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SOUTH AFRICAN FRUIT TRADE FLOW

Issue No

Compiled by

1. Background ................................

2. Overview of the citrus fruit season 2014/2015

2.1 Global citrus production season 2014/2015

2.2 Global Citrus Trade

2.4 South Africa’s citrus exports

2.5 Domestic sales ................................

3. Overview of the dried fruit season: 2014/2015

3.1 Dried grapes global production and trade

3.2 Preview of the South African dried season

REFERENCES ................................

USEFUL LINKS: ................................


Issue No 19, September 2015

Compiled by Ms Yolanda Potelwa

Table of Contents

................................................................................................

Overview of the citrus fruit season 2014/2015 ...........................................................

Global citrus production season 2014/2015 ................................

Global Citrus Trade ................................................................

South Africa’s citrus exports ................................................................

..............................................................................................

Overview of the dried fruit season: 2014/2015 .........................................................

Dried grapes global production and trade ................................

Preview of the South African dried season ................................

............................................................................................................................

................................................................................................


...................................................... 1

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.................................................. 1

....................................................... 2

.......................................... 4

.............................. 8

......................... 10

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1. Background

South Africa’s diverse weather and climatic conditions enable the country to cultivate

and produce a variety of fruits. The country is known globally as a producer and

exporter of citrus, deciduous and subtropical fruits. This issue of the Fruit Trade

Flow looks at citrus fruits (i.e. oranges, lemons, grapefruit, and soft citrus) and

dried fruit (i.e. raisins). The main focus is on the current season’s analysis of the

performance of these fruits, on both the export and domestic markets, compared

with the previous seasons. This report also assesses the global production of these

fruits and offers a perspective on South Africa’s production and export rankings (as a

share of global production and exports).

2. Overview of the citrus fruit season 2014/2015

2.1 Global citrus production season 2014/2015

Figure 1 shows the global production of citrus between the 2010/11 and 2014/14

seasons. The bulk of citrus production is dominated by oranges with 48.3 million (55

%) metric tons produced, followed by soft citrus (31 %) and lemons (8%). Preliminary

figures from the 2013/14 season show a decline in citrus, from 91 million metric tons

to 88.4 million metric tons in 2014/15 season, which is equivalent to a 3 % decline.

As presented, oranges comprise the largest produced citrus fruit variety, with Brazil

being the largest producer of oranges, accounting about for about 33 % of global

production of oranges in the 2014/15 season. Of the total produced in this market,

about 61 % of the production is processed, 38 % is consumed in the local market,

and the remaining is exported to the global market. The country exports only small

quantities of oranges because of the issue of the phytosanitary requirements for the

international market. China was the ranked as the second largest producer and the

largest consumer of oranges, accounting for a share of 14 %, followed by USA with a

share of 12 %, and the EU with share of 11 %.

China is the world’s leading producer of soft citrus, accounting for more than half of

world production between the 2010/13 and 2014/15 seasons. Of the soft citrus

produced by China, about 92 % is consumed in the local market as fresh fruit, while

the remainder is destined for exports and processing. The EU, Morocco, Turkey and

Japan were among the top five producers in the world’s market, with shares of 12 %,

4 %, 4 % and 3 %, respectively. Mexico is the largest producer of lemons,

commanding a share of about 33 % of global production in 2014/15 season. The EU

was ranked as the second-largest producer, with a share of 23 %, followed by

Argentina with a share of 17 % and USA with a share of 12 %. South Africa was

of 16

ranked at 6th place in terms of

2014/2015 season.

Figure 1: Global Citrus production

Source: USDA, 2015

2.2 Global Citrus Trade

Figure 2 outlines the trend in world exports of citrus, with the total exports amounting

to 8.8 million metric tons. The exports showed

compared with a 5 % increase of the previous season. Oranges

largest export citrus category, accounting for a share of 45

(27 %) and lemons (19 %) for the 2014/15 season. During the 2014

Egypt was ranked as the largest leading global export

30.3 %. South Africa was ranked as the second

28.7 %, followed by the USA with

for the 2013/2014 season.

Figure 2: Global citrus exports

Source: USDA, 2015

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2010/11 2011/12

Pro

du

tio

n in

mill

ion

me

tric

to

ns

Grapefruit Lemons

01

2

34

5

6

78

9

10

2010/11 2011/12Exp

ort

s in

mill

ion

me

tric

to

ns

Grapefruit Lemons

place in terms of global lemon producers, with a share of 5

: Global Citrus production

Global Citrus Trade

outlines the trend in world exports of citrus, with the total exports amounting

to 8.8 million metric tons. The exports showed a 1 % decline for the current season

% increase of the previous season. Oranges

largest export citrus category, accounting for a share of 45 %, followed by soft citrus

%) for the 2014/15 season. During the 2014

largest leading global exporter of orange

%. South Africa was ranked as the second-largest exporter,

USA with a share of 13.6 % and Turkey with

exports

2011/12 2012/13 2013/15 2014/15

Lemons Soft citrus Oranges

2011/12 2012/13 2013/15 2014/15


lemon producers, with a share of 5 % in the

outlines the trend in world exports of citrus, with the total exports amounting

% decline for the current season,

% increase of the previous season. Oranges comprised the

%, followed by soft citrus

%) for the 2014/15 season. During the 2014/2015 season,

of oranges with a share of

, with a share of

% and Turkey with a share of 7.7 %

-100%

-80%

-60%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2014/15

%

Growth rate (%)

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

2014/15

%

Growth rate (%)

of 16

Figure 3 shows the import trend of citrus fruit in the world markets between

2010/11 and 2014/15 seasons.

oranges and grapefruit, commanding share

Russia was the leading importer of soft citrus

was the largest importer of lemons

Russia follows as the second leading importer of both grapes and oranges,

accounting for 15.5 % and 13

Figure 3: Global citrus imports

Source: USDA, 2015

2.3 South Africa’s citrus production season 2014/15

The Citrus Growers Association has confirmed and released crop estimates for the

2015 and 2014 seasons. Table 1 presents the production estimates of the currently

running seasons. It estimated that production volumes are expected to

about 31 577 tons over the previous season. The increase of the production of citrus

in the country was attributable

as to ensure a risk management system for CBS. Of the total produced citrus in the

country, about 65 % was

domestic consumption, respectively

Table 1 South African citrus production estimates in tons

Production

Oranges

Grapefruit

Lemons

Soft citrus

Total

Source: Citrus Growers Association, 2015

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

2010/11

Grapefruit Lemons

shows the import trend of citrus fruit in the world markets between

2010/11 and 2014/15 seasons. The EU was reported to be largest importer of

commanding shares of 23 % and 50 %, respectively

s the leading importer of soft citrus, with a share of 36

was the largest importer of lemons, with a share of 35 % for the current season


% and 13 % shares, respectively, of the world’s imports.

Figure 3: Global citrus imports

South Africa’s citrus production season 2014/15

ssociation has confirmed and released crop estimates for the

. Table 1 presents the production estimates of the currently

running seasons. It estimated that production volumes are expected to

the previous season. The increase of the production of citrus

attributable to the application of food safety and quality issues

risk management system for CBS. Of the total produced citrus in the

was exported, leaving 30 % and 5 % for processing and

respectively.

South African citrus production estimates in tons

2014 2015 est

1 558 627 1 566 651

379 031 392 577

252 875 261 103

172 077 173 856

2 362 610 2 394 187

: Citrus Growers Association, 2015

2011/12 2012/13 2013/15


shows the import trend of citrus fruit in the world markets between the

EU was reported to be largest importer of

respectively, while

with a share of 36 %, and the USA

% for the current season.


world’s imports.

ssociation has confirmed and released crop estimates for the

. Table 1 presents the production estimates of the currently

running seasons. It estimated that production volumes are expected to increase in

the previous season. The increase of the production of citrus

to the application of food safety and quality issues, so

risk management system for CBS. Of the total produced citrus in the

% for processing and

est

651

577

103

856

187

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

2014/15

Growth rate (%)

of 16

2.4 South Africa’s citrus exports

Figure 4 shows South Africa’s total orange

34, compared with the two previous seasons

oranges for the current season ha

2014 season, although decline

oranges in the current season

the highest record exports passed was 29

Figure 4: South African oranges passed

Source: CGA, 2015

Figure 5 shows South African oranges exports to variou

season. The Northern European

destination for South Africa

of total oranges exported. Th

share of 22 %, followed by

the current season.

Figure 5: South Africa’s main

Source: CGA, 2015

05

10

1520253035404550

1 3 5

Cum

mula

tive e

quiv

ale

ntin

mill

ion c

art

ons (

1cart

ons

=15kg

)

2015

Southern Europe

10%

UK

7%

Russia

7%

USA

5%

South Africa’s citrus exports

shows South Africa’s total oranges passed for export from week 1 to

with the two previous seasons (2014 and 2013). It has been noted that

season have been performing better, compar

although declines have been noted in weeks 33 and

the current season passed for export are higher than 2014 by 3

passed was 29 % in 2013.

South African oranges passed for export

shows South African oranges exports to various markets in the 2015

Northern European market was ranked as the largest market

destination for South Africa’s orange exports for the current season, absorbing 26

of total oranges exported. The second-largest destination is the Middle

followed by other countries located in Asia, with a share of 13

main destinations for oranges

8 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28

2015 2014 2013

Nothern Europe

26%

Middle East

22%other Asia

13%

USA

5%

Far East

5%

Canada

4%

Africa

1%Indian Ocean Island

0%

s passed for export from week 1 to week

. It has been noted that

compared with the

and 34. For example,

are higher than 2014 by 3 % and

s markets in the 2015

was ranked as the largest market

for the current season, absorbing 26 %

Middle East, with a

share of 13 % for

30 32 34

2013

Indian Ocean Island

of 16

Figure 6 shows South African

33 in the 2015 season, compar

passed for export in the 2013 season

the record exports of 2013 by 11

Figure 6: South African grapefruit passed

Source: CGA, 2015

Figure 7 shows South African grapefruit

season. The Northern European

Africa’s grapefruit exports, commanding a share of 29

destination is Japan, with a

and Southern Europe with a

Figure 7: South Africa’s main destination for grapefruit

Source: CGA, 2015

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

3 12 13 14 15 16

Cu

mm

ula

tive

equ

iva

len

t in

m

illio

n c

art

on

s (

1 c

art

on

s =

1

5kg)

2015

S Europe

8%Other Asia

8%

Russia

7%

Other Europe

3%

Middle East

3%

shows South African total grapefruit passed for export from

compared with the two previous seasons

2013 season was higher than 2014 by 1 %

the record exports of 2013 by 11 %.

South African grapefruit passed for export

shows South African grapefruit exports to various markets

European market was the largest destination for South

Africa’s grapefruit exports, commanding a share of 29 % in 2015. The

a share of 22 %, followed by China with

a share of 8 % in week 33 of 2015 season.

: South Africa’s main destination for grapefruit

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

2014 2013

N Europe

29%

Japan

22%China

10%

S Europe

Russia

UK

6%

Middle East

3%

Canada

3%

USA

1%

passed for export from week 3 to week

seasons. The grapefruit

%, and lower than

markets for the 2015

was the largest destination for South

% in 2015. The second-largest

China with a share of 10 %

in week 33 of 2015 season.

29 30 31 32 33

2013

of 16

Figure 8 presents South African lemons passed

in the 2015 season, compar

lemons passed for export were

record exports of 2013 by 3

Figure 8: South African lemons passed

Source: CGA, 2015

Figure 9 presents South Africa’s lemon

season. The Middle East was ranked as the largest market for South Africa’s

lemons, absorbing 41 % of

market for South African lemons exports

different from other consumer preferences in the world market. The second

destination is Russia, with

13 % and Northern Europe with

Figure 9: Main destination for lemons

Source: CGA, 2015

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1 3 5Cum

mula

tive e

quiv

ale

nt

in

mill

ion c

art

ons (

1 c

art

on =

15kg

)

2015

Far East

N Europe12%

UK6%

S Europe4%

South African lemons passed for export from week 1 to week 34

compared with the two previous seasons. The 2015

were higher than 2014 by 13 % and also higher than the

record exports of 2013 by 34 %.

South African lemons passed for export

South Africa’s lemon exports to various markets

Middle East was ranked as the largest market for South Africa’s

% of total lemon exports. This market serve

market for South African lemons exports owing to Islamic preferences

different from other consumer preferences in the world market. The second

th a 14 % share, followed by the Far East with

% and Northern Europe with a share of 12 %.

: Main destination for lemons

5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

2015 2014

Middle East 41%

Russia14%

Far East13%

N Europe12%

UK6%

Asia4%

Canada3%

other Europe3%

export from week 1 to week 34

with the two previous seasons. The 2015 season’s

% and also higher than the

markets in the 2015

Middle East was ranked as the largest market for South Africa’s

market serves as a lucrative

preferences which are

different from other consumer preferences in the world market. The second-largest

Far East with a share of

25 27 29 31 33

2013

of 16

Figure 10 shows South Africa

week 34 in 2015 season, compar

season’s soft citrus passed for export are higher by 1

season and 15 % higher than the record exports of the 2013 season.

Figure 10: South African soft passed exports

Source: CGA, 2015

Figure 11 shows South African soft citrus exports to various markets in the 2015

season. The United Kingdom was the largest market destination for South African

Citrus exports, commanding

ranked as the second-largest

Russia with a 9 % share and

Figure 11: Main markets for soft citrus

Source: CGA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

5 9 10 11 12 13 14

Cum

mula

tive e

quiv

ale

nt

in m

illio

n

cart

ons (

1 c

art

on =

15kg

2015

Russia9%

Middle east 8%

USA7%

Other Asia6%

Canada3%

South African total soft citrus passed for export from week 1 to

compared with the previous season at week 34. The 2015

season’s soft citrus passed for export are higher by 1 % compared

% higher than the record exports of the 2013 season.

South African soft passed exports


United Kingdom was the largest market destination for South African

commanding a share of 40 %. The Northern Europe

largest market destination, with a share of 24

and the Middle East with a share of 8 %.

: Main markets for soft citrus

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

2014 2013

UK40%

N Europe24%

USA7%

Canada3%

Africa1%

Indian Ocean1%

S Europe1%

passed for export from week 1 to

with the previous season at week 34. The 2015

% compared with the 2014

% higher than the record exports of the 2013 season.


United Kingdom was the largest market destination for South African

%. The Northern European market was

share of 24 %, followed by

29 30 31 32 33 34

of 16

2.5 Domestic sales

Figure 12 shows the volumes of oranges sold

2015, together with the prices per ton for 2013 and 2014.

2015 season, the domestic

attributed to the sufficient supply of oranges in the domestic market. Furthermore,

the domestic market has been receiving larger supplies in compari

previous year, although it is

Figure 12: Domestic market sales

Source: DAFF, 2015

Figure 13 highlights the total volumes

and the prices received by the national fresh produce market. It appears that prices

during 2015 were higher between Jan

also noted that the supply of lemons

2015, compared with the Jan


Source: DAFF, 2015

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

Jan Feb Mar

Tons

2015 Tons

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

Jan Feb Mar

Tons

2015 Tons

shows the volumes of oranges sold on the local market between 2014 and

with the prices per ton for 2013 and 2014. At the beginning of the

season, the domestic prices were lower than prices of 2014. This was mainly

ficient supply of oranges in the domestic market. Furthermore,

the domestic market has been receiving larger supplies in compari

is noted that prices were almost the same

: Domestic market sales of oranges between 2014 and 2015

highlights the total volumes of lemons absorbed by the domestic market


2015 were higher between Jan–Jul, compared with prices

also noted that the supply of lemons was much higher between Jan

January to July 2014 season.

: Domestic market sales of lemons between 2014 and 2015

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov

2014 Tons 2015 R/T


2014 Tons 2014 R/T

n the local market between 2014 and

the beginning of the

of 2014. This was mainly

ficient supply of oranges in the domestic market. Furthermore,

the domestic market has been receiving larger supplies in comparison to the

noted that prices were almost the same.

between 2014 and 2015

by the domestic market


with prices during 2014. It is

much higher between January and July


0500100015002000250030003500400045005000

Nov Dec

R/T

2014 R/T

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

Nov Dec

R/T

2015 R/T

of 16

Figure 14 presents South

January to July 2015. Total volumes sold in the domestic market in 2014 amounted

to 4 525, with a price hike

the prices for the 2015 season between Jan

less grapefruit quantities supplied

year.


Source: DAFF, 2015

Figure 15 presents South African domestic sale for the quantity sold and price

trend between 2014 and 2015. It has been noted that prices between Jan

July of 2015 for soft citrus were much higher than 2014 season

in price between May and Jun

local market, it appears that

for the months January to July.

Figure 15: Domestic market sales for oranges between 2014 and 2015

Source: DAFF, 2015

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Jan Feb Mar

Tons

2015 Tons

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Jan Feb Mar

To

ns

2015 Tons

presents South African volumes and prices of grapefruit for 2014 and for


price hike in the beginning of the season (in March). It appears that

2015 season between January and July were much higher

supplied in the local market, compared with the previous

: Domestic market sales of grapefruit between 2014 and 2015

presents South African domestic sale for the quantity sold and price

trend between 2014 and 2015. It has been noted that prices between Jan

soft citrus were much higher than 2014 season, except from the drop

June of the 2015 season. In terms of quantity sold

that the 2015 season was much better than the

months January to July.

: Domestic market sales for oranges between 2014 and 2015

Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

2014 Tons 2015 R/T


2014 Tons 2015 R/T

and prices of grapefruit for 2014 and for


n the beginning of the season (in March). It appears that

were much higher, with

with the previous


presents South African domestic sale for the quantity sold and price

trend between 2014 and 2015. It has been noted that prices between January and

except from the drop

2015 season. In terms of quantity sold on the

n the 2014 season

: Domestic market sales for oranges between 2014 and 2015

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

Dec

R/T

2014 R/T

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Nov Dec

R/T

2014 R/T

of 16

3. Overview of the dried fruit season

3.1 Dried grapes global production and trade

Figure 16 shows the global production of dried grapes for the period

seasons (2010/11–2014/15).

produced amounted to 1.2 million metric tons

2010/11 and 2014/15 seasons.

grapes for the current season

seasons. The decline in dried

climatic conditions of the current season.

producer, with a total of 310 thousand metric tons, followed

180 thousand metric tons

season.

Figure 16: Global production of dried grapes

Source: USDA, 2015

Figure 17 shows global trends of exports of dried grapes for selected countries in

the global market. It was reported that a total amount of 715 thousand metric

was exported in the world

Both Turkey and South Africa

121 %, respectively, during

market of dried grapes was

currently season. Iran, Chile and South Africa were ranked among the top 5

exporters, with shares of 17

-11%0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

United States

Turkey

Thousand m

etr

ic tons

2010/11 2011/12

Overview of the dried fruit season: 2014/2015

Dried grapes global production and trade

shows the global production of dried grapes for the period

2014/15). The USDA (2015) reported that the total dried grapes

1.2 million metric tons, with an increase of 8

15 seasons. The USA was ranked as the largest producer

for the current season, with a notable decline of 11 % between the reviewed

The decline in dried grapes has been mainly attributed to the

the current season. Turkey was ranked as the

with a total of 310 thousand metric tons, followed by China with

and Iran with 160 thousand metric tons in

: Global production of dried grapes

shows global trends of exports of dried grapes for selected countries in

It was reported that a total amount of 715 thousand metric

was exported in the world, with Turkey being the largest exporter (USDA, 2015).

Africa showed a significant increase in exports of 12

during the reviewed period. The loss of production in the USA

grapes was also attributed to the decline in their exports for the

Chile and South Africa were ranked among the top 5

of 17 %, 9 % and 5 %, respectively.

24%33%

9%

-10%

113%

Turkey China Iran Chile

2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

shows the global production of dried grapes for the periods of the five

reported that the total dried grapes

increase of 8 % between the

ranked as the largest producer of dried

% between the reviewed

to the unfavourable

the second-largest

by China with a total of

tons in the 2014/15

shows global trends of exports of dried grapes for selected countries in

It was reported that a total amount of 715 thousand metric tons

the largest exporter (USDA, 2015).

howed a significant increase in exports of 12 % and

reviewed period. The loss of production in the USA

their exports for the

Chile and South Africa were ranked among the top 5

10%

113%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

South Africa

%

2014/15 % Growth

of 16

Figure 17: Global exports of dried grapes

Source: USDA, 2015

3.2 Preview of the South African dried season

Table 2 indicates South Africa

for the current season. Although the country is not ranked

producers of dried grapes, it still

average, it is estimated to produce abou

season is estimated to produce about 60 thousand tons. It has been noted that all

the reviewed cultivars are estimated to

due to favourable weather condition

Table 2: South African dried grape

Type of cultivar

Sultana:

Golden

Thompson Seedless

Currants

Raisin muscat

Total vine fruit

Source: Hortgro, 2015

Figure 18 indicates the main destination

2014/2015 season. Of the total produced dried grapes, 76

global market, with the EU

combined share of 49 %. The

a share of 21 %, followed by Africa with

7 %.

12%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Turkey United States

Thousands m

etr

ic tons

2010/11 2011/12

: Global exports of dried grapes

Preview of the South African dried season

indicates South African production in 2014 for different vines and estimates

for the current season. Although the country is not ranked among the

s of dried grapes, it still produces large quantities for the export market. On

is estimated to produce about 40–55 thousand tons per year. The current


cultivars are estimated to be producing good fruit for the current season

due to favourable weather conditions and additional tree plantation.

dried grape production and their estimates in tons

2014 2015 (Estimate)

3 610 5

12 350 20

27 773 31

2 306 3

12

46 051 60

indicates the main destinations for South African dried grapes for the

2014/2015 season. Of the total produced dried grapes, 76 % is exported to the

EU and Russia being the leading market destination

The USA and Canada are the second-largest market

%, followed by Africa with a share of 18 %, and the UK with

-11%2%

-11%

121%

-29%

United States

Iran Chile South Africa

China

2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15

2014 for different vines and estimates

among the top 5

large quantities for the export market. On

per year. The current


r the current season

production and their estimates in tons

(Estimate)

5 368

20 028

31 502

3 625

14

60 537

dried grapes for the

% is exported to the

the leading market destinations, with a

largest market, with

UK with a share of

29%

-40%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

China

%

2014/15 % Growth

of 16

Figure 18: Main destination

Source: Trademap, 2015

Main destination for dried grapes

of 16

REFERENCES

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF). 2014. Local market fruit sales

data. Directorate of Agricultural Statistics, Pretoria.

Hortgro, 2015. Dried grapes production and export data. Information Division, Paarl,

Western Cape, South Africa

Citrus Growers Association. 2015. Citrus production and export data. Information Division,

Durban, KZN, South Africa.

USEFUL LINKS:

Bureau for Food and Agricultural Policy (BFAP) www.bfap.co.za

Citrus Growers’ Association (CGA) www.cga.co.za

Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF) www.daff.gov.za

Food and Agriculture Organisation www.fao.org/docrep/

Fresh Produce Exporters’ Forum (FPEF) www.fpef.co.za

Hortgro Services www.hortgro.co.za

National Agricultural Marketing Council (NAMC) www.namc.co.za

Perishable Products Export Control Board (PPECB) www.ppecb.com

Quantec www.quantec.co.za

South African Subtropical Growers’ Association (Subtrop) www.subtrop.co.za

South African Table Grape Industry (SATI) www.satgi.co.za

DISCLAIMER

Information contained in this document results from research funded wholly or in part by the NAMC acting in good faith.

Opinions, attitudes and points of view expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the official position or policies of the NAMC.

The NAMC makes no claims, promises or guarantees regarding the accuracy, completeness or adequacy of the contents of

this document and expressly disclaims liability for errors and omissions regarding the content thereof. No warranty of any kind,

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document in hard copy, electronic format or electronic links thereto. References made to any specific product, process and

service by trade name, trade mark, manufacturer or another commercial commodity or entity are for informational purposes

only and do not constitute or imply approval, endorsement or favouring by the NAMC.

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For Correspondence:

Mr Bonani Nyhodo

+27 (0) 12 341 1115

[email protected]

Private Bag X935

Pretoria

0001

markets and economic research centre - namc

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