markovina angliyskiy yazik grammaticeskiy praktikum dlya farmacevtov

Марковина И.Ю., Громова Г.Е.

Английский язык Грамматический практикум для фармацевтов

Рабочая тетрадь

œ–≈ƒ»—ÀŒ¬»≈

ŒÒÌÓ‚Ì‡ˇ ˆÂÎ¸ Û˜Â·ÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÒÓ·Ëˇ ´¿Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚Í. √‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍËÈ Ô‡ÍÚË-ÍÛÏ ‰Îˇ Ù‡Ï‡ˆÂ‚ÚÓ‚ª Ë ‚˚ÔÛ˘ÂÌÌÓÈ ‚ ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÚÂ Ò ÌËÏ –‡·Ó˜ÂÈ ÚÂÚ‡‰Ë óÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌËÂ Û Ó·Û˜‡˛˘ËıÒˇ ÛÏÂÌËÈ ÔÓÌËÏ‡Ú¸ Ë ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸ ÓË„ËÌ‡Î¸Ì˚Â ‡Ì-„ÎÓˇÁ˚˜Ì˚Â ÚÂÍÒÚ˚ ÔÓ ÒÔÂˆË‡Î¸ÌÓÒÚË Ò ÓÔÓÓÈ Ì‡ ÁÌ‡ÌËÂ „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍËıÒÚÛÍÚÛ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚ı ‰Îˇ Ì‡Û˜ÌÓÈ ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛ˚ Ì‡ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ˇÁ˚ÍÂ.

ƒ‡ÌÌ˚È ÍÓÏÔÎÂÍÚ Û˜Â·Ì˚ı ÔÓÒÓ·ËÈ ‡‰ÂÒÓ‚‡Ì ‚ ÔÂ‚Û˛ Ó˜ÂÂ‰¸ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ‡Ï Ù‡-Ï‡ˆÂ‚ÚË˜ÂÒÍËı ‚ÛÁÓ‚ Ë Ù‡ÍÛÎ¸ÚÂÚÓ‚, ËÁÛ˜‡˛˘ËÏ ·‡ÁÓ‚˚È ‰‚Ûı„Ó‰Ë˜Ì˚È ÍÛÒ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ˇÁ˚Í‡. »Á‰‡ÌËÂ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ÂÍÓÏÂÌ‰ÛÂÚÒˇ ‰Îˇ ÔÓ‰„ÓÚÓ‚ÍË ‡ÒÔË‡ÌÚÓ‚ ËÒÓËÒÍ‡ÚÂÎÂÈ Í Ò‰‡˜Â Í‡Ì‰Ë‰‡ÚÒÍÓ„Ó ˝ÍÁ‡ÏÂÌ‡. œÓÒÓ·ËÂ ÏÓÊÂÚ Á‡ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚‡Ú¸¯ËÓÍËÈ ÍÛ„ ÒÔÂˆË‡ÎËÒÚÓ‚-Ù‡Ï‡ˆÂ‚ÚÓ‚, ÊÂÎ‡˛˘Ëı Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓ ‚Î‡‰ÂÚ¸ Ì‡‚˚Í‡-ÏË ‡·ÓÚ˚ Ò ‡Ì„ÎÓˇÁ˚˜ÌÓÈ Ì‡Û˜ÌÓÈ ÎËÚÂ‡ÚÛÓÈ.

√‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍËÈ Ô‡ÍÚËÍÛÏ Ë –‡·Ó˜‡ˇ ÚÂÚ‡‰¸ ËÏÂ˛Ú ÒıÓ‰ÌÛ˛ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÛ Ë ÒÓ-ÒÚÓˇÚ ËÁ ÔˇÚË ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ: ´ÀË˜Ì˚Â ÙÓÏ˚ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ª, ´ÕÂÎË˜Ì˚Â ÙÓÏ˚ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ª,´—ËÌÚ‡ÍÒËÒª Ë ´ÃÌÓ„ÓÁÌ‡˜ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ Â˜Ëª, ´Are you a goodpharmacist?ª œÂ‚˚Â ÚË ˜‡ÒÚË Ô‡ÍÚËÍÛÏ‡ ÔÓÒ‚ˇ˘ÂÌ˚ ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì˚Ï „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒ-ÍËÏ ˇ‚ÎÂÌËˇÏ, ı‡‡ÍÚÂÌ˚Ï ‰Îˇ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó Ì‡Û˜ÌÓ„Ó ÒÚËÎˇ, ÁÌ‡ÌËÂ ÍÓÚÓ˚ıÔÓÁ‚ÓÎˇÂÚ ÚÓ˜ÌÓ ÔÓÌËÏ‡Ú¸ Ë Ô‡‚ËÎ¸ÌÓ ÔÂÂ‰‡‚‡Ú¸ Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚Í ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡ÌËÂÚÂÍÒÚÓ‚ ÔÓ ÒÔÂˆË‡Î¸ÌÓÒÚË Ó·Û˜‡ÂÏ˚ı.

¬ ˜ÂÚ‚∏ÚÛ˛ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ´ÃÌÓ„ÓÁÌ‡˜ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ Â˜Ëª ‚ÍÎ˛˜ÂÌ˚ ÛÔ‡Ê-ÌÂÌËˇ, ‡Á‚Ë‚‡˛˘ËÂ Ì‡‚˚ÍË ÔÓÌËÏ‡ÌËˇ Ë ÔÂÂ‰‡˜Ë Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚Í „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË-˜ÂÒÍËı Ë ÎÂÍÒË˜ÂÒÍËı ˇ‚ÎÂÌËÈ, ‡ÒÔÓÒÚ‡ÌÂÌÌ˚ı ‚ ÓË„ËÌ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËıÚÂÍÒÚ‡ı ¯ËÓÍÓÈ Ì‡Û˜ÌÓÈ ÚÂÏ‡ÚËÍË, Ë ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚Îˇ˛˘Ëı ÚÛ‰ÌÓÒÚË ÔË ÔÂÂ‚Ó-‰Â. ¬ ÔÓˆÂÒÒÂ ‡·ÓÚ˚ Ò ‰‡ÌÌ˚Ï ÔÓÒÓ·ËÂÏ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ˚ ÒÏÓ„ÛÚ Ú‡ÍÊÂ Û‚ÂÎË˜ËÚ¸ Á‡-Ô‡Ò ÁÌ‡ÌËÈ ‚ Ó·Î‡ÒÚË ÒÔÂˆË‡Î¸ÌÓÈ ÚÂÏËÌÓÎÓ„ËË Ë Ó·˘ÂÌ‡Û˜ÌÓÈ ÎÂÍÒËÍË.

ü‡Ê‰‡ˇ ˜‡ÒÚ¸ ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚ ÌÂÒÍÓÎ¸ÍÓ ÚÂÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍË Ó„‡ÌËÁÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚ı ‡Á‰ÂÎÓ‚, ‚ ÒÓ-ÒÚ‡‚ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ‚ÍÎ˛˜ÂÌ˚ „ÛÔÔ˚ ÛÔ‡ÊÌÂÌËÈ. ”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËˇ ‚ Í‡Ê‰ÓÏ ‡Á‰ÂÎÂ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ÔÓ ÔËÌˆËÔÛ ´ÓÚ ÔÓÒÚÓ„Ó Í ÒÎÓÊÌÓÏÛª; ÔÓ ‡Ì‡ÎÓ„Ë˜ÌÓÏÛ ÔËÌ-ˆËÔÛ ‡ÒÔÓÎÓÊÂÌ˚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ ‚ Í‡Ê‰ÓÏ ÛÔ‡ÊÌÂÌËË. ”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËˇ ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌ-ÌÓÈ ÚÛ‰ÌÓÒÚË Ó·ÓÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ˚ ÁÌ‡˜ÍÓÏ * Ë ÔÂ‰Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ˚ ‰Îˇ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓ‚ ÔÓ‰‚ËÌÛ-Ú˚ı „ÛÔÔ. üÛÔÌ˚Â ‡Á‰ÂÎ˚ Á‡‚Â¯‡˛ÚÒˇ Ó·ÁÓÌ˚Ï ÛÔ‡ÊÌÂÌËÂÏ ÔÓ ËÁÛ˜‡Â-ÏÓÈ „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓÈ ÚÂÏÂ, ÚÂÍÒÚ‡ÏË ‰Îˇ ÚÂÌËÓ‚Ó˜ÌÓ„Ó Ë ÍÓÌÚÓÎ¸ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó-‰‡.

’ÓÚˇ ‚ ˆÂÎÓÏ ´¿Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚Í. √‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍËÈ Ô‡ÍÚËÍÛÏ ‰Îˇ Ù‡Ï‡ˆÂ‚-ÚÓ‚ª Ë –‡·Ó˜‡ˇ ÚÂÚ‡‰¸ ËÏÂ˛Ú ÒıÓ‰ÌÛ˛ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÛ, Í‡Ê‰‡ˇ ËÁ ÍÌË„ ÒÎÛÊËÚ Ò‚Ó-ÂÈ ˆÂÎË.

œ‡ÍÚËÍÛÏ ˇ‚ÎˇÂÚÒˇ Û˜Â·Ì˚Ï ÔÓÒÓ·ËÂÏ ÔÓ ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓÌ‡Î¸ÌÓ ÓËÂÌÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌÓÏÛÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Û, ÒÌ‡·ÊÂÌ œËÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ, ‚ÍÎ˛˜‡˛˘ËÏ —ÔËÒÓÍ ıËÏË˜ÂÒÍËı ˝ÎÂÏÂÌÚÓ‚Ë ‚Â˘ÂÒÚ‚, —ÔËÒÓÍ Ì‡Á‚‡ÌËÈ ‡ÒÚÂÌËÈ Ë ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÎÂÍ‡ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚ı ‚Â˘ÂÒÚ‚ Ë—ÔËÒÓÍ Û˜ÂÌ˚ı, ÛÔÓÏËÌ‡˛˘ËıÒˇ ‚ ÚÂÍÒÚ‡ı ÔÓÒÓ·Ëˇ. üÓÏÂ ˝ÚÓ„Ó, ÔÓÒÓ·ËÂ ‚ÍÎ˛-˜‡ÂÚ ¿Ì„ÎÓ-ÛÒÒÍËÈ ÒÎÓ‚‡¸. ¬ÒÂ ÒÔËÒÍË, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ÒÎÓ‚‡¸ Í œ‡ÍÚËÍÛÏÛ, ÒÌ‡·-ÊÂÌ˚ ÙÓÌÂÚË˜ÂÒÍÓÈ Ú‡ÌÒÍËÔˆËÂÈ.

3

√–¿ÃÃ¿“»◊≈—ü»… œ–¿ü“»ü”Ã

–‡·Ó˜‡ˇ ÚÂÚ‡‰¸ ÔÂ‰Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ‡ ‰Îˇ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËˇ Á‡‰‡ÌËÈ ÔÓ ÔËÒ¸ÏÂÌÌÓÏÛ ÔÂÂ-‚Ó‰Û Ò ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ˇÁ˚Í‡ Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ. ƒÎˇ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ÔÓÒÎÂ Í‡Ê‰Ó„Ó ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ ÓÒ-Ú‡‚ÎÂÌÓ Ò‚Ó·Ó‰ÌÓÂ ÏÂÒÚÓ, ÔÂ‰ÛÒÏ‡ÚË‚‡˛˘ÂÂ ‰‚‡ ‚‡Ë‡ÌÚ‡ ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ ó ÔÂ‚˚È,˜ÂÌÓ‚ÓÈ, Ë ‚ÚÓÓÈ, ÓÚÂ‰‡ÍÚËÓ‚‡ÌÌ˚È ‚ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡ÚÂ Ó·ÒÛÊ‰ÂÌËˇ ‚ ‡Û‰ËÚÓËËÔÓ‰ ÛÍÓ‚Ó‰ÒÚ‚ÓÏ ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡ÚÂÎˇ. Õ‡ Í‡Ê‰ÓÈ ÒÚ‡ÌËˆÂ Ó·ÓÁÌ‡˜ÂÌÓ ✔ ÏÂÒÚÓ, „‰Â

ÂÍÓÏÂÌ‰ÛÂÚÒˇ Á‡ÔËÒ˚‚‡Ú¸ ÚÂÏËÌ˚, ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ ÓÚ‰ÂÎ¸Ì˚ı ÒÎÓ‚ÓÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËÈ, ÒÎÛ-ÊÂ·Ì˚Â Ë ‰Û„ËÂ ÒÎÓ‚‡, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â ÒÎÂ‰ÛÂÚ Á‡ÔÓÏÌËÚ¸. ¬ÒÂ ‡Á‰ÂÎ˚ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡˛Ú-Òˇ ÚÂÍÒÚ‡ÏË ‰Îˇ ÚÂÌËÓ‚Ó˜ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡, ÂÍÓÏÂÌ‰ÛÂÏÓ„Ó ‚ Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Â ‰ÓÏ‡¯ÌÂÈÒ‡ÏÓÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÈ ‡·ÓÚ˚ Ò ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ÂÈ ÔÓ‚ÂÍÓÈ Ì‡ Á‡ÌˇÚËˇı.

»ÁÛ˜ÂÌËÂ Í‡Ê‰ÓÈ „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓÈ ÚÂÏ˚ Á‡Í‡Ì˜Ë‚‡ÂÚÒˇ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ¸Ì˚Ï ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ÓÏ,ÍÓÚÓ˚È ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚ˚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌˇ˛Ú Ò‡ÏÓÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ Ì‡ Á‡ÌˇÚËË Ì‡ ÒÔÂˆË‡Î¸ÌÓÏ ·Î‡Ì-ÍÂ (ÔÓÏÂ˘ÂÌÌÓÏ ‚ Á‡ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË –‡·Ó˜ÂÈ ÚÂÚ‡‰Ë) Ë Ò‰‡˛Ú ÔÂÔÓ‰‡‚‡-ÚÂÎ˛ ‰Îˇ ÔÓ‚ÂÍË.

¬ Í‡Ê‰ÓÂ ÛÔ‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ ‚ÍÎ˛˜ÂÌ˚ ÒÔÂˆË‡Î¸ÌÓ ‡Á‡·ÓÚ‡ÌÌ˚Â ÓË„ËÌ‡Î¸Ì˚Â Á‡‰‡-ÌËˇ-ËÌÒÚÛÍˆËË, ÔÂ‰Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌÌ˚Â ‰Îˇ ÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌËˇ ÛÏÂÌËˇ ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËÓ‚‡Ú¸ÙÓÏ‡Î¸ÌÛ˛ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÛ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ ‚ Í‡˜ÂÒÚ‚Â Ó·ˇÁ‡ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ„Ó ˝Ú‡-Ô‡, ÔÂ‰‚‡ˇ˛˘Â„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰. ¬‡ÊÌÓ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ‡·ÓÚ‡Ú¸ Ì‡‰ ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ÓÏ ‚ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡-ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÒÚË, ÔÂ‰Î‡„‡ÂÏÓÈ ‚ Á‡‰‡ÌËË-ËÌÒÚÛÍˆËË. ›ÚÓ ÔÓÁ‚ÓÎËÚ ÛÒ‚ÓËÚ¸ ÓÔÂ‰Â-ÎÂÌÌ˚È ´‡Î„ÓËÚÏª ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÈ, Ó·ÂÒÔÂ˜Ë‚‡˛˘ËÈ Ô‡‚ËÎ¸ÌÓÂ ÔÓÌËÏ‡ÌËÂ Ë ‡‰ÂÍ-‚‡ÚÌ˚È ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ Ì‡Û˜ÌÓ„Ó ÚÂÍÒÚ‡.

ü‡Í ‚Ë‰ÌÓ ËÁ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ˚ Á‡‰‡ÌËˇ-ËÌÒÚÛÍˆËË, ‡·ÓÚ‡ ÔÓ Ó·Û˜ÂÌË˛ ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Û ‡Á-·ËÚ‡ Ì‡ ˝Ú‡Ô˚: Á‡‰‡ÌËˇ ´¿ª, ´¡ª, ´¬ª (ËÌÓ„‰‡ ´¿ª, ´¡ª).

«‡‰‡ÌËÂ ´¿ª ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚ Í‡ÚÍËÂ Ò‚Â‰ÂÌËˇ Ó „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓÏ ˇ‚ÎÂÌËË: Â„Ó ÙÓ-Ï‡Î¸Ì˚Â ÔËÁÌ‡ÍË Ë ÙÛÌÍˆËÓÌ‡Î¸Ì˚Â ı‡‡ÍÚÂËÒÚËÍË (ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌËÂ). ¬‡ÊÌÛ˛ ÓÎ¸‚ ÒÚÛÍÚÛÂ Á‡‰‡ÌËˇ Ë„‡˛Ú ÔËÏÂ˚ Ë/ËÎË ÒıÂÏ˚, ËÎÎ˛ÒÚËÛ˛˘ËÂ ÙÓÏ‡Î¸-Ì˚Â ÔËÁÌ‡ÍË „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˇ‚ÎÂÌËˇ Ë Â„Ó ÏÂÒÚÓ ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÔÓ ÓÚÌÓ¯Â-ÌË˛ Í ˇ‰Û Ë ‚ÚÓÓÒÚÂÔÂÌÌ˚Ï ˜ÎÂÌ‡Ï (Û·ËÍ‡ ´œËÏÂª).

«‡‰‡ÌËÂ ´¿ª ÓËÂÌÚËÛÂÚ ÒÚÛ‰ÂÌÚÓ‚ Ì‡ ‡Ì‡ÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÛ˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ Ò ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÏÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ: ÔÂÊ‰Â ‚ÒÂ„Ó, Ì‡ ÔÓËÒÍ ˇ‰‡ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ (ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó Ë ÒÍ‡-ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó), ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˇ‚ÎÂÌËˇ, ÍÓÚÓÓÏÛ ÔÓÒ‚ˇ˘ÂÌÓ ‰‡ÌÌÓÂ ÛÔ-‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ, Ò ÓÔÓÓÈ Ì‡ Â„Ó ÙÓÏ‡Î¸Ì˚Â ÔËÁÌ‡ÍË Ë ÏÂÒÚÓ, Á‡ÌËÏ‡ÂÏÓÂ ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓ-ÊÂÌËË. ƒ‡ÌÌÓÂ Á‡‰‡ÌËÂ ÒÎÂ‰ÛÂÚ ‡ÒÒÏ‡ÚË‚‡Ú¸ Í‡Í Ó·ˇÁ‡ÚÂÎ¸Ì˚È ˝Ú‡Ô ‚ ÔÓ‰„Ó-ÚÓ‚ÍÂ Í ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Û. (¬ ˇ‰Â ÒÎÛ˜‡Â‚, ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ ÎÓ„ËÍË Á‡‰‡ÌËˇ-ËÌÒÚÛÍ-ˆËË, ‡Ì‡ÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍ‡ˇ ‡·ÓÚ‡ ÏÓÊÂÚ ·˚Ú¸ ÔÂ‰ÛÒÏÓÚÂÌ‡ ‚ Á‡‰‡ÌËË ´¬ª.)

œÓÒÎÂ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËˇ ‡Ì‡ÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍËı Á‡‰‡ÌËÈ ÂÍÓÏÂÌ‰ÛÂÚÒˇ ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ ÒÎÓ‚‡-ˇ: Ú‡Í‡ˇ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÒÚ¸ ÓÔÚËÏËÁËÛÂÚ ‡·ÓÚÛ ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÏ ÔË ÔÓ‰„ÓÚÓ‚ÍÂÔÂ‰‚‡ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ„Ó ‚‡Ë‡ÌÚ‡ ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡.

«‡‰‡ÌËÂ ´¡ª ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚ ÂÍÓÏÂÌ‰‡ˆËË ÔÓ ÒÔÓÒÓ·‡Ï ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ ‰‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ˇ‚ÎÂÌËˇ,‚ÍÎ˛˜‡ÂÚ Ì‡Ë·ÓÎÂÂ ˜‡ÒÚÓ ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÛÂÏ˚Â ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ˚ Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ ˇÁ˚ÍÂ Ë ÔÂ‰-Î‡„‡ÂÚ ÔËÏÂ˚ ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ (Û·ËÍ‡ ´Õ‡ÔËÏÂª).

4

¿Õ√À»…—ü»… fl«¤ü ƒÀfl ‘¿–Ã¿÷≈¬“Œ¬

¬˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ ÓÍÓÌ˜‡ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ ÔÂ‰ÛÒÏÓÚÂÌÓ Á‡‰‡ÌËÂÏ ´¬ª Ë ÔÂ‰ÔÓÎ‡-„‡ÂÚ: (1) ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÓ‚‡ÌËÂ ´˜ÂÌÓ‚Ó„Ó ‚‡Ë‡ÌÚ‡ª, ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓ„Ó Ì‡ ÓÒÌÓ‚Â ÔÓÌËÏ‡-ÌËˇ ÒÓ‰ÂÊ‡ÌËˇ „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˇ‚ÎÂÌËˇ Ë ÔÓ ÂÁÛÎ¸Ú‡Ú‡Ï ‡Ì‡ÎËÚË˜ÂÒÍÓÈ ‡-·ÓÚ˚ Ò ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÂÏ (Á‡‰‡ÌËÂ ´¿ª), (2) ÓÔÓÛ Ì‡ ÔËÏÂ˚ Ë ÂÍÓÏÂÌ‰‡ˆËË ÔÓÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Û ËÁÛ˜‡ÂÏÓ„Ó „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˇ‚ÎÂÌËˇ Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚Í (Á‡‰‡ÌËÂ ´¡ª),‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ‡ÍÚË‚ÌÛ˛ ‡·ÓÚÛ ÒÓ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÏ.

¬ ÔÓÒÓ·ËË ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÓ‚‡Ì˚ ‡ÛÚÂÌÚË˜Ì˚Â Ï‡ÚÂË‡Î˚, ÚÂÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍË ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚Îˇ˛˘ËÂ¯ËÓÍËÈ ÒÔÂÍÚ Ì‡Û˜Ì˚ı Ó·Î‡ÒÚÂÈ, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â ÏÓ„ÛÚ ÓÍ‡Á‡Ú¸Òˇ ‚ ÒÙÂÂ ÔÓÙÂÒÒË-ÓÌ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ËÌÚÂÂÒÓ‚ Ù‡Ï‡ˆÂ‚Ú‡: Ó·˘‡ˇ ıËÏËˇ, ·ËÓÎÓ„Ëˇ, ÙËÁËÓÎÓ„Ëˇ, Ù‡Ï‡-ÍÓÎÓ„Ëˇ Ë ‰. ¬ ÔÓÒÓ·ËË ÒÓı‡ÌÂÌ˚ ÓÒÓ·ÂÌÌÓÒÚË Ô‡‚ÓÔËÒ‡ÌËˇ Ë ÔÛÌÍÚÛ‡ˆËËÓË„ËÌ‡Î¸Ì˚ı ËÒÚÓ˜ÌËÍÓ‚, ˜ÚÓ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ÒÔÓÒÓ·ÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌË˛ ÔÂ‰ÒÚ‡‚ÎÂ-ÌËˇ Ó ÒÓ‚ÂÏÂÌÌ˚ı ÌÓÏ‡ı ÔËÒ¸ÏÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓÌ‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÌËˇ.

¬ Á‡ÍÎ˛˜ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË ´Are you a good pharmacist?ª ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚Û˛Ú ÛÔ‡ÊÌÂÌËˇÌ‡ ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰: ÓÌ‡ ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚ Á‡ÌËÏ‡ÚÂÎ¸Ì˚Â Á‡‰‡ÌËˇ (ËÏÂ˛˘ËÂ, ÚÂÏ ÌÂ ÏÂÌÂÂ, Ó˜Â-‚Ë‰ÌÛ˛ Ô‡ÍÚË˜ÂÒÍÛ˛ Ì‡Ô‡‚ÎÂÌÌÓÒÚ¸), ˆÂÎ¸˛ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ˇ‚ÎˇÂÚÒˇ ÙÓÏËÓ‚‡ÌËÂÓÚ‰ÂÎ¸Ì˚ı ÛÏÂÌËÈ ´ÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚ÌÓ„Óª ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÓ‚‡ÌËˇ ËÌÓÒÚ‡ÌÌÓ„Ó ˇÁ˚Í‡ ‚ ÒËÚÛ-‡ˆËˇı ÔÓÙÂÒÒËÓÌ‡Î¸ÌÓ„Ó Ó·˘ÂÌËˇ. ¬˚ÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ Á‡‰‡ÌËÈ ÔÂ‰ÔÓÎ‡„‡ÂÚ ‡·ÓÚÛÚÓÎ¸ÍÓ Ì‡ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ˇÁ˚ÍÂ, ‡ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ÓÔÓÛ Ì‡ ËÁÛ˜ÂÌÌ˚È „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍËÈ Ï‡-ÚÂË‡Î. –ˇ‰ ÛÔ‡ÊÌÂÌËÈ ˝ÚÓ„Ó ‡Á‰ÂÎ‡ Ë ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚Â ÛÔ‡ÊÌÂÌËˇ ‰Û„Ëı ‡Á‰Â-ÎÓ‚ (Á‡‰‡ÌËˇ ÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÔÂ‰ÔÓÎ‡„‡˛Ú ÁÌ‡ÌËÂ ÒÔÂˆË‡Î¸Ì˚ı ‰ËÒˆËÔÎËÌ ËÎË ËÒÚÓ-Ë˜ÂÒÍËı Ù‡ÍÚÓ‚) ÒÌ‡·ÊÂÌ˚ ÍÎ˛˜‡ÏË, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â ÔË‚Â‰ÂÌ˚ ÌÂ ‚ –‡·Ó˜ÂÈ ÚÂÚ‡-‰Ë, ‡ ‚ Û˜Â·ÌÓÏ ÔÓÒÓ·ËË.

œÓÏÂ˘∏ÌÌ˚È ‚ ÍÓÌˆÂ –‡·Ó˜ÂÈ ÚÂÚ‡‰Ë ´»Ì‰ÂÍÒª ÔÂ‰Ì‡ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌ ‰Îˇ ·˚ÒÚÓ„Ó ÔÓ-ËÒÍ‡ ÛÔ‡ÊÌÂÌËÈ, ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏ˚ı ‰Îˇ ÓÚ‡·ÓÚÍË ÍÓÌÍÂÚÌÓ„Ó „‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓ„Óˇ‚ÎÂÌËˇ.

”ÒÎÓ‚Ì˚Â Ó·ÓÁÌ‡˜ÂÌËˇ, ÔËÌˇÚ˚Â ‚ œ‡ÍÚËÍÛÏÂ Ë –‡·Ó˜ÂÈ ÚÂÚ‡‰Ë:

NV ó ˇ‰Ó ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ (ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ÂÂ Ë ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓÂ);nv ó ˇ‰Ó (ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ÂÂ Ë ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓÂ) ‚ ÔË‰‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÏ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË;Ns ó ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ÂÂ (ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ) ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ;V ó ÓÒÌÓ‚Ì‡ˇ ÙÓÏ‡ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡;Vs ó „Î‡„ÓÎ-ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓÂ ‚ 3-Ï ÎËˆÂ, Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ Ì‡ÒÚÓˇ˘Â„Ó ‚Â-

ÏÂÌË;Ved ó „Î‡„ÓÎ-ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓÂ ‚ ÔÓ¯Â‰¯ÂÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË;V3 ó 3-ˇ ÙÓÏ‡ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ (ÔË˜‡ÒÚËÂ II);Ving ó 4-ˇ ÙÓÏ‡ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ (ÔË˜‡ÒÚËÂ I);·ÛÍ‚. ó ·ÛÍ‚‡Î¸ÌÓ.

¿‚ÚÓ˚

5

√–¿ÃÃ¿“»◊≈—ü»… œ–¿ü“»ü”Ã

6

—Œƒ≈–∆¿Õ»≈

◊‡ÒÚ¸ I. ÀË˜Ì˚Â ÙÓÏ˚ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ (Finite Forms of the Verb)

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 1. ƒÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚È Á‡ÎÓ„ (The Active Voice)

1.1 √Î‡„ÓÎ to be

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 1 ........................................................................12

1.2 √Î‡„ÓÎ to be Ò ÔËÎ‡„‡ÚÂÎ¸Ì˚ÏË ‚ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 2 ........................................................................14

1.3 üÓÌÒÚÛÍˆËˇ there be

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 3 ........................................................................16

1.4 ¿Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ „Î‡„ÓÎ ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇı ·ÂÁ ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó

(ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ)

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 4 ........................................................................19

1.5 ‘ÓÏ˚ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ ‚ Ì‡ÒÚÓˇ˘ÂÏ ÌÂÓÔÂ‰ÂÎ∏ÌÌÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 5 ........................................................................23

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 6 ........................................................................25

1.6 ◊‡ÒÚË Â˜Ë Ë ˜ÎÂÌ˚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 7 ........................................................................28

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 8 ........................................................................31

1.7 √Î‡„ÓÎ ‚ ÔÓ¯Â‰¯ÂÏ ÌÂÓÔÂ‰ÂÎ∏ÌÌÓÏ ‚ÂÏÂÌË

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 9 ........................................................................34

1.8 «Ì‡˜ÂÌËÂ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ will

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 10 ......................................................................37

1.9 œÂÙÂÍÚÌ‡ˇ ÙÓÏ‡ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 11 ......................................................................38

1.10 œÓ‰ÓÎÊÂÌÌ‡ˇ ÙÓÏ‡ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 12 ......................................................................41

1.11 —ËÒÚÂÏ‡ ‚ÂÏÂÌ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ ‚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÏ Á‡ÎÓ„Â

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 13 (Ó·ÁÓÌÓÂ) .......................................................43

“ÂÍÒÚ˚ ‰Îˇ ÚÂÌËÓ‚Ó˜ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ Í –‡Á‰ÂÎÛ 1 ................................46

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 2. —Ú‡‰‡ÚÂÎ¸Ì˚È Á‡ÎÓ„ (The Passive Voice)

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 14 ......................................................................54

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 15 ......................................................................58


7

√–¿ÃÃ¿“»◊≈—ü»… œ–¿ü“»ü”Ã

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 3. ÃÓ‰‡Î¸Ì˚Â „Î‡„ÓÎ˚ (The Modal Verbs)

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 16 ......................................................................65


◊‡ÒÚ¸ II. ÕÂÎË˜Ì˚Â ÙÓÏ˚ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ (Non-Finite Forms of the Verb)

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 4. œË˜‡ÒÚËÂ (The Participle)

4.1 œË˜‡ÒÚËÂ I ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 17 ......................................................................73

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 18 ......................................................................76

4.2 œË˜‡ÒÚËÂ I ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 19 ......................................................................78

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 20 ......................................................................81

4.2.1 ÕÂÁ‡‚ËÒËÏ˚È ÔË˜‡ÒÚÌ˚È Ó·ÓÓÚ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 21 ......................................................................83

4.3 œË˜‡ÒÚËÂ II ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 22 ......................................................................86

4.4 œË˜‡ÒÚËÂ II ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 23 ......................................................................90

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 24 ......................................................................93

4.5 ‘ÛÌÍˆËË ÔË˜‡ÒÚËÈ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 25 (Ó·ÁÓÌÓÂ) .......................................................96

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 5. √ÂÛÌ‰ËÈ (The Gerund)

5.1 √ÂÛÌ‰ËÈ ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 26 ......................................................................99

5.2 √ÂÛÌ‰ËÈ ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 27 .....................................................................101

5.3 √ÂÛÌ‰ËÈ ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 28 .....................................................................103

5.4 √ÂÛÌ‰ËÈ ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 29 .....................................................................105

“ÂÍÒÚ˚ ‰Îˇ ÚÂÌËÓ‚Ó˜ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ Í –‡Á‰ÂÎ‡Ï 4 Ë 5 ......................107

8

¿Õ√À»…—ü»… fl«¤ü ƒÀfl ‘¿–Ã¿÷≈¬“Œ¬

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 6. »ÌÙËÌËÚË‚ (The Infinitive)

6.1 »ÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó, ˜‡ÒÚË ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÌÓ„Ó

ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó Ë ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 30 .....................................................................112

6.2 —ÎÓÊÌÓÂ ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ÂÂ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 31 .....................................................................115

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 32 .....................................................................118

6.3 —ÎÓÊÌÓÂ ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 33 .....................................................................122

6.4 »ÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡

6.4.1 »ÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡ ˆÂÎË

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 34 .....................................................................125

6.4.2 »ÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡ ÒÎÂ‰ÒÚ‚Ëˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 35 .....................................................................129

6.5 »ÌÙËÌËÚË‚ ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 36 .....................................................................131

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 37 .....................................................................133

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 38 .....................................................................135

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 39 .....................................................................137

6.6 ‘ÛÌÍˆËË ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚‡

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 40 (Ó·ÁÓÌÓÂ) .....................................................139

“ÂÍÒÚ˚ ‰Îˇ ÚÂÌËÓ‚Ó˜ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ Í –‡Á‰ÂÎÛ 6 ..............................142

◊‡ÒÚ¸ III. —ËÌÚ‡ÍÒËÒ (Syntax)

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 7. —ÎÓÊÌÓÔÓ‰˜ËÌÂÌÌ˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ

7.1 œË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ËÂ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 41 .....................................................................149

7.2 œË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏ˚Â

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 42 .....................................................................152

7.3 œË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â ‰ÓÔÓÎÌËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 43 .....................................................................154

7.4 œË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 44 .....................................................................159

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 45 .....................................................................162

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 46 .....................................................................166

9

√–¿ÃÃ¿“»◊≈—ü»… œ–¿ü“»ü”Ã

7.5 œË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚ÂÌÌ˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ

7.5.1 œË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡ ‚ÂÏÂÌË

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 47 .....................................................................169

7.5.2 œË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡ ÔË˜ËÌ˚

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 48 .....................................................................173

7.5.3 œË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â ÛÒÎÓ‚Ì˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 49 .....................................................................178

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 50 .....................................................................182

7.5.4 œË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚Â ÒÓÓÚÌÓÒËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚Â ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇı ‰‚ÓÈÌÓ„Ó

Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËˇ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 51 .....................................................................185

7.6 —Ó„Î‡ÒÓ‚‡ÌËÂ ‚ÂÏÂÌ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 52 .....................................................................188

7.7 ¬Ë‰˚ ÔË‰‡ÚÓ˜Ì˚ı ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 53 (Ó·ÁÓÌÓÂ) .....................................................191

“ÂÍÒÚ˚ ‰Îˇ ÚÂÌËÓ‚Ó˜ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ Í –‡Á‰ÂÎÛ 7 ..............................197

◊‡ÒÚ¸ IV. ÃÌÓ„ÓÁÌ‡˜ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËı ˜‡ÒÚÂÈ Â˜Ë

(English Parts of Speech in Various Functions)

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 8. ‘ÛÌÍˆËË ÏÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËˇ it

8.1 ‘ÓÏ‡Î¸ÌÓÂ it ‚ ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 54 .....................................................................203

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 55 .....................................................................206

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 56 .....................................................................209

8.2 ÃÂÒÚÓËÏÂÌËÂ it ‚ ˝ÏÓˆËÓÌ‡Î¸ÌÓ-ÛÒËÎËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÈ ÙÛÌÍˆËË

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 57 .....................................................................212

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 9. ‘ÛÌÍˆËË ÒÎÛÊÂ·ÌÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ as

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 58 .....................................................................215

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 59 .....................................................................218

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 10. —ÓÒÚ‡‚Ì˚Â ÔÂ‰ÎÓ„Ë

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 60 .....................................................................221

10

¿Õ√À»…—ü»… fl«¤ü ƒÀfl ‘¿–Ã¿÷≈¬“Œ¬

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 11. «Ì‡˜ÂÌËÂ Ë ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÒÎÓ‚‡ one

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 61 .....................................................................225

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 12. «Ì‡˜ÂÌËÂ Ë ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÒÎÓ‚‡ both

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 62 .....................................................................228

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 13. «Ì‡˜ÂÌËÂ Ë ÙÛÌÍˆËË ÒÎÓ‚ either Ë neither

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 63 .....................................................................231

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 14. —ÎÓ‚‡-Á‡ÏÂÌËÚÂÎË

14.1 One ñ ones

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 64 .....................................................................235

14.2 That ñ those

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 65 .....................................................................240

14.3 The former ñ the latter

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 66 .....................................................................243

“ÂÍÒÚ˚ ‰Îˇ ÚÂÌËÓ‚Ó˜ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ Í ◊‡ÒÚË IV .................................246

◊‡ÒÚ¸ V.* Are you a good pharmacist?

Task 1 ............................................................................................251

Task 2 ............................................................................................253

Task 3 ............................................................................................254

Task 4 ............................................................................................255

“ÂÍÒÚ˚ ‰Îˇ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ¸ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ Í –‡Á‰ÂÎÛ 1 ........................................258



“ÂÍÒÚ˚ ‰Îˇ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ¸ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ Í –‡Á‰ÂÎ‡Ï 4 Ë 5 ................................267



“ÂÍÒÚ˚ ‰Îˇ ÍÓÌÚÓÎ¸ÌÓ„Ó ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰‡ Í ◊‡ÒÚË IV ...........................................277

√‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍËÂ Ú‡·ÎËˆ˚

1. —ËÒÚÂÏ‡ ‚ÂÏÂÌ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ ‚ ‰ÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÏ

Á‡ÎÓ„Â ....................................................................................43

2. —ËÒÚÂÏ‡ ‚ÂÏÂÌ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ ‚ ÒÚ‡‰‡ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÏ

Á‡ÎÓ„Â ....................................................................................54

3. ‘ÛÌÍˆËË ÌÂÎË˜Ì˚ı ÙÓÏ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË

(ÔË˜‡ÒÚËÂ, „ÂÛÌ‰ËÈ, ËÌÙËÌËÚË‚) ...........................................72

4. ¬Ë‰˚ ÒÎÓÊÌ˚ı ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ .................................................148

5. “ËÔ˚ ÛÒÎÓ‚Ì˚ı ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËÈ ................................................177

6. —Ó„Î‡ÒÓ‚‡ÌËÂ ‚ÂÏÂÌ .............................................................188

»Ì‰ÂÍÒ .................................................................................................280

√–¿ÃÃ¿“»◊≈—ü»… œ–¿ü“»ü”Ã

12

◊‡ÒÚ¸ I.

À»◊Õ¤≈ ‘Œ–Ã¤ √À¿√ŒÀ¿(Finite Forms of the Verb)

–‡Á‰ÂÎ 1. ƒÂÈÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚È Á‡ÎÓ„ (Active Voice)

1.1 √Î‡„ÓÎ to be

Õ‡È‰ËÚÂ ‚ Í‡Ê‰ÓÏÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÒÓÒÚ‡‚ÌÓÂËÏÂÌÌÓÂ ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓÂ, ÍÓÚÓÓÂ‚ÍÎ˛˜‡ÂÚ „Î‡„ÓÎ to be (ÎËˆÓË ˜ËÒÎÓ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ ÒÓ„Î‡ÒÛ˛ÚÒˇÒ ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ËÏ) Ë ËÏÂÌÌÛ˛˜‡ÒÚ¸: ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ ËÎËÔËÎ‡„‡ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ.

Õ‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚ÍÚ‡ÍÓÂ ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓÂ ÏÓÊÂÚÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ËÚ¸Òˇ Ó‰ÌËÏ ËÁÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ëı ÒÔÓÒÓ·Ó‚:1) ˇ‚ÎˇÚ¸Òˇ, Ì‡ıÓ‰ËÚ¸-Òˇ + ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂËÎË ÔËÎ‡„‡ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ2) „Î‡„ÓÎ ´ˇ‚ÎˇÚ¸ÒˇªÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ, ÌÓ ÔÓ‰‡ÁÛ-ÏÂ‚‡ÂÚÒˇ (‚ÏÂÒÚÓ ÌÂ„ÓÒÚ‡‚ˇÚ ´ñª)3) Í‡ÚÍËÏ ÔËÎ‡„‡-ÚÂÎ¸Ì˚Ï.

œÂÂ‚Â‰ËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ.

1. Carbon is a solid.

2. Combustion is a major type of chemical reactions.

œËÏÂ:to be + n

Copper, gold and silver are metals.to be + adj

Ozone is toxic to the pulmonary system.

Õ‡ÔËÏÂ:

1) Copper, gold and silver are metals.ÃÂ‰¸, ÁÓÎÓÚÓ Ë ÒÂÂ·Ó ˇ‚Îˇ˛ÚÒˇ ÏÂÚ‡ÎÎ‡ÏË.

2) Oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen are gases.üËÒÎÓÓ‰, ‚Ó‰ÓÓ‰ Ë ‡ÁÓÚ ó „‡Á˚.

3) Ozone is toxic to the pulmonary system.ŒÁÓÌ ÚÓÍÒË˜ÂÌ ‰Îˇ Ó„‡ÌÓ‚ ‰˚ı‡ÌËˇ.(»ÎË: ŒÁÓÌ ˇ‚ÎˇÂÚÒˇ ÚÓÍÒË˜Ì˚Ï ‰Îˇ Ó„‡ÌÓ‚‰˚ı‡ÌËˇ)

”Ô‡ÊÌÂÌËÂ 1

¿

¡

¬

13

ƒ≈…—“¬»“≈À‹Õ¤… «¿ÀŒ√

3. Sodium and chlorine are the constituents of salt.

4. Various types of topical preparations are available.

5. Resins are important raw materials of industry.

6. Grasses are worldwide in distribution.

7. Coal is a non-renewable form of energy.

8. Pure acetic acid is completely miscible with water.

9. In ordinary temperatures the amino acids are white crystalline solids.

10.Gold is stable in air under normal conditions.

11.Gold is untarnishable, workable, almost indestructible, durable, reflective, andconductive.

12.The size of the nucleus inside an atom is comparable to the size of an ant on afootball field.

✔

13.Alchemy was a major source of knowledge until 1600s.

14.The dangers of radium were apparent from the start.

15.Electron are in constant motion.

16.The growth of plants is under hormonal control.

1.2 √Î‡„ÓÎ to be Ò ÔËÎ‡„‡ÚÂÎ¸Ì˚Ï ‚ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË Ò‡‚ÌÂÌËˇ

¬ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘Ëı ÔÂ‰ÎÓ-ÊÂÌËˇı Ì‡È‰ËÚÂ ÔËÎ‡„‡-ÚÂÎ¸Ì˚Â ‚ Ò‡‚ÌËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÈÒÚÂÔÂÌË (adj + er,more/less + adj) ËÎË ÔÂ-‚ÓÒıÓ‰ÌÓÈ ÒÚÂÔÂÌË (adj +est, most/least + adj), ÍÓ-ÚÓ˚Â ÏÓ„ÛÚ ‚ıÓ‰ËÚ¸ ‚ ÒÓ-ÒÚ‡‚ ËÏÂÌÌÓ„Ó ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„ÓËÎË ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎˇÚ¸ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ë-ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ.


1. Chemistry is the most important subject for a pharmacist.

2. Oxygen is the most abundant of all the elements of nature.

3. The smallest particle of an element is an atom.

14

–¿«ƒ≈À 1

œËÏÂ:Magnesium is lighter than aluminium.Titanium is more resistant to corrosion thansteel.The smallest particle of an element is an atom.Chemistry is the most important subject for apharmacist.

¿

¡


15

ƒ≈…—“¬»“≈À‹Õ¤… «¿ÀŒ√

4. Lithium is the lightest metal in existence.

5. Corrosion is the worst enemy of metals.

6. The most common atom in the universe is hydrogen.

7. Titanium is lighter and stronger than steel and ismore resistant to corrosion.

8. The two most plentiful components of air are nitro-gen and oxygen.

9. Silver is the best conductor of heat and electricity of all the metals.

10.The amorphous form of boron is less dense than the crystalline.

11.Titanium is a very hard metal: 12 times harder than aluminium, and fourtimes harder than iron and copper.

12.Selenium is among the rarer elements on the surface of this planet, and israrer than silver.

✔

1.3 üÓÌÒÚÛÍˆËˇ there be (there is/there are)

¬ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ı ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂ-ÌËˇı Ò ÍÓÌÒÚÛÍˆËÂÈ therebe (there is/there are),ÙÓÏ‡Î¸ÌÓÂ (Ú. Â. ÌÂÔÂÂ-‚Ó‰ËÏÓÂ) ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ÂÂthere ‚‚Ó‰ËÚ Â‡Î¸ÌÓÂ ÔÓ‰-ÎÂÊ‡˘ÂÂ, ÓÚ ÍÓÚÓÓ„Ó Á‡-‚ËÒËÚ ÙÓÏ‡ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡ to be.

Õ‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚ÍÍÓÌÒÚÛÍˆËˇ there beÓ·˚˜ÌÓ ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ËÚÒˇ„Î‡„ÓÎ‡ÏË ´ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Û-ÂÚª, ´ËÏÂÂÚÒˇª ´ÒÓ‰Â-ÊËÚÒˇª. ≈ÒÎË ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓ-ÊÂÌËË ÂÒÚ¸ Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸-ÒÚ‚Ó ÏÂÒÚ‡, ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ Â-ÍÓÏÂÌ‰ÛÂÚÒˇ Ì‡˜ËÌ‡Ú¸ Ò˝ÚÓ„Ó Ó·ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡.


1. There are many hundreds of millions of chemical compounds.

2. There are three types of plant: annual, biennial, and perennial.

3. There are about 2x1022* molecules in one litre of air.

4. There are differences in the air in different locations.

5. Besides nitrogen and oxygen, there is a small proportion of the gases in the air.

16

–¿«ƒ≈À 1

¿


œËÏÂ:1. There is a small proportion of the gases in

the air (besides nitrogen and oxygen).2. There are over 100 different elements on

Earth.

¡Õ‡ÔËÏÂ:

1) There are many kinds of matter.—Û˘ÂÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÏÌÓ„Ó ‚Ë‰Ó‚ Ï‡ÚÂËË.

2) There are more than 1 trillion molecules in a cell.¬ Ó‰ÌÓÈ ÍÎÂÚÍÂ ÒÓ‰ÂÊËÚÒˇ ·ÓÎÂÂ ÚËÎÎËÓÌ‡ÏÓÎÂÍÛÎ.

¬

* 2x1022 ó two multiplied by 10 in the twenty second degree.

6. There are just over 100 different elements onEarth.

7. There are massive amounts of magnesium in seawater.

8. There are many properties peculiar to differentmaterial objects.

9. There is more of cellulose in the world than anyother organic chemical.

10.Without oxygen there is no life.

11.There are two main parts of atom: the nucleus and the electron cloud.

12.There is a detectible amount of radon in the atmosphere.

13.There are two principal varieties of chemical bonds ó ionic bonds and cova-lent bonds.

17

ƒ≈…—“¬»“≈À‹Õ¤… «¿ÀŒ√

✔

14. There is a great difference in ionic concentrationbetween the inside and the outside of cell.

15. On the under, and sometimes on the upper surfaceof a leaf there are thousands of tiny pores.

16. There is a close relationship between the vegeta-tive processes and the reproductive phase of smallherbaceous plants.

17. In a woody stem, such as the trunk of a tree, there are three distinct zones:the bark, the wood, and the pith.

18.There was a lot of important research last year.

19.There were several vacant spaces in Mendeleev's periodic table.

18

–¿«ƒ≈À 1

✔

1.4 ¿Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ „Î‡„ÓÎ ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇı ·ÂÁ ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó(ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ)

ÕÂÂ‰ÍÓ ‚ ÚÂÍÒÚ‡ı ‡Ì-ÌÓÚ‡ˆËÈ Í ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú‡Ï, Ô‡-‚ËÎ‡ı, ÛÍ‡Á‡ÌËˇı, ÂÍÓÏÂÌ-‰‡ˆËˇı ‚ÒÚÂ˜‡˛ÚÒˇ ÔÂ‰ÎÓ-ÊÂÌËˇ, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â Ì‡˜ËÌ‡˛ÚÒˇÒ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡-ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ‡ ÔÓ‰-ÎÂÊ‡˘ÂÂ ‚ ÌËı ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ.

“‡Í‡ˇ ÍÓÌÒÚÛÍˆËˇÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ ÓÁÌ‡˜‡ÂÚ ÂÍÓ-ÏÂÌ‰‡ˆË˛, ÔËÍ‡Á, ÛÍ‡Á‡-ÌËÂ, ÒÓ‚ÂÚ. ¬ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ ˇÁ˚ÍÂ˝ÚÓ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂ-ÌËˇÏ ‚ ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÏ Ì‡-ÍÎÓÌÂÌËË.

œÂÂ‚Â‰ËÚÂ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÂ Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ˚ ËÌÒÚÛÍˆËÈ, Ô‡‚ËÎ Ë ÂÍÓÏÂÌ‰‡ˆËÈ.

I. General Lab Safety Rules

1. Work in the lab when the teacher is present.

2. Walk! Do not run in the lab.

3. Do not eat, drink beverages, or chew gum in the lab.

4. Never taste chemicals.

5. Avoid contact with chemicals. Wear safety glasses whenever necessary.

19

ƒ≈…—“¬»“≈À‹Õ¤… «¿ÀŒ√

œËÏÂ:1. Use only clean dry test-tubes for your

experiments.2. Always wash hands after experiments.

¡Õ‡ÔËÏÂ:

1) Rub this medicine gently into your skin. Ãˇ„ÍÓ ‚ÓÚËÚÂ ÎÂÍ‡ÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ÍÓÊÛ.

2) Never use dirty glassware.ÕËÍÓ„‰‡ ÌÂ ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÛÈÚÂ „ˇÁÌÛ˛Î‡·Ó‡ÚÓÌÛ˛ ÔÓÒÛ‰Û.

¬

¿


6. Clean and dry your lab table.

7. Never rely on the shape, size or colour of the bot-tle. Read the label.

8. Always wash hands after experiments.

9. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury(cut, burn, etc.) to the instructor immediately.

10. Carefully follow all instructions.

II. If you see a fire

1. Stay calm, don't panic.

2. Shut the door to the room with a fire.

3. Tell other people about fire as soon as possible.

4. Leave the building immediately.

20

–¿«ƒ≈À 1

✔

5. Do not run. Walk quickly but calmly.

6. Do not use lifts in fire.

7. Move near the floor. The best air is at floor level.

8. Close all doors behind you.

III. Proper Use of Medicines and Storage

1. Store this medicine away from heat and direct light.

2. Store in the refrigerator.

3. Store in a dark, cool, dry place.

4. Do not refrigerate.

5. Make and use a fresh solution each day.

6. Do not boil the solution.

7. Keep this medicine out of the reach of children.

21

ƒ≈…—“¬»“≈À‹Õ¤… «¿ÀŒ√

✔

8. Do not give this medicine to anyone else.

9. Do not miss any doses.

10. Do not double doses.

11. Do not take more or less of this medicine.

12. Take this medicine with meals or snacks.

13. Take with a full glass of water.

14.Swallow the tablet whole. Do not crush, chew or suck the tablet.

15.Follow your doctor's orders or directions on the label.

16.Read it carefully.

22

–¿«ƒ≈À 1

✔


œÓÌËÏ‡ÌËÂ Ë ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ Á‡‚ËÒˇÚ ÓÚ Ô‡‚ËÎ¸ÌÓ„ÓÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËˇ ˇ‰‡ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ (ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó Ë ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó), ˜ÚÓ ‚‡ÊÌÓ ‰Îˇ ÒÓ-ı‡ÌÂÌËˇ ÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˆÂÌÚ‡ ‚˚ÒÍ‡Á˚‚‡ÌËˇ ÔË ÔÂÂ‰‡˜Â Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚Í. Õ‡ÈÚË ˇ‰Ó ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ ÏÓÊÌÓ, ÔÓ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËÓ‚‡‚ ÙÓÏ‡Î¸Ì˚ÂÔËÁÌ‡ÍË „Î‡„ÓÎ‡-ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, Ú. Â., Ì‡ÔËÏÂ, ÓÍÓÌ˜‡ÌËÂ -s /-es Û „Î‡„ÓÎÓ‚ ‚3-ÂÏ ÎËˆÂ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒÎ‡ Ì‡ÒÚÓˇ˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË.

ŒÔË‡ˇÒ¸ Ì‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ÂÙÓÏÛÎ˚, ËÎÎ˛ÒÚËÛ˛˘ËÂ„‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓÂ ÒÓ„Î‡ÒÓ‚‡ÌËÂÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó (‚ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ-ÌÓÏ Ë ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ)Ë ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛-˘ÂÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ (‚ Ì‡ÒÚÓˇ˘ÂÏ ‚Â-ÏÂÌË), Ì‡È‰ËÚÂ ˇ‰Ó ‚ ÒÎÂ‰Û-˛˘Ëı ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇı.

1) œË ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Â Ì‡ ÛÒ-ÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚Í ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÒÓı‡-ÌˇÚ¸ ÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËÈ ˆÂÌÚ ‚˚-ÒÍ‡Á˚‚‡ÌËˇ (Ú. Â. ˇ‰Ó) ‡Ì„-ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ.

2) œÂÂ‚Â‰ËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ.

1. Brass stains in moist air.

2. About 90 elements occur naturally on Earth and in the universe.

3. Nitrogen occurs in proteins and amino acids and is thus present in all living cells.

4. The number of protons equals the number of electrons in each atom.

23

ƒ≈…—“¬»“≈À‹Õ¤… «¿ÀŒ√

¿


œËÏÂ:N Vs

Friction between two objects produces heat.Ns V

Certain chemical reactions produce heat.

¡

Õ‡ÔËÏÂ:

The stability of ascorbic acid decreaseswith increases in temperature and pH.—Ú‡·ËÎ¸ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡ÒÍÓ·ËÌÓ‚ÓÈ ÍËÒÎÓÚ˚ÒÌËÊ‡ÂÚÒˇ Ò ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌËÂÏ ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛ˚ ËÛÓ‚Ìˇ pH.

¬

5. Different atoms make up different elements.

6. Most elements exist in several or many isotopic forms.

7. Most atoms do not exist on their own, but as molecules.

8. Because of its nuclear instability, californium doesnot exist in the Earth's crust.

9. Membranes within the cell show chemical selectivity.

10. In combination with hydrogen, oxygen forms water.

11. The gas combines readily with many other elements.

12.Chlorine reacts with water, halogens, acids and bases.

13.All the cells of the body metabolize glucose.

14.Drugs vary according to the speed of action and potency.

15.Nitrogen makes up 80 per cent of the air.

24

–¿«ƒ≈À 1

✔

16.Water covers three-quarters of the Earth's surface. Thismakes water the most common material on the Earth.

17.The full mechanism of this oxidation involves awhole series of reactions.

18.Roots anchor the plant firmly in the soil, absorbwater and mineral nutrients from the soil, conductthese materials into stems and transport food down-ward from stems.

œÓ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËÛÈÚÂÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ Ë ÓÔÂ‰Â-ÎËÚÂ, Í‡ÍÓÂ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚Ë-ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ Á‡ÏÂÌˇÂÚÒˇ ÒÓ˛-ÁÓÏ which/that, ‚˚ÔÓÎ-Ìˇ˛˘ËÏ ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ÔÓ‰-ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó ‚ ÔË‰‡ÚÓ˜ÌÓÏÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË; „Î‡„ÓÎ-ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓÂ, ÒÚÓˇ˘ÂÂ ÔÓ-ÒÎÂ ÒÓ˛Á‡, ËÏÂÂÚ ËÎË ÌÂ ËÏÂÂÚ ÓÍÓÌ˜‡ÌËÂ ´-sª ‚ Á‡‚ËÒËÏÓÒÚË ÓÚ Ó‰‡ Ë ˜ËÒÎ‡ ÒÛ-˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓ„Ó, ÍÓÚÓÓÂ Á‡ÏÂÌˇÂÚÒˇ ˝ÚËÏ ÒÓ˛ÁÓÏ.

25

ƒ≈…—“¬»“≈À‹Õ¤… «¿ÀŒ√

✔

¿


œËÏÂ:1. The electron is the lightest elementary parti-

cle which possesses an electric charge.2. Vitamins are organic compounds that serve a

variety of functions.


1. An atom is a tiny particle that makes up all the substances around us.

2. Astatine is a reactive, radioactive non-metallic element which resembles iodine.

3. Buffer is a solution which minimizes pH changes in a chemical system.

4. Base is one of the five molecules that make up the informational content ofDNA and RNA.

5. The electron is the lightest elementary particle which possesses an electric charge.

6. Cement is a substance that produces a solid unionbetween two surfaces.

7. A radioisotope consists of unstable atoms thatundergo radioactive decay and emit alpha, beta, orgamma radiation.

26

–¿«ƒ≈À 1

¡

✔

8. X-rays carry a lot of energy, which gives them many uses.

9. Atomic volume is another property which variesperiodically through the Periodic Table.

10.Gene is a segment of DNA on chromosome whichcodes for a protein.

11.Acetylene is a colorless gas that burns in air with ahighly luminous flame.

12.Chlorine is a non-metallic element. It is a yellowish green gas, which is a res-piratory irritant.

13.Aluminium is a strong, light, silvery grey metal that has many uses.

14.The chemical name of a compound usually reveals the elements that make it up óat least to a chemist.

27

ƒ≈…—“¬»“≈À‹Õ¤… «¿ÀŒ√

✔


¬ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ̌ Á˚ÍÂ Ó‰ÌÓË ÚÓ ÊÂ ÒÎÓ‚Ó ÏÓÊÂÚ ˇ‚ÎˇÚ¸ÒˇÍ‡Í ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚Ï, Ú‡Í Ë„Î‡„ÓÎÓÏ, ˜ÚÓ ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡ÂÓ·ÓÁÌ‡˜‡ÂÚÒˇ ·ÛÍ‚‡ÏË ´nª óÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ, ´vª ó„Î‡„ÓÎ.

ŒÔÂ‰ÂÎËÚ¸, ˇ‚ÎˇÂÚÒˇÒÎÓ‚Ó ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚Ï ËÎË„Î‡„ÓÎÓÏ, ÏÓÊÌÓ ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÏ ÔËÁÌ‡Í‡Ï: ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ ï ÏÓÊÂÚ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌˇÚ¸ ‚ ÔÂ‰-

ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ÔÓ‰ÎÂ-Ê‡˘Â„Ó, ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËˇ, Ó·-ÒÚÓˇÚÂÎ¸ÒÚ‚‡

ï Í‡Í Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, ËÏÂÂÚ ‡-ÚËÍÎ¸ (a/an, the)

ï ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂ(ÔËÎ‡„‡ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ, ÏÂÒÚÓ-ËÏÂÌËÂ)

ï ÏÓÊÂÚ ËÏÂÚ¸ ÔÂ‰ÎÓ„Ë (‰Îˇ Ó·ÓÁÌ‡˜ÂÌËˇ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂÈ)ï ‚Ó ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ËÏÂÂÚ ÓÍÓÌ˜‡ÌËÂ ´-sª „Î‡„ÓÎï ‚˚ÔÓÎÌˇÂÚ ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ï ÒÓ„Î‡ÒÛÂÚÒˇ ‚ ÎËˆÂ Ë ˜ËÒÎÂ Ò ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ËÏ, Ì‡ ˜ÚÓ ÛÍ‡Á˚‚‡ÂÚ Ì‡ÎË˜ËÂ ËÎË ÓÚ-

ÒÛÚÒÚ‚ËÂ ÓÍÓÌ˜‡ÌËˇ ´-sª (‚ Â‰. ˜., 3 Î.)

1) œÓ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËÛÈÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ Ë ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎËÚÂ, Í‡ÍÛ˛ ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌˇ-ÂÚ ÔÓ‰˜ÂÍÌÛÚÓÂ ÒÎÓ‚Ó Ë Í‡ÍÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚ¸˛ Â˜Ë ÓÌÓ ˇ‚ÎˇÂÚÒˇ.

2) Õ‡È‰ËÚÂ ‚ ÒÎÓ‚‡Â ÁÌ‡˜ÂÌËˇ ˝ÚËı ÒÎÓ‚, ÓËÂÌÚËÛˇÒ¸ Ì‡ Ëı ÔËÌ‡‰ÎÂÊÌÓÒÚ¸Í ÚÓÈ ËÎË ËÌÓÈ ˜‡ÒÚË Â˜Ë.


1. a) Many chemical changes occur in nature.

b) The number of molecules changes during many reactions.

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œËÏÂ:flower I n 1 ó ˆ‚ÂÚÓÍ, ˆ‚ÂÚÛ˘ÂÂ ‡ÒÚÂÌËÂ;2 ó ˆ‚ÂÚÂÌËÂflower II v 1 ó ˆ‚ÂÒÚË; 2 ó ‡Òˆ‚ÂÚ‡Ú¸,‡Á‚Ë‚‡Ú¸Òˇ

¡Õ‡ÔËÏÂ:

1) A flower (ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ-ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ÂÂ)is a reproductive structure of the plant.÷‚ÂÚÓÍ ó ˝ÚÓ ÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡ ‡ÒÚÂÌËˇ,‚˚ÔÓÎÌˇ˛˘‡ˇ ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ‡ÁÏÌÓÊÂÌËˇ. (·ÛÍ‚.: ÷‚ÂÚÓÍ ó ˝ÚÓ ÂÔÓ‰ÛÍÚË‚Ì‡ˇÒÚÛÍÚÛ‡ ‡ÒÚÂÌËˇ).

2) ¿t some time in their lives, lants flower(„Î‡„ÓÎ-ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓÂ).¬ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌÌ˚È ÔÂËÓ‰ ‡Á‚ËÚËˇ‡ÒÚÂÌËˇ ˆ‚ÂÚÛÚ.

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c) The action of sunlight on the skin changes cer-tain substances in the body into vitamin D.

2. a) In its various forms, hydrogen is the most abun-dant element in the Universe.

b) With carbon and hydrogen, oxygen forms thechemical bases of much organic material.

c) The thick bark of many trees forms a good barri-er against cold, disease, and insect invasion.

3. a) Atoms make up all the substances around us.

b) Different atoms have different numbers of protons, neutrons, and electronsin their make-up.

4. a) An enzyme functions as an organic catalyst under specific conditions of pHand temperature.

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b) Proteins govern the activities, functions andstructures in all cells.

5. a) Taxonomy groups plants according to theirrelationship with each other.

b) Two principal groups of enzymes occur in plants.

6. a) Through metabolism, cells capture, store, anduse energy.

b) Use this medicine only under the direct supervision of your doctor.

c) A major use of nitrous oxide (N2O) is in anesthesia.

7. a) This potent stimulant has some medical uses, particularly as an anesthetic.

b) The body uses cholesterol for production of vitamin D and bile.

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¬ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓÏ ˇÁ˚ÍÂ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ, ÍÓÚÓ-ÓÂ ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËË Ó·˚˜ÌÓ ˇ‚ÎˇÂÚÒˇ ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘ËÏËÎË ‰ÓÔÓÎÌÂÌËÂÏ, ÏÓÊÂÚ Ú‡ÍÊÂ ‚˚ÔÓÎÌˇÚ¸ ÙÛÌÍ-ˆË˛ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËˇ: ‚ ˝ÚÓÏ ÒÎÛ˜‡Â Ó·‡ÁÛÂÚÒˇ Ú. Ì.´ˆÂÔÓ˜Í‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚ıª (ÔÓÒÎÂ‰Ó‚‡ÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÒÚ¸ËÁ ‰‚Ûı Ë ·ÓÎÂÂ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚ı), „‰Â ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ÌÂÂÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ ˇ‚ÎˇÂÚÒˇ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎˇÂÏ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ, ‡ÒÚÓˇ˘ËÂ ‚ÔÂÂ‰Ë ó ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËˇÏË.

œÂÂ‚Ó‰ Ú‡ÍÓÈ ´ˆÂÔÓ˜ÍËÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚ıª Ó·˚˜ÌÓ Ì‡-˜ËÌ‡˛Ú Ò ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎˇÂÏÓ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡(Ú. Â. ÔÓÒÎÂ‰ÌÂ„Ó ÒÎÓ‚‡ ‚ ˆÂÔÓ˜-ÍÂ), ‡ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ, ‚˚ÔÓÎ-Ìˇ˛˘ÂÂ ÙÛÌÍˆË˛ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËˇ,ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ‚ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ ˇÁ˚ÍÂÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÏÛ ‚ Ó‰ËÚÂÎ¸-ÌÓÏ Ô‡‰ÂÊÂ. ¬ ÌÂÍÓÚÓ˚ı ÒÎÛ˜‡ˇı ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÛÂÚÒˇ ÚÂÏËÌÓÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËÈ ˝Í‚Ë‚‡ÎÂÌÚ.

œÓ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËÛÈÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ, Ì‡È‰ËÚÂ ÒÎÓ‚ÓÒÓ˜ÂÚ‡ÌËˇ ÒÛ˘ÂÒÚ‚ËÚÂÎ¸Ì˚ı,ˇ‚Îˇ˛˘ËıÒˇ ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËÂÏ Ë ÓÔÂ‰ÂÎˇÂÏ˚Ï ÒÎÓ‚ÓÏ.»ÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÛˇ Ô‡‚ËÎÓ, ÔË‚Â‰ÂÌÌÓÂ ‚ Ô. ¡, ÔÂÂ‚Â‰ËÚÂ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ.

1. Zinc metal is a human skin irritant.

2. In the body fluids the molecules of water, gases, and theions of substances in solution are in constant motion.

3. Magnesium is lighter than aluminium, and we use itin alloys for aircraft, car engine casings, and missileconstruction.

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œËÏÂ:safety rulesblood vessel

blood glucose level

¡Õ‡ÔËÏÂ:

safety rules ó Ô‡‚ËÎ‡ ·ÂÁÓÔ‡ÒÌÓÒÚËblood vessel ó ÍÓ‚ÂÌÓÒÌ˚È ÒÓÒÛ‰blood glucose level ó ÛÓ‚ÂÌ¸ Ò‡ı‡‡ ‚ÍÓ‚Ë

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✔

4. Carbon dioxide is colorless, odorless gas, slightlysoluble in water and denser than air.

5. There is a wide variety of plant life in a rainforest.

6. For specific purposes, there is a standard world-wide measurement system.

7. There is a constant flow of nitrogen from dead plantand animal tissue into the soil and from the soilback to the plants.

8. Return all lab materials and equipment to their proper places after use.

9. Know the location and use of the safety equipment.

10.Use the first fire alarm that you see.

11.Call the emergency services immediately.

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6. There are just over 100 different elements onEarth.

7. There are massive amounts of magnesium in seawater.

8. There are many properties peculiar to differentmaterial objects.

9. There is more of cellulose in the world than anyother organic chemical.

10.Without oxygen there is no life.

11.There are two main parts of atom: the nucleus and the electron cloud.

12.There is a detectible amount of radon in the atmosphere.

13.There are two principal varieties of chemical bonds ó ionic bonds and cova-lent bonds.

17

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14. There is a great difference in ionic concentrationbetween the inside and the outside of cell.

15. On the under, and sometimes on the upper surfaceof a leaf there are thousands of tiny pores.

16. There is a close relationship between the vegeta-tive processes and the reproductive phase of smallherbaceous plants.

17. In a woody stem, such as the trunk of a tree, there are three distinct zones:the bark, the wood, and the pith.

18.There was a lot of important research last year.

19.There were several vacant spaces in Mendeleev's periodic table.

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✔

1.4 ¿Ì„ÎËÈÒÍËÈ „Î‡„ÓÎ ‚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇı ·ÂÁ ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó(ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÂ Ì‡ÍÎÓÌÂÌËÂ)

ÕÂÂ‰ÍÓ ‚ ÚÂÍÒÚ‡ı ‡Ì-ÌÓÚ‡ˆËÈ Í ÔÂÔ‡‡Ú‡Ï, Ô‡-‚ËÎ‡ı, ÛÍ‡Á‡ÌËˇı, ÂÍÓÏÂÌ-‰‡ˆËˇı ‚ÒÚÂ˜‡˛ÚÒˇ ÔÂ‰ÎÓ-ÊÂÌËˇ, ÍÓÚÓ˚Â Ì‡˜ËÌ‡˛ÚÒˇÒ „Î‡„ÓÎ‡-ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, ‡ ÔÓ‰-ÎÂÊ‡˘ÂÂ ‚ ÌËı ÓÚÒÛÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ.

“‡Í‡ˇ ÍÓÌÒÚÛÍˆËˇÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ ÓÁÌ‡˜‡ÂÚ ÂÍÓ-ÏÂÌ‰‡ˆË˛, ÔËÍ‡Á, ÛÍ‡Á‡-ÌËÂ, ÒÓ‚ÂÚ. ¬ ÛÒÒÍÓÏ ˇÁ˚ÍÂ˝ÚÓ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚ÛÂÚ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂ-ÌËˇÏ ‚ ÔÓ‚ÂÎËÚÂÎ¸ÌÓÏ Ì‡-ÍÎÓÌÂÌËË.

œÂÂ‚Â‰ËÚÂ ÒÎÂ‰Û˛˘ËÂ Ù‡„ÏÂÌÚ˚ ËÌÒÚÛÍˆËÈ, Ô‡‚ËÎ Ë ÂÍÓÏÂÌ‰‡ˆËÈ.

I. General Lab Safety Rules

1. Work in the lab when the teacher is present.

2. Walk! Do not run in the lab.

3. Do not eat, drink beverages, or chew gum in the lab.

4. Never taste chemicals.

5. Avoid contact with chemicals. Wear safety glasses whenever necessary.

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œËÏÂ:1. Use only clean dry test-tubes for your

experiments.2. Always wash hands after experiments.

¡Õ‡ÔËÏÂ:

1) Rub this medicine gently into your skin. Ãˇ„ÍÓ ‚ÓÚËÚÂ ÎÂÍ‡ÒÚ‚Ó ‚ ÍÓÊÛ.

2) Never use dirty glassware.ÕËÍÓ„‰‡ ÌÂ ËÒÔÓÎ¸ÁÛÈÚÂ „ˇÁÌÛ˛Î‡·Ó‡ÚÓÌÛ˛ ÔÓÒÛ‰Û.

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6. Clean and dry your lab table.

7. Never rely on the shape, size or colour of the bot-tle. Read the label.

8. Always wash hands after experiments.

9. Report any accident (spill, breakage, etc.) or injury(cut, burn, etc.) to the instructor immediately.

10. Carefully follow all instructions.

II. If you see a fire

1. Stay calm, don't panic.

2. Shut the door to the room with a fire.

3. Tell other people about fire as soon as possible.

4. Leave the building immediately.

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5. Do not run. Walk quickly but calmly.

6. Do not use lifts in fire.

7. Move near the floor. The best air is at floor level.

8. Close all doors behind you.

III. Proper Use of Medicines and Storage

1. Store this medicine away from heat and direct light.

2. Store in the refrigerator.

3. Store in a dark, cool, dry place.

4. Do not refrigerate.

5. Make and use a fresh solution each day.

6. Do not boil the solution.

7. Keep this medicine out of the reach of children.

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8. Do not give this medicine to anyone else.

9. Do not miss any doses.

10. Do not double doses.

11. Do not take more or less of this medicine.

12. Take this medicine with meals or snacks.

13. Take with a full glass of water.

14.Swallow the tablet whole. Do not crush, chew or suck the tablet.

15.Follow your doctor's orders or directions on the label.

16.Read it carefully.

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œÓÌËÏ‡ÌËÂ Ë ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰ ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ Á‡‚ËÒˇÚ ÓÚ Ô‡‚ËÎ¸ÌÓ„ÓÓÔÂ‰ÂÎÂÌËˇ ˇ‰‡ ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ (ÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó Ë ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó), ˜ÚÓ ‚‡ÊÌÓ ‰Îˇ ÒÓ-ı‡ÌÂÌËˇ ÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍÓ„Ó ˆÂÌÚ‡ ‚˚ÒÍ‡Á˚‚‡ÌËˇ ÔË ÔÂÂ‰‡˜Â Ì‡ ÛÒÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚Í. Õ‡ÈÚË ˇ‰Ó ‡Ì„ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ ÏÓÊÌÓ, ÔÓ‡Ì‡ÎËÁËÓ‚‡‚ ÙÓÏ‡Î¸Ì˚ÂÔËÁÌ‡ÍË „Î‡„ÓÎ‡-ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó, Ú. Â., Ì‡ÔËÏÂ, ÓÍÓÌ˜‡ÌËÂ -s /-es Û „Î‡„ÓÎÓ‚ ‚3-ÂÏ ÎËˆÂ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓ„Ó ˜ËÒÎ‡ Ì‡ÒÚÓˇ˘Â„Ó ‚ÂÏÂÌË.

ŒÔË‡ˇÒ¸ Ì‡ ‰‡ÌÌ˚ÂÙÓÏÛÎ˚, ËÎÎ˛ÒÚËÛ˛˘ËÂ„‡ÏÏ‡ÚË˜ÂÒÍÓÂ ÒÓ„Î‡ÒÓ‚‡ÌËÂÔÓ‰ÎÂÊ‡˘Â„Ó (‚ Â‰ËÌÒÚ‚ÂÌ-ÌÓÏ Ë ÏÌÓÊÂÒÚ‚ÂÌÌÓÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ)Ë ÒÍ‡ÁÛÂÏÓ„Ó ‚ ÒÓÓÚ‚ÂÚÒÚ‚Û˛-˘ÂÏ ˜ËÒÎÂ (‚ Ì‡ÒÚÓˇ˘ÂÏ ‚Â-ÏÂÌË), Ì‡È‰ËÚÂ ˇ‰Ó ‚ ÒÎÂ‰Û-˛˘Ëı ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇı.

1) œË ÔÂÂ‚Ó‰Â Ì‡ ÛÒ-ÒÍËÈ ˇÁ˚Í ÌÂÓ·ıÓ‰ËÏÓ ÒÓı‡-ÌˇÚ¸ ÎÓ„Ë˜ÂÒÍËÈ ˆÂÌÚ ‚˚-ÒÍ‡Á˚‚‡ÌËˇ (Ú. Â. ˇ‰Ó) ‡Ì„-ÎËÈÒÍÓ„Ó ÔÂ‰ÎÓÊÂÌËˇ.


1. Brass stains in moist air.

2. About 90 elements occur naturally on Earth and in the universe.

3. Nitrogen occurs in proteins and amino acids and is thus present in all living cells.

4. The number of protons equals the number of electrons in each atom.

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œËÏÂ:N Vs

Friction between two objects produces heat.Ns V

Certain chemical reactions produce heat.

¡

Õ‡ÔËÏÂ:

The stability of ascorbic acid decreaseswith increases in temperature and pH.—Ú‡·ËÎ¸ÌÓÒÚ¸ ‡ÒÍÓ·ËÌÓ‚ÓÈ ÍËÒÎÓÚ˚ÒÌËÊ‡ÂÚÒˇ Ò ÔÓ‚˚¯ÂÌËÂÏ ÚÂÏÔÂ‡ÚÛ˚ ËÛÓ‚Ìˇ pH.

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