/equipment used, Quezon, 2001
18e CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by facilities/equipment used, Iloilo, 2001
18f CALAMANSI : Imputed cost of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by facilities/equipment used, Guimaras, 2001
19 CALAMANSI : Total Marketing Costs, Cash & Non-cash), by cost item, by province, 2001
20 CALAMANSI : Total Marketing Costs (Cash & Non-cash), by Major Item, by province, 2001
21 CALAMANSI : Distribution of respondents, by problems encountered, by province, 2001
1 CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Mindoro Oriental, 2001…………………
2 CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Quezon, 2001……………………………..
3 CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Guimaras, 2001…………………………..
4 Geographic Flow of Calamansi in Mindoro Oriental, 2001……………………………………
5 Geographic Flow of Calamansi in Quezon, 2001…………………………………………………
6 Geographic Flow of Calamansi in Guimaras, 2001…………………………………………………
7 Marketing Channels for Calamansi in Mindoro Oriental, 2001………………………………
10 Marketing Channels for Calamansi in Quezon, 2001……………………………………………
11 Marketing Channels for Calamansi in Guimaras, 2001…………………………………………
13 Total Marketing Costs for Calamansi, by Point of Destination, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
14 Total Marketing Costs for Calamansi, by Point of Destination, Quezon, 2001 …………….
15 Total Marketing Costs for Calamansi, by Point of Destination, Guimaras, 2001 ……….
17 Marketing Cost for Calamansi, by level of Marketing Participants, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
18 Marketing Cost for Calamansi, by level of Marketing Participants, Quezon, 2001………….
19 Marketing Cost for Calamansi, by level of Marketing Participants, Guimaras, 2001………..
LIST OF FIGURES
MARKETING COSTS STRUCTURE FOR CALAMANSI I. Introduction
Calamansi or calamondin (Citrofortunella microcarpa) is a fruit tree belonging to the citrus family. It is a good source of Vitamin C. Its juice is used as an ingredient or additive in various food preparations. It also possesses medicinal values. Objective
This study aims to determine the marketing flow and the corresponding expenses incurred by marketing participants in distributing calamansi from the producers to the consumers. Scope and Limitations
The study covered key supply and demand areas for calamansi in the provinces of Quezon, Mindoro Oriental and Guimaras, representing Luzon and Visayas.
The demand areas for calamansi in Mindoro Oriental include several
municipalities within the province and the adjacent province of Batangas. Calamansi from Quezon reaches Rizal and Camarines Norte provinces, while calamansi from Guimaras is consumed mostly in the provinces of Regions 6 and 7. Metro Manila serves as a major demand area.
The study traced the flow and the marketing costs of calamansi from the
production to the demand areas. At the demand areas, the study concentrated on the costs incurred in marketing calamansi coming from a supply province but not on calamansi produced in the demand province itself. For instance, in Batangas, the costs borne by traders of calamansi from Mindoro Oriental were covered but not the costs of moving calamansi produced in the municipalities within Batangas province.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 1
II. Research Methodology
For each of the key supply province, the top 5 producing barangays were chosen from the results of the household listing under the High Value Commercial Crops (HVCC) project. From these top producing barangays, 40 calamansi farmers were selected purposively. Farmers who were engaged in producing/trading calamansi from July 2000 to June 2001 were selected and interviewed.
From the farm level, the team traced the traders identified by the farmer-
respondents as buyers of their produce. Most of them were located in the trading centers. From the traders, the team then moved to the next point of sale consisting of retail markets within the province and/or trading centers in the partner provinces.
III. Discussion of Results
The first part of the report describes the distribution, profile and the marketing functions and practices of the respondents. Part 2 presents the marketing costs and the problems encountered by the respondents. A. Distribution and Profile of Respondents
Types of marketing participants. Of the total of 191 respondents, 120 were farmers and 71 were traders (Table 1).
In this study, four types of traders were identified: assemblers,
distributors, assembler-distributors and retailers. The first three types of traders can be classified further according to the geographic coverage and volume of transactions. Table 2 shows the type of marketing participants covered in the study.
1. Assembler - procures calamansi from farmers and/or traders in the
supply areas; usually has agents or relatives responsible for procurement and assembly. In this study assemblers are classified according to geographic area of procurement. These are:
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 2
a) Barangay Assembler (BA) – procures from one barangay only. b) Municipal Assembler (MA) - procures from two or more
barangays within the municipality. c) Provincial Assembler (PA) - procures from two or more
municipalities within the province. d) Regional Assembler (RA) - procures from two or more
provinces within the region.
2. Distributor - sells calamansi to other traders and consumers. Since his/her business is primarily to sell than to procure, he/she provides more services to his/her buyers than to his/her suppliers. They can be classified according to the relative volume of commodities and to the geographic sphere of his selling operations (location of buyers). The following are the classification of distributors:
a) Small Distributor (SD) - handles only small volume of goods;
sells to retailers within the same market and to small eateries (carinderia) within the area.
b) Medium Distributor (MD) - sells larger volume than small
distributor; sells to traders coming from other markets in the province; may also sell to few institutional buyers (hotel, restaurant, hospital, military camp).
c) Large Distributor (LD) - handles the largest volume among the
three types of distributors; usually sells to traders from other markets within and outside the province; may also sells to several institutional buyers.
3. Assembler – Distributor - uses the same efforts and resources in
procuring and selling a commodity; usually finances farmers and traders in supply areas and has agents responsible for procurement; sells commodities to other traders. Several combinations was identified in the study as shown below:
a) Barangay Assembler- Small Distributor (BA-SD) b) Barangay Assembler- Medium Distributor (BA-MD) c) Municipal Assembler – Small Distributor (MA-SD) d) Municipal Assembler – Medium Distributor (MA-MD) e) Municipal Assembler – Large Distributor (MA-LD) f) Provincial Assembler – Small Distributor (PA-SD) g) Provincial Assembler – Medium Distributor (PA-MD) h) Provincial Assembler – Large Distributor (PA-LD) i) Regional Assembler – Large Distributor (RA-LD)
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 3
NOTE: An assembler remains only an assembler and not an assembler-distributor if the trader sells exclusively to one trader. Example of traders who are purely assemblers are inter-regional, regional, provincial and municipal assemblers who sell to only one processor/exporter with whom they have contract quotas to fulfill.
4. Retailer - sources his/her stocks either directly from the farmers or traders and directly sell the goods to the consumers.
! Twenty-seven (27) of the trader-respondents were large distributors; 6
were medium and 6 were small distributors; and 32 were retailers.
Profile of Respondents
The characteristics of the respondents are presented in frequency distribution tables. Farmers were classified by size of farm and land ownership. Traders were grouped according to type of business ownership and length of experience.
Sample Farmers
Size of Farm. The size of farm of farmer respondents ranged from less than 1.0 to more than 5.0 hectares (Table 3).
! Calamansi is produced in relatively smaller areas. Sixty-four percent
(64%) of the respondents reported farm areas of less than one hectare.
! Twenty-two or about 18% of the respondents had farm sizes of less
than 2.0 hectares. ! Each of 21 farmers cultivated areas of more than two hectares.
Land Ownership. Most of the farmer-respondents owned the farmland
they cultivate. Twenty-eight of them were tenants, 4 were lessees and 5 used rent-free and public lands.
! In Mindoro Oriental, out of 40 respondents, 32 were owner operators; 2 were holders of certificate of land transfer; 5 were tenants and one used public land.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 4
! Farmer-respondents in Quezon comprised 35 landowners, one was a CLT awardee and 4 were tenants.
! Thirty-nine (39) of the farmer-respondents in Guimaras were owners
and only one was tenant. Cropping Pattern. Calamansi bear fruits after a year of planting. Its
trees have an average life span of five years. Figures 1-3 and Table 9 illustrate the cropping pattern for calamansi based on the responses of the farmer-respondents.
! Out of the 40 farmer-respondents, 14 farmers from Mindoro Oriental
planted calamansi trees during the period. All of them had standing bearing trees from which they harvested and marketed the fruits whole year round.
! In Quezon, nobody among the respondents planted calamansi from
June 2000 to July 2001 but they also have standing bearing trees. ! Likewise, the sources of calamansi fruits of farmer-respondents in
Guimaras were standing bearing trees. Sample Traders
Business Ownership. Majority or 93 percent of the trader-respondents in most of the study areas operated under single proprietorship.
! Trader-respondents from Metro Manila, Batangas, Quezon and Iloilo
were all single proprietors. ! Four among the respondents have business partners: 3 from Mindoro
Oriental and 1 from Guimaras.
! One large-distributor from Mindoro Oriental ran his business as a corporation.
Nature of Capitalization ! Ninety-two percent of the trader-respondents financed their own
businesses. In Metro Manila, Batangas and Iloilo, all sample traders used their own capital.
! One respondent from Mindoro Oriental, one from Quezon and two
from Guimaras operated their businesses under financing.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 5
Figure 1. CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Mindoro Oriental, 2001
0
10
20
30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec.
Planting Harvesting Trading
Figure 2. CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Quezon, 2001
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec.
Planting Harvesting Trading
Figure 3. CALAMANSI: Cropping Pattern, by activity in Guimaras, 2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec.
Planting Harvesting Trading
! Two trader-respondents from Mindoro Oriental and Guimaras had contract agreements with their buyers.
Length of Experience
! Thirteen traders representing 18% of sample traders were trading calamansi for less than 5 years.
! Twenty-four traders or 34% were in the business for 5 to 10 years
already.
! Other trader-respondents have more than ten years experience in calamansi trading: 13 traders with 11-10 years; 7 with 16-20 years and 14 with more than 20 years in this enterprise.
Marketing Practices and Functions
Farmers and traders perform several marketing practices in moving the products from one point to another. The major practices and functions which include the manner of procurement and distribution, mode of payment, geographic flow and marketing channels and the corresponding costs are described in the succeeding sections.
Procurement
In the supply province, traders procured calamansi from the production
area within the province. However, Iloilo traders bought their commodity in province of Guimaras and Aklan in addition to the supply of calamansi in the province.
Manner of Procurement ! Of the 71 trader-respondents, thirty two or 45 % picked up calamansi
from the sources. ! Procurement by 54% was done through deliveries by their suppliers.
! There was one trader from Iloilo who procured calamansi fruits using
both pick-up and delivery. Mode of Payment. Payments of procurement were either cash on
delivery, consignment or delayed payment.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 9
! Majority of the trader-respondents (42 out of 71) paid their suppliers in cash upon delivery.
! Twenty-seven traders practiced consignment and two traders delayed
their payments to the suppliers.
Distribution
The following describes the mode of delivery and the terms of payment made by the respondents.
Mode of Delivery. The mode of delivery of calamansi depended on the
type of buyer and the location. ! Thirty three (33) of the sample farmers and 3 traders from Mindoro
Oriental delivered calamansi to their buyers. On the other hand, 7 farmers and 6 traders let their buyers picked up the fruits from them.
! In contrast, 33 farmers from Quezon and 35 from Guimaras have their
buyers picked up the fruits from their farm while 7 and 5 farmers, respectively delivered calamansi to their buyers.
! In Metro Manila, one retailer delivered calamansi to his buyers.
Calamansi sold by 7 large distributors and 12 retailers were picked up from their stalls by their buyers
Mode of Payment. Terms of payment in selling calamansi were either
cash on delivery or consignment. ! Twenty eight farmers in Mindoro Oriental, 21 in Quezon and another
21 in Guimaras were paid on consignment basis. The remaining 50 farmer-respondents were paid in cash.
! Twenty assembler-distributors received payment in cash. Nineteen
(19) of them were paid in consignment. The retailer-respondents (32) from all the covered areas received payment in cash.
Geographic Flow
Table 8 presents the sources and destination point of calamansi in the areas of the study. Figures 4 – 6 illustrate the flow of calamansi by location and by province.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 10
Mindoro Oriental Trading Centers:-Naujan-Pola-Guitad-Calapan-Victoria-Bago-Bagong Silang-Lumang Bayan
DEMAND AREAS
TRADING CENTERS
SUPPLY AREAS
Figure 4. GEOGRAPHIC FLOW OF CALAMANSI IN MINDORO ORIENTAL, 2001
Mindoro Oriental:-Naujan-Pola-Guitad-Calapan-Victoria-Bago-Bagong Silang-Lumang Bayan
ManilaBatangas
Mindoro Oriental-Calapan-Bilboa-Puerto Galera-Victoria
Quezon Trading Centers:-Lopez-Gumaca-Alabat-Atimonan-Tagcauayan
DEMAND AREAS
TRADING CENTERS
SUPPLY AREAS
Figure 5. GEOGRAPHIC FLOW OF CALAMANSI IN QUEZON, 2001
Quezon:-Lopez-Gumaca-Alabat-Atimonan-Caglate-Tagcauayan-Caridad-Magsino
Camarines NorteRizal
Quezon:-Lopez-Gumaca-Lucena City-Atimonan-Calauag-Catanauan
San LorenzoGaban
Buena VistaJordan
DEMAND AREAS
TRADING CENTERS
SUPPLY AREAS
Figure 6. GEOGRAPHIC FLOW OF CALAMANSI IN GUIMARAS, 2001
Buena VistaSibunag
San LorenzoGabonJordan
Negros OrientalNegros Occidental
CebuIloilo
AntiqueCapiz
Guimaras:- Buenavista- Jordan
PalawanMetro Manila
! Mindoro Oriental
# Calamansi traded in Mindoro Oriental came from the following municipalities within the province: Naujan, Pola, Guitad, Calapan, Victoria, Bago, Bagong Silang and Lumang Bayan.
# Calamansi fruits were brought to the markets within the supply
municipalities. # From the trading centers, calamansi were distributed serving the
needs of areas within and outside the province. Demand areas outside Mindoro Oriental were Batangas and Manila.
! Quezon
# Calamansi in Quezon were sourced from Lopez, Gumaca, Alabat,
Atimonan, Caglate, Tagcauayan, Caridad and Magsino. # From the farm, the fruits were distributed to the markets of Lopez,
Gumaca, Alabat, Atimonan and Tagcauayan (all within Quezon) and to the provinces of Camarines Norte, Rizal and Metro Manila.
! Guimaras
# The supply of calamansi in Guimaras came primarily from the
municipalities of Buena Vista, Sibunag, San Lorenzo, Gaban, Camansi and Jordan. No supplies came from outside Guimaras.
# Calamansi were traded in the markets of San Lorenzo, Gaban,
Buena Vista, Jordan and Camansi.
# From there, calamansi was distributed to Western and Central Visayas provinces, Palawan and Metro Manila.
Marketing Channels
Figures 7 - 9 illustrate the distribution channels of calamansi from the farmers to the final consumers.
! Mindoro Oriental
# Farmers sold calamansi to assembler-distributors, buyers outside the province (BOP), processors and retailers. The assembler-distributors brought their procured calamansi to a “bodega”/buying
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 14
FARMER
Figure 7. MARKETING CHANNELS FOR CALAMANSI IN MINDORO ORIENTAL, 2001
PA-LD BA-SD
MA-MD
BODEGA
BOP
RETAILERPROCESSOR
CONSUMER
CONSUMER
RETAILER
FARMER
Figure 8. MARKETING CHANNELS FOR CALAMANSI IN QUEZON, 2001
BUYERS OUTSIDE
PROVINCE
PA-LDBA-SD
CONSUMER
RETAILER
FARMER
Figure 9. MARKETING CHANNELS FOR CALAMANSI IN GUIMARAS, 2001
INSTITUTIONAL BUYERS
PA-LDMA-LD
BA-SD
TRADER FROM AKLAN
RETAILER FROM OTHER MARKETS
BUYERS OUTSIDE THE PROVINCE
station for distribution to the buyers coming outside the province. They also sold calamansi to retailers and processors.
! Quezon
# Assembler-distributors and retailers bought calamansi from the farmers. The outlets of the assembler-distributors were retailers and buyers outside Quezon. Retailers, on the other hand, sold calamansi directly to consumers.
! Guimaras
# Calamansi farmers in Guimaras sold their produce to assembler-distributors and buyers outside the province. There were 5 farmers who directly sold calamansi to retailers. Traders sold their procurement to other traders and retailers within the trading center. Provincial assembler-large distributors supplied calamansi to a trader from Aklan and to retailers from other markets.
Marketing Costs
Marketing of calamansi from the farm up to retail level entails several costs which include labor, transportation, material inputs, other operating expenses and depreciation. The succeeding topics describe the costs borne by the marketing participants in transferring calamansi from the farmer to the retailer.
Labor
The activities in procuring calamansi from the farm included hauling, handling (loading and unloading from the farm to the truck/vehicle) and sorting. Shipping costs included fees for handling, arrastre and stevedoring. On the other hand, hauling, handling, sorting, selling, packing, weighing and cleaning comprised labor costs in the distribution of calamansi.
! Quezon incurred the highest labor cost with an average of P1.32 per
kilogram of calamansi which include labor in shipping, (P0.01) and distribution cost, (P1.31).
! Cost of trading in Mindoro Oriental averaged P1.28 per kilogram from
procurement to selling; the large portion was payment for sorting. ! In Guimaras, relatively lower cost for labor was estimated at P0.66 per
kilogram of calamansi.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 18
! Among the demand areas, traders from Manila incurred the highest labor cost at P1.30; followed by Iloilo, P0.94 per kilogram of calamansi and Batangas, P0.19 per kilogram.
Transportation
Transportation cost depends on the distance and destination of the commodity.
! The cost of transporting calamansi from the farm to market was
highest in Mindoro Oriental. Farmers spent an average of P0.49 per kilogram for hauling and P0.56 for shipping, while traders spent P0.35 for procurement and P0.66 per kilogram for distribution.
! Iloilo farmers and traders incurred a total transportation cost of
P1.30 per kilogram of calamansi, on average.
! A relatively lower transport cost was spent in calamansi trading in Metro Manila, P0.69, Quezon, P0.42, and Guimaras, P0.45.
Material Inputs
Costs of materials include those for containers (like “kaing”, sacks, plastic bags, “bilao”, basket or wooden box), twine, old newspapers, etc. Aside from those materials, banana leaves, needle, tie wire, different types of bags and sacks were used in selling calamansi (Table 16).
! Cost of material inputs ranged from P0.08 to P0.82 per kilogram of
calamansi. ! In Metro Manila, trading cost amounted to P0.57 per kilogram, on
average. ! From farm to market, the cost of material inputs was P0.39 per kilogram
in Mindoro Oriental. ! Traders in Batangas incurred an average of P0.27 for material costs per
kilogram of calamansi. ! Material cost for marketing was highest in Quezon at P0.82 per kilogram
of calamansi.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 19
! Traders in Iloilo used only sacks, kaing and plastic bags costing an average of P0.08 per kilogram of calamansi.
! In Guimaras, marketing costs per kilogram of calamansi included
procurement cost of P0.33, and P0.30 for distribution. Miscellaneous and Other Operating Costs
Miscellaneous and other operating expenses include business permit/license, market fee, electricity, telephone, water, gas and oil, cell cards, etc. These also cover expenses for meals and beverages while transporting the commodity (Table 17).
! Cost of other operating expenses ranged from P0.23 in Guimaras to
P0.91 per kilogram in Mindoro Oriental. ! Respondents from Mindoro Oriental reported the highest
shrinkage/wastage costs averaged at P0.35 per kilogram; followed by Iloilo (P0.122) and Metro Manila (P0.11).
! Toll gate fee paid by the sample respondents amounted to P0.19 in
Mindoro Oriental, P0.14 in Metro Manila and P0.13 in Iloilo. Depreciation
The study computed depreciation costs of materials, facilities and transportation items used in calamansi marketing (Table 18).
! Depreciation costs ranged from P0.07 to 34 centavos per kilogram of
calamansi. ! Depreciation cost incurred by traders in Metro Manila was the lowest at
P0.07 per kilogram of calamansi. ! Depreciation costs of traders from Mindoro Oriental, Batangas and Quezon
were estimated at P0.09, P0.34 and P0.22 per kilogram of calamansi, respectively.
! In Iloilo and Guimaras, depreciation costs were P0.10 and P0.14 per
kilogram of calamansi, respectively.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 2 0
Total Marketing Costs
The total marketing cost items includes the costs incurred by the sample respondents on labor, transportation, material inputs, other operating expenses and imputed costs on labor and depreciation of materials, equipment and facilities. These items were aggregated according to cash outlay which include cash, non cash and imputed costs.
! Total cash cost was highest in Mindoro Oriental at P4.64, followed by
Metro Manila, P3.14; the lowest was in Batangas, P0.74. ! In contrast, non-cash cost including the depreciation cost was highest
in Batangas, P0.34; and lowest in Metro Manila, P0.07.
! The total costs borne by marketing participants ranged from P1.08 (Batangas) to P4.72 per kilogram (Mindoro Oriental).
! Transportation cost accounted for the highest, at an average of P2.06
per kilogram of calamansi. Labor costs and other operating expenses have significant shares to total marketing costs in Mindoro Oriental.
! In Metro Manila, labor cost accounted for the biggest share at P1.30
which included salaries and wages; transportation costs, P0.69; other operating expenses, P0.58; material inputs, P.57, and imputed costs, P0.07.
! Marketing costs computed in Quezon included labor cost of P1.32;
transportation expenses of P0.42; materials, P0.82; other operating expenses, P0.55 and imputed costs, P0.22 per kilogram of calamansi.
Marketing Costs by Point of Destination Figures 10 to 12 illustrate the estimated costs of transferring calamansi from the supply barangay to the different trading/demand areas.
! Quezon
In moving calamansi from the supply area to Rizal province, sample respondents spent an average cost of P1.13 per kilogram. However, respondents who sold in the different markets within the province incurred P1.23 per kilogram.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 2 1
Mindoro Oriental- supply area to markets within the province 2.36- supply area to Batangas 1.91- supply area to Metro Manila 1.62
Quezon- supply area to markets within the province 1.23- supply area to Rizal 1.13
Guimaras- supply area to markets within the province 0.66- supply area to Negros Occidental 0.80- supply area to Metro Manila 0.89
MATRIX OF MARKETING COSTS FOR CALAMANSIBY POINT OF DESTINATION, 2001
Marketing Costs (peso per kilogram)
Supply Area/ Destination
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 2 2
Figure 10. Total marketing costs for Calamansi, by point of destination, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
Mindoro Oriental
Batangas
Metro Manila
Mindoro Oriental to Batangas = P1.91
Mindoro Oriental to Manila = P1.62
Within Mindoro Oriental = P2.36
Figure 11. Total marketing costs for Calamansi, by point of destination, Quezon, 2001
Quezon
Within Quezon = P1.23
Quezon to Rizal = P1.13
Figure 12. Total marketing costs for Calamansi, by point of destination, Guimaras, 2001
Negros Occidental
Guimaras/Iloilo
Metro Manila
Guimaras to Metro Manila = P0.89
Guimaras to Negros Occidental = P0.80
Within Guimaras = P0.66
! Mindoro Oriental
From the supply barangays to the market, the average expense was P2.36 per kilogram of calamansi.
In trading calamansi to Manila, the average cost kilogram of
calamansi was P1.32 for transportation; P0.19 for labor; P0.03 for materials; P0.02 for depreciation; and P0.06 for other expenses.
Traders in Batangas incurred an average cost of P1.91 per
kilogram of calamansi.
! Guimaras
Calamansi traders spent an average of P0.66 when the fruit is sold within the province, and P0.80 per kilogram when shipped to Negros Occidental.
Respondents who delivered calamansi to Metro Manila incurred
an average cost of P0.89 per kilogram. The transportation cost of P0.32 per kilogram from Iloilo to Manila included the transport costs from the supply barangays to the pier or “pantalan” (P0.12) and freight (P0.20). Transportation costs from the piers in Manila to their next point of destination were borne by the buyers of the fruits.
Marketing Margins The initial step in measuring the marketing margins is to describe the structure of the marketing chain, starting at the farm gate and tracing the product through the various intermediaries until it reaches the final consumer. Second is to identify and list the various functions that are performed at each stage in the marketing process. The estimation of marketing margin needs price data at which the product is bought and sold at each stage in the marketing process. Costs incurred in marketing plus the buying price give the estimated selling price. On the part of traders, buying price can be considered an expense. They have to pay for the commodity as the initial investment at prices agreed by both parties, the farmer and the trader. The gross margin, which still includes the cost of trading and the risk/losses, is the difference between the retail price and the effective buying price at the farm level.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 2 6
The net margin, or the net return, therefore, is the remainder when the total marketing costs were subtracted from the total gross margin. Below is the illustration of the concept: RP NM TGM FP + TC FP where: RP = retail price FP = farm price or the effective buying price at farm level FP+TC = farm price plus the total costs TGM = total gross margin (RP - FP) NM = net margin or return [RP – (FP + TC)] The estimated marketing margins for calamansi at each level of marketing participants and the estimated selling price for each supply province were illustrated from Figures 13 to 15. ! Mindoro Oriental
Traders incurred a total cost of P4.72 per kilogram of calamansi from procurement to distribution. The ex-wholesaler price, buying price plus total cost, was P15.30. At retail price of P14.65 per kilogram, the farmers’ share to consumers’ peso was 72% and the traders had 28%.
! Quezon
At buying price of P12.73 and total marketing cost of P3.34, the estimated selling price was P16.07 per kilogram. At the retail price of P41.53 per kilogram, the trader’s share was P19.97.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 2 7
Per
cen
tP
eso
per
kg
.P
erce
nt
Pes
o p
er
kg.
Per
cen
tP
eso
per
kg
.
Farm
10.5
812
.73
7.98
Ret
ail
14.6
541
.53
17.0
8
Farm
er72
.22
2.94
30.6
58.
8346
.72
4.25
Ret
aile
r27
.78
1.13
69.3
519
.97
53.2
84.
85
Tota
l10
04.
0710
028
.80
100
9.10
Less
: To
tal C
osts
4.72
3.34
2.11
Net
Mar
gin/
Ret
urn
(0.6
5)25
.46
6.99
Mar
gin
s
AV
ERA
GE
PR
ICES
AN
D M
AR
KET
ING
MA
RG
INS
FO
R C
ALA
MA
NS
I, 2
00
1
Mar
gin
sM
IND
OR
O O
RIE
NTA
LQ
UEZ
ON
Mar
gin
sP
rice
sP
rice
sP
rice
sIT
EM
GU
IMA
RA
S
Am
ount
(P/k
g)L
evel
Ave
.
Estim
ated
Sel
ling
Pric
e w
/o m
argi
nR
etai
l3.
25-
22.7
514
.65
(buy
ing
pric
e &
tota
l cos
ts)
15.3
0
Tota
l Cos
ts4.
72
Mat
eria
ls0.
34La
bor
1.18
Tran
spor
ting
0.66
Dep
reci
atio
n0.
082
Oth
ers
0.91
Ship
ping
0.56
Mat
eria
ls0.
053
Labo
r0.
10Tr
ansp
ortin
g0.
35
Pre-
mar
ketin
gTr
ansp
orta
tion
0.49
Buy
ing
Pric
e10
.58
Farm
2.76
-20
.82
10.5
8
* S
ourc
e: B
AS'
FPS
, Who
lesa
le &
Ret
ail P
rice
Mon
itorin
g
Pri
ce R
ange
Pra
ctic
e/A
ctiv
ity/
Cos
t It
emM
arke
t P
rice
*
Fig
ure
13.
Mar
keti
ng C
osts
for
Cal
aman
si, b
y le
vel o
f M
arke
ting
Par
tici
pant
s, M
indo
ro O
rien
tal,
2001
CO
NSU
MER
RETA
ILER
FAR
MER
TRA
DER
S O
UTS
IDE
PRO
VIN
CE
PA-L
DB
A-S
D
MA
-MD
PRO
CES
SOR
BO
DEG
A
Am
ount
(P/k
g)L
evel
Ave
.
Estim
ated
Sel
ling
Pric
e w
/o m
argi
nR
etai
l12
.54
-58
.50
41.5
3(b
uyin
g pr
ice
& to
tal c
osts
)16
.07
Tota
l Cos
ts3.
34
Mat
eria
ls0.
698
Labo
r1.
31Tr
ansp
ortin
g0.
26D
epre
ciat
ion
0.22
Oth
ers
0.55
Ship
ping
0.01
Tran
spor
tatio
n0.
16M
ater
ials
0.13
Buy
ing
Pric
e12
.73
Farm
9.33
-25
.00
12.7
3
* S
ourc
e: B
AS'
FPS
, Who
lesa
le &
Ret
ail P
rice
Mon
itorin
g
Pri
ce R
ange
Pra
ctic
e/A
ctiv
ity/
Cos
t It
emM
arke
t P
rice
*
Fig
ure
14.
Mar
keti
ng C
osts
for
Cal
aman
si, b
y le
vel o
f M
arke
ting
Par
tici
pant
s, Q
uezo
n, 2
001
CO
NSU
MER
RET
AIL
ER
FAR
MER
BU
YER
S O
UTS
IDE
PRO
VIN
CE
PA-L
DB
A-S
D
Am
ount
(P/k
g)L
evel
Ave
.
Estim
ated
Sel
ling
Pric
e w
/o m
argi
nR
etai
l9.
65-
20.6
017
.08
(buy
ing
pric
e &
tota
l cos
ts)
10.0
9
Tota
l Cos
ts2.
11
Mat
eria
ls0.
30La
bor
0.20
Tran
spor
ting
0.31
Dep
reci
atio
n0.
14O
ther
s0.
23
Ship
ping
Labo
r0.
14
Mat
eria
ls0.
33La
bor
0.32
Tran
spor
ting
0.14
Buy
ing
Pric
e7.
98Fa
rm4.
50-
16.8
37.
98
* S
ourc
e: B
AS'
FPS
, Who
lesa
le &
Ret
ail P
rice
Mon
itorin
g
Pri
ce R
ange
Pra
ctic
e/A
ctiv
ity/
Cos
ts I
tem
Mar
ket
Pri
ce*
Fig
ure
15.
Mar
keti
ng C
osts
for
Cal
aman
si, b
y le
vel o
f M
arke
ting
Par
tici
pant
s, G
uim
aras
, 200
1
CO
NSU
MER
RET
AIL
ER
FAR
MER
INST
ITU
TIO
NA
L B
UY
ERS
PA-L
DM
A-L
D
BA
-SD
TRA
DER
FR
OM
A
KLA
N
RET
AIL
ER
FRO
M O
THER
TRA
DER
O
UTS
IDE
THE
PRO
VIN
CE
! Guimaras
Traders bought calamansi at P7.98 and spent about P2.11 per kilogram during procurement and distribution. At an average retail price of P17.08, the traders net margin was P6.99 per kilogram.
IV. Problems/Constraints Encountered
Table 22 presents the problems encountered by the farmers and trader-respondents in relation to calamansi marketing. Some of these problems were:
! Abundant supply and low quality of calamansi being produced by the farmers
resulted to lower price. One farmer stated that he lack information and knowledge on the proper production and post harvest technology.
! Ten respondents from different province reported that their creditors did not
pay their loan or sometimes the payment for the commodities were delayed. ! A large percentage of wastage in bringing calamansi from the farm to the
demand areas because of the poor condition of the farm to market roads. ! Two traders lack capital to finance the buying and selling of calamansi. ! Other problems include the frequent price fluctuation, absence of permanent
stalls, the availability of shipping lines, too many competitors, the presence of imported lemon in the market and the “tong” given to different authority.
Marketing Cost Structure for Calamansi 3 2
Statistical Statistical Statistical Statistical TablesTablesTablesTables
Province/Municipality Farmer Trader Total
Metro Manila 20 20Pasay City 3 3Quezon City 6 6Manila 8 8Mandaluyong 2 2Caloocan City 1 1
Batangas 11 11Tanauan City 5 5Batangas City 6 6
Quezon 40 12 52Alabat 16 4 20Caridad 8 3 11Magsino 8 8Tagcauayan 8 8Lopez 1 1Gumaca 3 3Atimonan 1 1
Mindoro Oriental 40 9 49Pola 8 8Baco 8 8Naujan 10 10Victory 14 2 17Calapan 7 7
Guimaras 40 8 48Buenavista 32 4 36Jordan 2 2San Lorenzo 8 2 10
Iloilo 11 11Guimbal 1 1La Paz 1 1Iloilo City 9 9
TOTAL 120 71 191
Table 1. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by type,by province/municipality, 2001
Pro
vin
ceFa
rmer
PA
-LD
/MA
-LD
/RA
-LD
PA
-MD
/MA
-M
D/B
A-M
DM
A-S
D/B
A-
SD/P
A-S
DR
etai
ler
Tota
lP
erce
nt
Met
ro M
anila
713
2010
Min
doro
Orie
ntal
406
349
26
Bata
ngas
74
116
Que
zon
405
34
5227
Gui
mar
as40
41
348
25
Iloi
lo3
12
511
6
TOTA
L12
027
66
3219
110
0
Tabl
e 2.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
uti
on o
f re
spon
den
ts, b
y ty
pe o
f m
arke
tin
g pa
rtic
ipan
ts,
by p
rovi
nce,
200
1
Farm
Siz
e
(in
h
ecta
re)
Min
doro
O
rien
tal
Qu
ezon
Gu
imar
asTo
tal
Per
cen
t
less
tha
n 1.
014
3231
7764
1.00
- 1
.99
118
322
18
2.00
- 2
.99
84
1210
3.00
- 3
.99
22
43
4.00
- 4
.99
22
2
mor
e th
an 5
.03
33
TOTA
L4
04
04
01
20
10
0
Tabl
e 3
. C
ALA
MA
NSI
: N
um
ber
and
perc
enta
ge d
istr
ibu
tion
of
farm
er r
espo
nde
nts
,by
siz
e of
far
m, b
y pr
ovin
ce, 2
00
1
Ten
uri
al S
tatu
sM
indo
ro
Ori
enta
lQ
uez
onG
uim
aras
Tota
lP
erce
nt
Ow
ner
3235
3910
688
CLT
21
33
Tena
nt5
41
108
Oth
ers*
11
1
TOTA
L4
04
04
01
20
10
0
* Pu
blic
land
Tabl
e 4
. CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Nu
mbe
r an
d pe
rcen
tage
dis
trib
uti
on o
f fa
rmer
-res
pon
den
ts,
by
ten
uri
al s
tatu
s, b
y pr
ovin
ce, 2
00
1
Type
of
Bu
sin
ess
Met
ro
Man
ilaM
indo
ro
Ori
enta
lB
atan
gas
Qu
ezon
Gu
imar
asIl
oilo
Tota
lP
erce
nt
Sing
le P
ropr
ieto
rshi
p20
511
127
1166
93
Part
ners
hip
31
46
Cor
pora
tion
11
1
TOTA
L2
09
11
12
81
17
11
00
Tabl
e 5
. CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
uti
on o
f tr
ader
res
pon
den
ts,
by t
ype
of b
usi
nes
s, b
y pr
ovin
ce, 2
00
1
Pro
vinc
eP
A-L
D/M
A-L
D/
RA
-LD
PA
-MD
/MA
-M
D/B
A-M
DP
A-S
D/M
A-
SD/B
A/S
DR
etai
ler
Tot
al
Met
ro M
anila
Sing
le P
ropr
ieto
rshi
p7
1320
Min
doro
Orie
ntal
Sing
le P
ropr
ieto
rshi
p2
35
Cor
pora
tion
11
Partn
ersh
ip3
3
Bat
anga
sSi
ngle
Pro
prie
tors
hip
74
11
Que
zon
Sing
le P
ropr
ieto
rshi
p5
34
12
Gui
mar
asSi
ngle
Pro
prie
tors
hip
31
37
Partn
ersh
ip1
1
Iloilo
City
Sing
le P
ropr
ieto
rshi
p3
12
511
TO
TA
L27
66
3271
Tab
le 5
a. C
AL
AM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
utio
n of
tra
der
resp
onde
nts,
by
type
of
mar
keti
ng p
arti
cipa
nts,
by t
ype
of b
usin
ess,
by
prov
ince
, 200
1
Nat
ure
of C
apit
aliz
atio
nM
etro
M
anila
Min
doro
O
rien
tal
Bat
anga
sQ
uezo
nG
uim
aras
Iloi
loT
otal
Per
cent
Self-
finan
ced
207
1111
511
6591
Und
er fi
nanc
ing
11
24
6
Und
er c
ontra
ct a
gree
men
t1
12
3
TO
TA
L20
911
128
1171
100
Tab
le 6
. CA
LA
MA
NSI
: D
istr
ibut
ion
of t
rade
r re
spon
dent
s,by
nat
ure
of c
apit
aliz
atio
n, b
y pr
ovin
ce, 2
001
Pro
vinc
eP
A-L
D/M
A-L
D/
RA
-LD
PA
-MD
/MA
-M
D/B
A-M
DP
A-S
D/M
A-
SD/B
A-S
DR
etai
ler
Tot
al
Met
ro M
anila
Self-
finan
ced
713
20
Min
doro
Orie
ntal
Self-
finan
ced
52
7U
nder
fina
ncin
g1
1U
nder
con
tract
agr
eem
ent
11
Bat
anga
sSe
lf-fin
ance
d7
411
Que
zon
Self-
finan
ced
53
311
Und
er fi
nanc
ing
11
Gui
mar
asSe
lf-fin
ance
d3
25
Und
er fi
nanc
ing
11
2U
nder
con
tract
agr
eem
ent
11
Iloilo Se
lf-fin
ance
d3
12
511
TO
TA
L27
66
3271
Tab
le 6
a. C
AL
AM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
utio
n of
tra
der
resp
onde
nts,
by
natu
re o
f ca
pita
lizat
ion,
by
prov
ince
, 200
1
Yea
rs in
bu
sin
ess
Met
ro
Man
ilaM
indo
ro
Ori
enta
lB
atan
gas
Qu
ezon
Gu
imar
asIl
oilo
Tota
lP
erce
nt
less
tha
n 5
41
32
12
1318
5 -
10
46
23
45
2434
11
- 1
56
12
31
1318
16
- 2
01
33
710
mor
e th
an 2
05
11
13
314
20
TOTA
L2
09
11
12
81
17
11
00
Tabl
e 7
. C
ALA
MA
NSI
: D
istr
ibu
tion
of
trad
er r
espo
nde
nts
, by
len
gth
of
expe
rien
ce,
by p
rovi
nce
, 20
01
Within the province Outside the province Within the province Outside the province
Metro Manila Pasay City Mindoro Oriental Pasay City CaviteManila Cabanatuan City of Manila BulacanQuezon City Davao City Quezon City Rizal
Baguio City Pasig City LagunaNueva EcijaZamboanga City
Mindoro Oriental Naujan Calapan Metro ManilaPola Bilboa BatangasGutad Puerto GaleraCalapan VictoriaVictoriaBacoBagong SilangLumang Bayan
Batangas Tanauan City Mindoro Oriental Nasugbu ManilaPola Roxas Balayan PangasinanCalapan Batangas City Laguna
CaviteQuezon Lopez Atimonan Daet
Gumaca Lucena RizalAlabat Gumaca Metro ManilaAtimonan LopezCaglate CalauagTagcauayan CatanauanCaridadMagsino
Guimaras Buenavista Buenavista Negros OrientalSibunag Jordan PalawanSan Lorenzo BacolodJordan IloiloGaban CebuCamansi Metro Manila
Iloilo Guimbal Guimaras Guimbal AntiqueLa Paz Aklan La Paz CapizIloilo City Jaro Roxas
MiagaoLangkas Mandaue Negros OccidentalTabon Masbate
Metro Manila
Source Destination
Table 8. CALAMANSI: Major sources and destinations, by location,by province, 2001
Province/City/Area
Pro
vin
ceJa
nFe
bM
arA
prM
ayJu
nJu
lA
ugSe
ptO
ctN
ovD
ec.
Min
doro
Ori
enta
lPl
antin
g1
11
11
33
31
Har
vest
ing
2220
2827
2418
2628
2622
1721
Trad
ing
2321
3029
2418
2631
2925
1721
Qu
ezon
Har
vest
ing
1817
2424
2623
2427
2725
2017
Trad
ing
1612
1621
2219
2023
1716
1214
Gu
imar
asH
arve
stin
g35
3538
3940
3233
3640
3433
39Tr
adin
g35
3538
3940
3233
3640
3433
39
Tabl
e 9
. C
ALA
MA
NSI
: C
ropp
ing
Pat
tern
, by
acti
vity
in s
elec
ted
prov
ince
s, 2
00
1
Mod
e of
Del
iver
yM
etro
M
anila
Min
doro
O
rien
tal
Bat
anga
sQ
uez
onG
uim
aras
Iloi
loTo
tal
Per
cen
t
Pick
ed u
p12
34
310
3245
Del
iver
ed8
98
85
3854
Both
11
1
TOTA
L2
09
11
12
81
17
11
00
Tabl
e 1
0.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
uti
on o
f re
spon
den
ts, b
y m
ann
er o
f pr
ocu
rem
ent,
by p
rovi
nce
, 20
01
Mod
e of
Del
iver
yP
A-L
D/M
A-L
D/
RA
-LD
PA
-MD
/P M
A-
MD
/ B
A-M
DM
A-S
D/B
A-
SD/P
A-S
DR
etai
ler
TOTA
L
MET
RO
MA
NIL
APi
cked
-up
210
12D
eliv
ered
53
8
MIN
DO
RO
OR
IEN
TAL
Del
iver
ed6
39
BA
TAN
GA
SPi
cked
-up
33
Del
iver
ed7
18
QU
EZO
NPi
cked
-up
31
4D
eliv
ered
22
48
GU
IMA
RA
SPi
cked
-up
33
Del
iver
ed1
13
5
ILO
ILO
Pick
ed-u
p2
12
510
Del
iver
ed1
1
Tabl
e 10
a. C
ALA
MA
NSI
: D
istr
ibu
tion
of
resp
onde
nts
, by
type
of
mar
keti
ng
part
icip
ants
,by
man
ner
of
proc
ure
men
t, b
y pr
ovin
ce, 2
001
32
71
TOTA
L2
76
6
Mod
e of
Pay
men
tM
etro
M
anila
Min
doro
O
rien
tal
Bat
anga
sQ
uez
onG
uim
aras
Iloi
loTo
tal
Per
cen
t
Cash
175
54
56
4259
Con
sign
men
t3
46
82
427
38
Del
ayed
Pay
men
t1
12
3
TOTA
L2
09
11
12
81
17
11
00
Tabl
e 1
1.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
uti
on o
f re
spon
den
ts, b
y m
ode
of p
aym
ent
in p
rocu
rem
ent,
by p
rovi
nce
, 20
01
Mod
e of
Pay
men
t P
A-L
D/M
A-L
D/
RA
-LD
PA
-MD
/ M
A-
MD
/ B
A-M
DM
A-S
D/
BA
-SD
/ P
A-S
DR
etai
ler
TOTA
L
MET
RO
MA
NIL
ACas
h4
1317
Cons
ignm
ent
33
MIN
DO
RO
OR
IEN
TAL
Cas
h2
35
Cons
ignm
ent
44
BA
TAN
GA
SCas
h2
35
Cons
ignm
ent
51
6
QU
EZO
NCas
h1
21
4Co
nsig
nmen
t4
13
8
GU
IMA
RA
SCas
h2
12
5Co
nsig
nmen
t1
12
Del
ayed
Pay
men
t1
1
ILO
ILO
Cas
h3
21
6Co
nsig
nmen
t4
4D
elay
ed P
aym
ent
11
Tabl
e 1
1a.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
uti
on o
f tr
ader
res
pon
den
ts, b
y ty
pe o
f m
arke
tin
g pa
rtic
ipan
ts,
by m
ode
of p
aym
ent
in b
uyi
ng
stoc
ks, b
y pr
ovin
ce, 2
00
1
32
71
TOTA
L2
76
6
Mod
e of
Del
iver
yM
etro
M
anila
Min
doro
O
rien
tal
Bat
anga
sQ
uez
onG
uim
aras
Iloi
loTo
tal
Per
cen
t
Pick
ed u
p19
1310
3737
1012
666
Del
iver
ed1
3615
111
6434
Both
11
a/
TOTA
L2
04
91
15
24
81
11
91
10
0
a/ le
ss t
han
1 pe
rcen
t
Tabl
e 1
2.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
uti
on o
f re
spon
den
ts, b
y m
ann
er o
f di
stri
buti
on,
by p
rovi
nce
, 20
01
Mod
e of
Del
iver
yFa
rmer
s P
A-L
D/M
A-L
D/
RA
-LD
PA
-MD
// M
A-
MD
// B
A-M
DM
A-S
D/
BA
-SD
/PA
-SD
Ret
aile
rTO
TAL
MET
RO
MA
NIL
APi
cked
- up
712
19D
eliv
ered
11
MIN
DO
RO
OR
IEN
TAL
Pick
ed-
up7
33
13D
eliv
ered
333
36
BA
TAN
GA
SPi
cked
- up
73
10Bo
th1
1
QU
EZO
NPi
cked
- up
332
237
Del
iver
ed7
33
215
GU
IMA
RA
SPi
cked
- up
352
37D
eliv
ered
54
11
11
ILO
ILO
Pick
ed-
up3
11
510
Del
iver
ed1
1
Tabl
e 12
a. C
ALA
MA
NSI
: M
ann
er o
f di
stri
buti
on, b
y ty
pe o
f
m
arke
tin
g pa
rtic
ipan
ts, b
y pr
ovin
ce, 2
000
3219
1TO
TAL
120
276
6
Mod
e of
Pay
men
tM
etro
M
anila
Min
doro
O
rien
tal
Bat
anga
sQ
uez
onG
uim
aras
Iloi
loTo
tal
Per
cen
t
Cash
1716
528
2710
103
54
Con
sign
men
t3
336
2421
188
46
TOTA
L2
04
91
15
24
81
11
91
10
0
Tabl
e 1
3.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
uti
on o
f re
spon
den
ts, b
y m
ann
er o
f m
ode
of p
aym
ent
in d
istr
ibu
tion
,by
pro
vin
ce, 2
00
1
Mod
e of
Pay
men
tFA
RM
ERS
PA
-LD
/MA
-LD
/ R
A-L
DP
A-M
D/
MA
-M
D/
BA
-MD
MA
-SD
/ B
A-
SD/P
A-S
DR
ETA
ILER
TOTA
L
MET
RO
MA
NIL
ACa
sh4
1317
Con
sign
men
t3
3
MIN
DO
RO
OR
IEN
TAL
Cash
121
316
Con
sign
men
t28
533
BA
TAN
GA
SCa
sh1
45
Con
sign
men
t6
6
QU
EZO
NCa
sh19
41
428
Con
sign
men
t21
12
24
GU
IMA
RA
SCa
sh19
41
327
Con
sign
men
t21
21
ILO
ILO
Cash
31
15
10Con
sign
men
t1
1
Tabl
e 1
3a.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Dis
trib
uti
on o
f re
spon
den
ts, b
y ty
pe o
f m
arke
tin
g pa
rtic
ipan
ts,
by m
ode
of p
aym
ent
for
dist
ribu
tion
, by
prov
ince
, 20
01
32
19
1TO
TAL
12
02
76
6
Pro
cure
men
t0.
230.
960.
100.
54H
aulin
g0.
960.
100.
16H
andl
ing
0.03
0.13
Load
ing
0.10
Unl
oadi
ng0.
10So
rtin
g0.
03
Ship
pin
g0.
060.
11H
andl
ing
fee
0.06
0.11
Arra
stre
Dis
trib
uti
on0.
851.
110.
061.
310.
53H
aulin
g0.
35H
andl
ing
0.34
Load
ing
0.10
0.05
0.03
0.09
Unl
oadi
ng0.
100.
050.
030.
09So
rtin
g0.
500.
450.
310.
08Se
lling
0.15
0.15
Pack
ing
a/
0.19
0.09
0.10
Wei
ghin
g0.
170.
140.
08Cle
anin
g0.
050.
080.
09
Sala
ries
an
d w
ages
0.23
0.07
0.13
0.25
0.20
a/ in
clud
es w
eigh
ing
and
re-p
acki
ng in
pla
stic
sac
ks, ba
gs, et
c.
Bat
anga
s
0.19
0.74
peso
per
kilo
gram
Qu
ezon
Iloi
lo
1.31
0.88
Tota
l1.
312.
14
Tabl
e 1
4.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Labo
r co
sts
by m
arke
tin
g ac
tivi
ty/p
ract
ice,
by p
rovi
nce
s, 2
001
Gu
imar
asM
arke
tin
g A
ctiv
ity/
Pra
ctic
eM
etro
M
anila
Min
doro
O
rien
tal
Procurement 0.08 0.05 0.20Handling a/ 0.08 0.05
Loading 0.10Unloading 0.10
Distribution 0.70 0.44 Handling Loading 0.10 0.15 Unloading 0.10 0.15 Sorting 0.50 Selling 0.14
Salaries and Wages 0.20 0.20 0.61
Table 14a. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice, Metro Manila, 2001
peso per kilogram
TOTAL 0.98 0.25
Marketing Activity/Practice
RA/LD MA/LD Retailer
1.25
Procurement 0.14 0.05
Hauling 0.14 0.05
Distribution 1.12 0.31 0.29 0.87
Handling
Loading 0.02 0.001 0.07 0.03
Unloading 0.02 0.001 0.07 0.03
Sorting 0.61 0.05 0.27
Packing 0.42 0.16 0.05 0.27
Weighing 0.05 0.27
Cleaning 0.05
Selling 0.15
Salaries and Wages 0.07
MA-LD RETAILER
0.87
peso per kilogram
TOTAL 1.33 0.31 0.34
Table 14b. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,by activity/practice, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
Marketing Activity/Practice
FARMER PA-LD
Distribution 0.04 0.05 0.09Handling
Loading 0.04 0.02 0.05 Unloading 0.03 0.04
Salaries and Wages 0.13
DistributionHauling 0.51 0.22 0.33Handling 0.48 0.33Sorting 0.64 0.56 0.16Packing a/ 0.08 0.16 0.12Cleaning 0.08Weighing 0.08 0.16 0.12
a/ includes weighing and re-packing in plastic sacks, bags, etc.
Marketing Activity/Practice
PA-LD PA-MD RETAILER
Table 14c. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing
TOTAL 0.04 0.18
participants, by activity/practice, Batangas, 2001
peso per kilogram
0.09
0.9
Marketing Activity/Practice
FARMER IRA-PA PA-LD PA-MD RETAILER
peso per kilogram
Table 14d. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketingparticipants, by activity/practice, Quezon, 2001
TOTAL 1.15 0.80 0.48 0.70
Procurement 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.20Hauling 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.20
Shipping 0.10 0.04Handling fee 0.10 0.04
Distribution 0.47 0.35 0.84 0.08Handling
Loading 0.06 0.04 0.28 0.02Unloading 0.06 0.04 0.28 0.02
Cleaning 0.12 0.07Sorting 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.02Packing 0.11 0.09 0.07Weighing 0.12 0.09 0.07 0.02
Salaries and Wages 0.25
PA-SD RETAILER
0.53
peso per kilogram
Table 14e. CALAMANSI: Labor costs incurred by marketing participants,by activity/practices, Iloilo, 2001
TOTAL 0.69 0.45 0.95
Marketing Activity/Practice
RA-LD RA-MD
Pro
cure
men
t0.
100.
300.
210.
201.
48H
aulin
g0.
100.
150.
100.
76H
andl
ing
0.15
0.10
0.72
Sorti
ng0.
010.
20
Ship
ping
0.14
Han
dlin
g0.
11A
rras
tre0.
03
Sala
ries
and
Wag
es0.
140.
93
PA
-LD
RE
TA
ILE
R
2.41
MA
-LD
MA
-SD
0.21
0.20
Tab
le 1
4f.
CA
LA
MA
NSI
: L
abor
cos
ts in
curr
ed b
y m
arke
ting
par
tici
pant
s,by
act
ivit
y/pr
acti
ce, G
uim
aras
, 200
1
TO
TA
L0.
100.
140.
44
peso
per
kilo
gram
Mar
keti
ng
Act
ivit
y/P
ract
ice
FA
RM
ER
SIR
A-L
D
Pra
ctic
e/ac
tivi
tyM
ETR
O
MA
NIL
AM
IND
OR
O
OR
IEN
TAL
QU
EZO
NIL
OIL
OG
UIM
AR
AS
Pre-
mar
ketin
g 0.
49
Proc
urem
ent
0.30
0.35
0.36
0.14
Proc
urem
ent
0.35
Ship
ping
0.56
0.14
Dis
trib
utio
n0.
390.
660.
260.
800.
31
Ta
ble
15
. C
ALA
MA
NSI
: Tr
ansp
orta
tion
cos
ts b
y m
arke
tin
g ac
tivi
ty/p
ract
ice,
by p
rovi
nce
, 20
01
TOTA
L0
.45
1.3
00
.69
2.4
10
.26
peso
per
kilo
gram
Marketing Activity/Practices RA/LD Retailer
Procurement 0.12 0.52
Distribution 0.39
Marketing Activity/Practice FARMER MA-LD
Procurement 0.35
Shipping 0.56
Distribution 1.190 0.38
peso per kilogram
0.12 0.91
peso per kilogram
Table 15a. CALAMANSI: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice,
Metro Manila, 2001
Table 15b. CALAMANSI: Transportation costs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice,
Mindoro Oriental, 2001
TOTAL 1.75 0.73
TOTAL
Dis
tribu
tion
0.31
0.33
0.16
0.21
0.16
0.52
0.16
Tot
al0.
310.
330.
16
PA
-MD
Mar
keti
ng A
ctiv
ity/
Pra
ctic
eF
AR
ME
RIR
A-L
DP
A-L
D
Tab
le 1
5c:
CA
LA
MA
NSI
: T
rans
port
atio
n co
sts
incu
rred
by
mar
keti
ng
part
icip
ants
, by
acti
vity
/pra
ctic
e, Q
uezo
n, 2
001
RE
TA
ILE
R
0.21
0.16
0.52
0.16
BA
-SD
MA
-MD
Marketing Activity/Practice
RA-LD RA-MD PA-SD
Procurement 0.56 0.34 0.25
Shipping (freight) 0.14
Distribution 0.80
Marketing Activity/Practice
IRA-LD PA-LD MA-LD MA-SD
Procurement 0.03 0.16 0.12 0.09PUJ 0.03 0.16 0.12Tricycle 0.09
Distribution 0.202 0.26 0.20Pumpboat 0.2 0.14 0.20MotorcycleFXTricycle 0.002PUJ 0.12Jeep
0.09
peso per kilogram
0.56 0.34 1.19
Total 0.232 0.42 0.32
Table 15d. CALAMANSI: Transportation costs incurred by marketingparticipants, by activity/practice, Iloilo, 2001
Table 15e. CALAMANSI: Transportation costs incurred by marketingparticipants, by activity/practice, Guimaras, 2001
TOTAL
peso per kilogram
Marketing Activity/ Cost Item
Metro Manila
Mindoro Oriental
Batangas Quezon Iloilo Guimaras
Procurement 0.023 0.053 0.100 0.698 0.001 0.339"Kaing" 0.020 0.030 0.130 0.030Cover 0.003Twine 0.002 0.010 0.008 0.002Newspaper a/ 0.002"Bilao" 0.001Sacks b/ 0.020 0.040 0.110 0.001 0.070Staple wire a/Net sack 0.450Red sack 0.080Plastic sack cover 0.005Plastic bag 0.050 0.130Ball pen 0.010Chair 0.010
Distribution 0.551 0.340 0.170 0.126 0.080 0.295Sacks 0.250 0.100 0.020 0.040Plastic bag 0.280 0.230 0.030 0.010 0.040Plastic sack 0.020Old newspaper 0.001 a/Banana leaves 0.040Twine 0.010 0.010 0.004"Kaing" 0.010 0.020Plastic bag 0.240Plastic box 0.002Red bag 0.030Sando bag 0.140Basket 0.004Wodden box 0.002Tie wire 0.006"Bilao" 0.010 0.010Needle 0.003
TOTAL 0.574 0.393 0.270 0.824 0.081 0.634
a/ less than 0.001
b/ includes old sacks and plastic sacks
peso per kilogram
Table 16. CALAMANSI: Cost of material inputs by marketing activity/practice/cost item, by province, 2001
Marketing Activity/ Cost Item
RA/LD MA/LD Retailer
Procurement 0.023 "Kaing" 0.020 Cover 0.003
Distribution 0.180 0.271 0.420 Sacks 0.120 0.270 Plastic bag 0.050 0.410 Old newspaper 0.001 "Kaing" 0.010
"Bilao" 0.010
TOTAL 0.180 0.294 0.420
peso per kilogram
Table 16a. CALAMANSI: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Metro Manila, 2001
Marketing Activity/ Cost Item
FARMER PA-LD MA-LD RETAILER
Procurement 0.003 0.022 0.001"Kaing" 0.003 0.210Twine 0.002Newspaper a/"Bilao" 0.001Sacks 0.020Staple wire a/
Distribution 0.120 0.031 0.296Banana leaves 0.040Twine 0.060 0.001 0.060Newpaper a/Plastic bag 0.230Plastic sack 0.020Red bag 0.030"Bilao" 0.006
a/ less than 0.001
peso per kilogram
Table 16b. CALAMANSI: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketing participants, by activity/practice/cost item, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
0.290TOTAL 0.120 0.030 0.230
Marketing Activity/ Cost Item
RA-LD RA-MD PA-SD Retailer
Procurement 0.010 0.001 0.010 Sacks 0.010 0.001 0.010
Distribution 0.040 0.120 0.050 0.040 Sack 0.020 Plastic bag 0.020 0.120 0.050 0.040 "Kaing" 0.020
Table 16e. CALAMANSI: Cost of material inputs incurred by marketingparticipants, by activity/practice/cost item, Iloilo, 2001
TOTAL 0.050 0.121 0.060 0.040
peso per kilogram
Mar
keti
ng
Act
ivit
y/
Cos
t It
emFA
RM
ERIR
A-L
DP
A-L
DM
A-L
DR
ETA
ILER
Pro
cure
men
t0.
100
0.16
90.
244
0.03
00.
130
Old
new
spap
er0.
002
0.01
0Tw
ine
0.00
2Pl
astic
bag
0.13
0Red
sac
k0.
070
0.08
0"K
aing
"0.
030
0.04
00.
030
Sack
(or
dina
ry)
0.10
00.
060
0.10
0Pl
astic
sac
k co
ver
0.00
50.
004
Ball
pen
0.01
0Cha
ir
Dis
trib
uti
on0.
006
0.24
2Sa
ckBa
nana
leav
eTw
ine
Tie
wire
Nee
dle
0.00
3Pa
rtia
l pen
Ink
0.00
3Pa
dN
oteb
ook
Plas
tic b
ag0.
240
Plas
tic b
ox0.
002
Tota
l0.
100
0.16
90.
250
0.03
00.
372
peso
per
kilo
gram
part
icip
ants
by
acti
vity
/pra
ctic
e/co
st it
em, G
uim
aras
, 2
00
1Ta
ble
16
f. C
ALA
MA
NSI
: C
ost
of m
ater
ial i
npu
ts in
curr
ed b
y m
arke
tin
g
Cost Item Metro Manila
Mindoro Oriental
Batangas Quezon Iloilo Guimaras
Business Permit/license b/ 0.010 0.020 0.005 0.030 0.010 0.070Market fee c/ 0.090 0.030 0.010 0.040 0.010Market fee 0.270Electricity/Light 0.020 0.004 0.010 0.020 0.002Telephone 0.020 0.020 0.020 0.050 0.020Water 0.010Shrinkage/wastage 0.110 0.350 0.120Gas and Oil 0.020 0.001 0.030Weighing scale calibration a/ 0.004 0.010 0.002Repair and maintenance 0.010 0.130Sanitary permit 0.020Toll fee 0.140 0.190 0.130Interest on loan 0.080 0.010Other market fees d/ 0.010 0.030Rental fee 0.070Market fee 0.160Registration fee a/Tiangge fee 0.140Transport permit 0.060Contract 0.006Permit clearance fee 0.010Stevedoring 0.010Freight 0.160Cell card 0.010Meals & beverages 0.120 0.050 0.010 0.100 0.210 0.010
TOTAL 0.580 0.905 0.279 0.720 0.600 0.230a/ less than 0.001b/ includes mayor's permit and barangay permitc/ includes stall fee and ticketd/ Includes stall fee and ticket
peso per kilogram
Table 17. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs by cost item,by province, 2001
Cost Item RA/LD MA/LD Retailer
Business permit/license b/ 0.020 0.001 0.110
Market fee c/ 0.070 0.090 0.130
Electricity/light 0.010 0.210
Telephone 0.010 0.250
Water 0.010
Shrinkage/wastage 0.480 0.080 0.030
Gas & oil 0.080 0.880
Weighing scale calibration a/ 0.001
Repair and maintenance 0.010 0.090
Sanitary permit 0.080 0.040
Toll fee 0.140
Other market fees d/ 0.010
Meals & bevarages 0.020 0.130 0.200
TOTAL 0.670 0.421 2.091a/ less than 0.001
b/ includes mayor's permit and barangay permit
c/ includes stall fee and ticket
d/ includes "tong"
peso per kilogram
Table 17a. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by marketingparticipants, by cost item, Metro Manila, 2001
Cost Item FARMER PA-LD MA-LD RETAILER
Business permit/license a/ 0.006 0.050
Market fee b/ 0.030 0.020 0.002 0.470
Electricity/light 0.004 0.004
Telephone 0.010 0.020
Shrinkage/wastage 0.330 0.350 0.520
Gas & oil 0.001
Repair and maintenance 0.130
Interest on loan 0.180 0.070 0.070
Meals & beverages 0.060 0.040 0.410
Toll fee 0.190
Other market fee c/ 0.030
a/ includes mayor's permit and barangay permit
b/ includes stall fee and ticket
c/ includes "tong"
Total 0.670 0.300 0.450
peso per kilogram
Table 17b. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants, by cost item, Mindoro Oriental, 2001
1.550
Cost Item IRA-LD PA-LD PA-MD RETAILER
Municipal permit 0.001 0.003 0.010 0.030Telephone 0.010 0.060 0.010 0.080Electricity 0.007 0.010 0.020Rental fee 0.020 0.008 0.200 0.160Market fee 0.710 0.090 0.330Registration a/ a/Calibration of weighing scale 0.004Meal & beverages 0.010 0.010
a/ Less than 0.001
Table 17c. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by marketingparticipants by cost item, Batangas, 2001
peso per kilogram
Total 0.038 0.801 0.340 0.604
Cos
t It
emFA
RM
ERP
A-L
DP
A-M
DM
A-M
DB
A-M
DB
A-S
DR
ETA
ILER
Busi
ness
per
mit
0.03
00.
020
0.06
00.
004
0.07
0Ti
anng
e fe
e0.
140
Mar
ket
fee
0.25
00.
160
0.06
00.
060
0.01
00.
480
Mea
ls a
nd b
ever
ages
0.10
0
Tabl
e 1
7d.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Oth
er o
pera
tin
g co
sts
incu
rred
by
mar
keti
ng
part
icip
ants
, by
cost
item
, Qu
ezon
, 20
01
0.2
80
0.1
80
0.0
14
peso
per
kilo
gram
Tota
l0
.10
00
.12
00
.06
00
.69
0
Cost Item RA-LD RA-MD PA-SD RETAILER
Business permit b/ 0.010Market fee c/ 0.020 0.070 0.080Electricity 0.004 0.030 0.040Telephone 0.050Wastage 0.070 0.180 0.250Weighing scale calibration a/ 0.001 0.040Toll fee 0.130Interest on loan 0.003 0.010Meals & beverages d/ 0.180 0.020 0.500 0.300
a/ Less than 0.001
b/ includes mayor's permit and barangay's permit
c/ includes stall fee and ticket
d/ inclides cigarettes and drinks
0.910
peso per kilogram
Table 17e. CALAMANSI: Other operating costs incurred by marketing participants, by cost item, Iloilo, 2001
TOTAL 0.277 0.120 0.681
Cos
t It
emIR
A-L
DP
A-L
DM
A-L
DM
A-S
DR
ETA
ILER
Mun
icip
al p
erm
it0.
003
0.19
0
Bara
ngay
per
mit
0.01
0
Tran
spor
t pe
rmit
0.06
0
Tele
phon
e0.
020
Elec
tric
ity0.
001
0.00
70.
040
Wei
ghin
g sc
ale
calib
ratio
n0.
002
Cont
ract
0.00
6
Cel
l car
d0.
010
Gas
olin
e0.
003
0.20
0
Perm
it cl
eara
nce
fee
0.01
0
Mea
ls a
nd b
ever
ages
0.00
20.
150
0.00
30.
100
Tota
l0
.08
60
.34
2
peso
per
kilo
gram
Tabl
e 17
f. C
ALA
MA
NSI
: O
ther
ope
rati
ng
cost
s in
curr
ed b
y m
arke
tin
gpa
rtic
ipan
ts, b
y co
st it
em, G
uim
aras
, 20
01
0.1
70
0.2
10
0.0
09
Cost ItemMetro Manila
Mindoro Oriental
Batangas Quezon Iloilo Guimaras
Materials Used 0.015 0.023 0.153 0.050 0.079 0.056Chair b/ 0.002 a/ 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.010Tray 0.004 0.070Pail 0.004Tent/Umbrella 0.004 0.014 0.080 0.014Table c/ 0.001 0.009 0.002 0.001 0.046Sorting can a/"Bilao" 0.070 0.030 0.004Basin 0.004
Equipment 0.033 0.009 0.164 0.030 0.008 0.030Weighing scale 0.003 0.001 0.010 0.030 0.004 0.010Electric fan 0.010 a/ 0.080Calculator 0.020 0.004 0.004 0.010Radio a/Cellphone 0.004 0.070 0.004 0.010
Facilities 0.040 0.020 0.140 0.050Cart/Stall 0.020Storage d/ 0.020 0.020 0.140 0.050
Transportation 0.020 0.010PUJ 0.010Van 0.010Jeep 0.010
TOTAL 0.068 0.082 0.337 0.220 0.087 0.136a/ less than 0.001b/ includes plastic and wooden chair
c/ sorting table or "Pakihan"
d/ storage place or "kamalig"
peso per kilogram
Table 18. CALAMANSI: Imputed cost of depreciation by materials/ facilities/ equipment used, by province, 2001
Item RA-LD MA-LD Retailer
Materials Used 0.007 0.002 0.062Pail 0.004Chairs 0.002 0.002 0.004Tent/umbrella 0.004 0.020Tray 0.004Table ("Pakihan) 0.001 0.030
Equipment 0.010 0.001 0.040Weighing scale 0.010 0.001 0.010Electric fan 0.010Calculator 0.020Radio a/
Transportation 0.020 0.040PUJ 0.010 0.040Van 0.010
Total 0.017 0.023 0.142a/ less than 0.001
peso per kilogram
Table 18a. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by materials/facilities/ equipment
used, Metro Manila, 2001
Item FARMER PA-LD MA-LD RETAILER
Materials Used 0.019 a/ a/ 0.004Chairs a/ a/Table b/ 0.009 a/ a/Sorting can a/Tent/umbrella 0.010 0.004
Equipment 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.004Weighing scale 0.004 a/ 0.001 0.004Calculator a/ a/Electric fan a/Cellphone 0.004
Facilities 0.001 0.020 0.020Cart/Stall 0.02Storage 0.001 0.02
Transportation 0.010Jeep 0.010
Total 0.023 0.015 0.021 0.028
* less than 0.001
Table 18b. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by materials/facilities/equipment used,
Mindoro Oriental, 2001
peso per kilogram
Facilities/Equipment IRA-LD PA-LD PA-MD RETAILER
Materials Used 0.001 0.052 0.004 0.150Umbrella 0.080Chairs 0.001 0.050 0.004Bilao 0.070Table 0.002
Equipment 0.010 0.089 0.140Weighing scale 0.010 0.015 0.050Cell phone 0.070Electric fan 0.080Calculator 0.004 0.010
Facilities 0.008 0.030Storage 0.008 0.030
Total 0.001 0.070 0.123 0.290
peso per kilogram
Table 18c. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by materials/facilities/equipment used, Batangas, 2001
Item FARMER IRA-PA PA-LD PA-MD MA-MD RETAILER
Materials usedChair 0.002Tent 0.014"Bilao" 0.030Basin 0.004
EquipmentWeighing scale 0.240 0.006 0.060 0.005 0.010
FacilitiesDrying place 0.140
Total 0.380 0.006 0.016 0.060 0.005 0.044
Table 18d. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred bymarketing participants, by facilities/equipment used, Quezon, 2001
peso per kilogram
Item RA-LD RA-MD PA-SD RETAILER
Materials Used 0.004 0.014 0.087Tray 0.070Table 0.001Chair 0.003 0.004 0.004Wooden box 0.010"Bilao" 0.010 0.003
Equipment 0.005 0.004 0.002 0.020Weighing scale 0.001 0.004 0.002 0.020Cellphone 0.004
TOTAL 0.009 0.018 0.002 0.107
peso per kilogram
Table 18e. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketingparticipants, by materials/facilities/equipment used, Iloilo, 2001
Facilities/Equipment FARMER IRA-LD PA-LD RETAILER
Materials used 0.012 0.050Sorter/pakihan 0.006Chair 0.010Table 0.006 0.040
Equipment 0.010 0.050 0.070 0.020Weighing scale 0.010 0.050 0.010 0.010Calculator 0.010Cellphone 0.010Kamalig 0.050
Table 18f. CALAMANSI: Imputed costs of depreciation incurred by marketing participants, by materials/facilities/equipment used, Guimaras, 2001
peso per kilogram
Total 0.010 0.050 0.082 0.070
Item
Met
ro
Man
ilaM
indo
ro
Ori
enta
lB
atan
gas
Qu
ezon
Iloi
loG
uim
aras
Cas
hLa
bor
1.07
1.21
0.06
1.32
0.69
0.43
Hau
ling
0.10
0.35
0.10
0.16
Han
dlin
g0.
030.
340.
13Lo
adin
g0.
200.
050.
030.
09U
nloa
ding
0.20
0.05
0.03
0.09
Sort
ing
0.50
0.45
0.31
0.08
Selli
ng0.
140.
15Pa
ckin
g0.
190.
090.
10W
eigh
ing
0.17
0.14
0.08
Cle
anin
g0.
050.
080.
09H
andl
ing
fee
0.06
0.11
Arr
astr
eSt
eved
orin
g0.
010.
03
Sal
arie
s an
d W
ages
0.23
0.07
0.13
0.25
0.20
Tabl
e 1
9.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Tot
al M
arke
tin
g C
osts
(C
ash
& N
on-c
ash
), b
y co
st it
em,
by p
rovi
nce
, 20
01
Item
Met
ro
Man
ilaM
indo
ro
Ori
enta
lB
atan
gas
Qu
ezon
Iloi
loG
uim
aras
Tran
spor
tati
on
0.69
2.06
0.42
1.30
0.45
Pre-
mar
ketin
g0.
49Pr
ocur
emen
t0.
300.
350.
360.
14Sh
ippi
ng0.
560.
160.
14D
istr
ibut
ion
0.39
0.66
0.26
0.80
0.31
Mat
eria
l use
d0.
570.
390.
270.
820.
080.
64Ka
ing
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.03
Cov
er0.
003
Twin
e0.
010.
010.
020.
01O
ld n
ewsp
aper
0.00
1a/
0.00
2Bi
lao
0.01
0.01
Sack
s 0.
250.
020.
040.
210.
020.
11St
aple
wire
a/R
ed s
ack
0.08
Plas
tic s
ack
cove
r0.
01Pl
astic
bag
0.28
0.23
0.08
0.13
0.04
0.37
Ball
pen
0.01
Bask
et0.
004
Tabl
e 19
. (
cont
inue
d)
Item
Met
ro
Man
ilaM
indo
ro
Ori
enta
lB
atan
gas
Qu
ezon
Iloi
loG
uim
aras
Woo
den
box
0.00
2Pl
astic
sac
k0.
02Ba
nana
leav
es0.
04Pl
astic
box
0.00
2R
ed b
ag0.
03Sa
ndo
bag
0.14
Tie
wire
0.00
6N
eedl
e0.
003
Pent
el p
enN
oteb
ook
Ink
0.00
3N
et s
ack
0.45
Oth
er O
pera
tin
g C
osts
0.58
0.91
0.28
0.55
0.60
0.24
Busi
ness
Per
mit/
licen
se b
/0.
010.
020.
005
0.03
0.01
0.08
Mar
ket
fee
c/0.
090.
030.
230.
280.
040.
01El
ectr
icity
/Lig
ht0.
020.
004
0.01
0.02
0.00
2Te
leph
one
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.02
Wat
er0.
01Sh
rinka
ge/w
asta
ge0.
110.
350.
12G
as a
nd O
il0.
020.
000.
03W
eigh
ing
Scal
e ca
libra
tion
a/0.
004
0.01
0.00
2Rep
air
and
mai
nten
ance
0.01
0.13
Sani
tary
per
mit
0.02
Toll
fee
0.14
0.19
0.13
Inte
rest
on
loan
0.08
0.01
Tabl
e 19
. (
cont
inue
d)
Item
Met
ro
Man
ilaM
indo
ro
Ori
enta
lB
atan
gas
Qu
ezon
Iloi
loG
uim
aras
Oth
er m
arke
t fe
es d
/0.
010.
03Reg
istr
atio
na/
Tian
gge
fee
0.14
Tran
spor
t pe
rmit
0.06
Agen
t's C
omm
issi
on0.
006
Perm
it cl
eara
nce
fee
0.01
Cel
l car
d0.
01M
eals
& b
ever
ages
0.12
0.05
0.01
0.10
0.21
0.01
No
n-C
ash
0.07
0.09
0.34
0.22
0.10
0.14
Wei
ghin
g sc
ale
0.00
30.
001
0.01
0.03
0.00
40.
01Pl
astic
cha
ir0.
002
a/0.
001
0.00
10.
004
0.01
Woo
den
chai
r0.
001
Elec
tric
fan
0.01
a/0.
08Cal
cula
tor
0.02
a/0.
004
0.01
Tray
0.00
40.
07Pa
il0.
004
Tent
0.00
1U
mbr
ella
0.00
30.
004
0.08
"Pak
ihan
" b/
0.00
10.
009
0.00
6R
adio
a/Ta
ble
a/0.
002
0.00
10.
04So
rtin
g ca
na/
Told
a0.
010.
014
Stov
e0.
004
Cal
cula
tor
0.00
4
Tabl
e 19
. (
cont
inue
d)
Item
Met
ro
Man
ilaM
indo
ro
Ori
enta
lB
atan
gas
Qu
ezon
Iloi
loG
uim
aras
Car
t0.
02St
orag
e0.
020.
02Cel
l pho
ne0.
004
0.07
0.00
40.
01Bi
lao
0.07
0.03
0.00
4Ba
sin
0.00
4D
ryin
g pl
ace
0.14
Woo
den
box
0.01
Kam
alig
0.05
Tran
spor
tatio
n P
UJ
0.01
V
an0.
01 J
eep
0.01
a/ L
ess
than
0.0
01
b/ I
nclu
des
may
or's
per
mit
and
bara
ngay
per
mit
c/ I
nclu
des
"ton
g"
d/
Incl
udes
sta
ll fe
e an
d tic
ket
Tabl
e 19
. (
cont
inue
d)
3.02
2.09
1.08
Tota
l3.
214.
723.
33
Item
Met
ro
Man
ilaM
indo
ro
Ori
enta
lB
atan
gas
Qu
ezon
Iloi
loG
uim
aras
Cas
h3
.14
4.6
40
.74
3.1
12
.92
1.9
6
Labo
r1.
071.
210.
061.
320.
690.
43
Sala
ries
and
Wag
es0.
230.
070.
130.
250.
20
Tran
spor
tatio
n 0.
692.
060.
421.
300.
45
Mat
eria
l Inp
uts
0.57
0.39
0.27
0.82
0.08
0.64
Oth
er O
pera
ting
0.58
0.91
0.28
0.55
0.60
0.24
No
n-C
ash
0.0
70
.09
0.3
40
.22
0.1
00
.14
Impu
ted
Cos
ts0.
070.
090.
340.
220.
100.
14
Tabl
e 2
0.
CA
LAM
AN
SI:
Tot
al M
arke
tin
g C
osts
(C
ash
& N
on-c
ash
), b
y m
ajor
item
s,
Tota
l3
.21
4.7
33
.33
3.0
22
.10
1.0
8
by p
rovi
nce
, 20
01
Batangas Quezon Mindoro Oriental
Iloilo Guimaras
1. Low price due to low quality of produce and too much supply 5 6 34 2 18
2. Frequent price fluctuation 16
3. Delayed payment of goods/non payment of credit 5 3 2
4. Wastage 4
5. Inadequate farm to market road 3
6. Absence of permanent stall 3
7. Availability of shipping lines that would transport the goods. 3
8. Traders sets the price of the commodity 1
9. Lack of information of farm technology 1
10. Lack of capital to finance the buying and selling of the goods 1 1
11. Too many competitors and few buyers 3 1 4 11
12. Imported lemon 1
13. Tong 1
Problems
Table 21. CALAMANSI: Distribution of respondents, by problems encountered,by province, 2001