marlies rijken-master of landscape architecture-traveling through time
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TRAVELING THROUGH TIMEPast, present and future
Marlies Rijken
June 2013
TRAVELING THROUGH TIME
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My interest in the area Maramureş in Romania was awakened by the book “het einde van Europa” (the end of Europe) written by Irene van de Linde and Nicole Segers. In which they described in chapter 6 “people pass stones remain” the following:
This Booklet describes the ‘Traveling Through Time’ graduation project for the academy of architecture in Amsterdam. The topic of my thesis is “How is it possible to give an authentic landscape a sustainable future. Through preservation by develop-ment I searched for a strategy for a special jewel in Romania, Maramureş?”.
only in the mythical Maramureş, the region in the far North-West of Romania, the people preserved their pride. Like the Gallic people, Astrix and Obelix, they showed two thousand years ago that they were invincible. In that time Dacia, like Romania was called, was occupied by the
army of the Roman emperor Trajanus. The whole of Dacia? No, the ‘free’ Dacians of the Maramureş area proudly put up resistance to this oppressor. Still they resist. Not only the Romans but also the Hungarian, the Mongols, Turks, Germans and communists’ outside they doors.
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- An isolated area in the Carpathians- + / - 200,000 inhabitants in Maramureş- The area is 65km long and 35km wide - Regardless of the outside world, depending on each other
The old land of Maramureş is an area in north-west Romania. It is a particularly authentic, small-scale landscape.
The location: România - Maramureş
The jewel of Romania!
The land of the ‘free’ Dacians
All developments are based on geomorphology, this makes the landscape easily to read. The people live in harmony with the landscape. However the future of this landscape is insecure.
Farmers now work the land almost entirely manual. For this they make use of the scythe, prong and the wooden horse cart. The youth do want to help but will not completely take over.
If we don’t want to lose this authentic landscape, we need to have a strategy in order for future generations to enjoy this jewel.
fascination: Living with the landscapeAn authentic landscape of 100s of years old!
My nostalgia ...
Drying the hay.Cutting and collecting the hay along the Lek at Lopik.
Netherlands early 19th century Summer 2012 in Maramureş
A balanced landscape, easily to read!7
Iza valley- calm, quiet and wide- groundwater and salt mines- terraced landscape- traditional
Vişeu valley- bolt, wild and narrow- ferruginous water- mountain landscape- modern
The old land of Maramureş is isolated between Gutai and Maramureş mountains and is part of the Carpathians. The two rivers provide a clear difference between the two areas. The Isa river is calmly, quiet and wide. While the vişeu river is bolt, wild and narrow under influence of bigger height differences. This difference can also be translated in the way the land is used.
On the western side there is a hilly agricultural and traditional landscape with a few developments. While on the eastern side, a mountainous, wild nature and economically developed area is situated.
The train, used for the old ore mines and forestry, has had a significant contribution to the development.
The two different area’s in Maramureş are clearly visible in all aspects. This is the starting point of the strategy of this thesis.
Analysis: The two parts of Maramureş
Vişeu valley:Iza valley:
boltwildnarrow
calmquietwide
ferruginous watergroundwater,salt mine
terraces landscape
traditional modern
mountain landscape
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Research: The players
The language was a major obstacle for me, in my search to find out what is really going on in Maramureş. This is why I came up with the idea of a puzzle. In this puzzle, you find a lot of different images of all kind of possible perspectives for the region. During my research, I realized that there are five major players, each with their own interests in the region: - The operatorAmbassador? Governor, would like to develop his municipality and make use of the EU.
- The farmer, thinks the current situation is fine and has a small but pleasant world. - Youth, would like to live in the area but can’t find work here. - The seasonal worker, moves abroad to earn money for his retirement. - The tourist, enjoy the beautiful scenery and special attractions. In general, all these parties are concerned about the future. The future is unclear and uncertain.
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Contributionknowledge of the area and traditionshard workers
Grondgeïnteresseerden
employeesideas and energy
employmentbuildings and landmoney
buildings and land
ideas and energymoney
moneyinterest characteristic landscape
govermentcontactsknowledgemoney
special experienceculture landscape
visionimplementation
Requirements
The key players
2. Farmer 3. Youth 5. Tourist1. Operator 4. Seasonal worker
All players have concerns about the future!
problem definition: The direction of the development
The natural system disappears from the valley
By ribbons of houses the relationship with the landscape will reduce
At this moment, Maramureş is a nice area, which is still evolving. At the time that these trends continue in the way that they do now, the particular character of the area will change and disappear. Four trends are clearly visible:
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Fragmentation of the wilderness
UNESCO churches are tourist spots
By embedding and the existing qualities of the area and making them more visible, Maramureş can develop itself to be special tourist destination and create new opportunities for the future.
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strategy: Two valleys, two characters
Iza valley, authentic terraced landscapeIn the authentic cultural landscape, the inhabitants are the key players. Anyone can open his gate and make the landscape accessible to visitors. To relieve the busy river valley, a transition zone will be created used for large-scale developments such as; meadows, forestry and recreation.
Iza valley
1. Interconnectedness in the authentic cultural landscape
2. Transition zone for large-scale developments
Space and nature
Natural connection for humans and animals
Village with a high level of facilities
Landscape gates
Fast connection
Slow connection
The target of the new strategy is to create a readable landscape with a good relationship between the ribbon of houses and the surrounding landscape. The ultimate goal is to develop an interesting tourist product.
The secret entrance of Ocna şugatag
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strategy: Two valleys, two characters
Maramureş as a toerist product!
Vişeu valley, rough mountain landscapeIn the rough Maramureş Mountains, people have to take a step back. Here is room for large-scale wilderness with grazers on the mountain pastures. Concentrated transfer points will provide access to the nature. The Vişeu valley is well developed. This will be reinforced and each group of houses will have at least one transfer point. The main connection of Maramureş to the mountains is situated in this valley.
Vişeu valley
1. Business activity in the valley
2. Space and nature
Fast connection
Transition points
Natural connection for human and animal
Mine shafts landscape of Borşa
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Visiting the people at home: - Park your car - Enjoy traditional meals - Get in contact with residents - Learning about the area
Beautiful landscape: - Small trail structure - High biodiversity - Participation in the land - Sleep opportunities
Farmer on the move!
1. Interconnectedness
elaboration: Iza vallei, authentic terraced landscape
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2. Transition zones
The youth and seasonal worker on the move!
Recreation landscapeForestryMeadow
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Map of opportunities
Interconnectedness in the authentic cultural landscape with large-scale developments on the transition zones.
small-scaled landscape
salt mine
meadow
small-scaled network
gate to the landscape
livestock
recreation developments
agriculture
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The salt mines are one of the special heritage sites of Ocna Şugatag. There are four salt mines that operated around 1800. Around 1950 they were flooding with fresh water, and where therefor taken out of use. Now the old entrances are only visible by the salt lakes. The mine will function now as one of the many gates into the small scaled terraced landscape.
The salt mine is elaborated according to the following design principles: - Making the landscape visible - Old heritage experience able - Participation of residents - Using traditional materials
Salt mines of Ocna Şugatag
Mina bogdan voda (albert)The mine, Albert1799- 1822
Mina mihai viteazuThe mine, Michael de dappere1802-1853
Mina gabor (dragos voda)The mine, Gabor1921-1950
Mina ioan (Tau fara fund)The mine, Jan uw bodemloze
Particular cultural heritage, experienceable!
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The footbridge used as an entrance and a link between the transition zone and the authentic cultural landscape.
The footbridge, which is a translation of the format and structure of the underground mine, is the access to the river valley and the small-scale landscape. It also forms the link between the village Ocna Şugatag and new recreational develop-ments on the higher grounds.
The seclusion of the salt lakes will be en-hanced by planting cherry trees. These will provide not only in spring but also in sum-mer a special character to the place.
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The salt lakes accessible again!
Decline (the salt lakes are the remains of ancient entrances), to the salt.
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Particularly wellness landscape in the winter
In the winter a special wellness landscape will appear. For the salt lakes will not freeze. Around the lakes, near the home of the residents and between the cherry trees wellness related services can be realized.
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400 m
500
1:1000
Accommodations at the transition zone and activities in the small scaled valley.
Nice view on Ocna Şugatag. From the transition zone, there are possibilities and opportunities for recreational development.
The Vişeu valley exists of two zones, each with its own character and development opportunities. On the one hand, there are various of opportunities for development, in the busy and bustling river valley and on the other hand, you have the peace and tranquility of the Maramureş Mountains. transfer points will take care of the connection between the two zones. An old ore mine, has been elaborated. This may well serve as a future transfer point.
The ore mine is elaborated according to the following design principles:- Making the landscape visible - Old heritage experience able - Participation of residents - Using traditional materials.
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elaboration: Vişeu valley, rough mountain landscape
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The ore mine
Particular cultural heritage, experienceable!
- In 1774, the mine consisted of 16 galleries - 1820 - beginning of intensive exploitation of metallic ore deposits - 1880 - first appearance of large mining- 1900 - construction and operation of railways narrow 9 station Borşa for trade with the outside world.
- 1932 - the mine closes and is no longer economically interesting - 1941-1944 the Germans reopen the mine - 1973 New techniques are used, the mine was bigger and interesting again. Between 1997 and 2007 the mine finally closes.
On the edge of the Maramureş Mountains another special heritage is situated, a large ore mine. It is a special place because of its location, the view and the history. Mine shafts stabbing out of the mountain that shows the previous use. This place is ideal for a new large-scale development and will be used as a transfer point between the development and nature.
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A special ski slope in the winter.
On the one hand, the mine should be visible again by using small shafts for the new buildings and a large settling tank for ferrous water. On the other hand, it will connect to other small ski slopes nearby. The two seasons, summer and winter are very different by the huge differences in temperature. In winter with -20 ° C and in summer +25 ° C gives the area a completely different character.
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A wonderful place to enter the wilderness
All holiday homes are accessible by ski!
The ski slopes will have another use in summer. On the terraces can be camped and on the slopes it is possible to bike and walk.
In the summer it is possible to arrive at the recreation houses by toboggan
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Another character in summer time.
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Each house has a beautiful view over the valley and the high peak of the Petrosul.
The recreation houses looks like mine shafts stabbing out of the and on the terraces can be camped in the summer.
Parcul Natural Munții Maramureşului
Parcul Național Munții Rodnei
TRAVELING THROUGH TIME in Maramureşpast - present - future
Discover the hidden jewel of Europe!
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Munții Gutâiului
Pietrosu Rodnei +2303
Farcâu+ 1957
Sighetu Marmației
Ocna Sugatag
Dragomireşti
Vişeu de Sus
Borşa
Toroioaga + 1930
Architecture
NatureAccessibility Agricultural area
Residence
Mine sha� landscape
steamtrain wagons
Sleeping near the farmer
Camping
Wellnes landscape
Ski area
Hotels and pensions
Wild camping
Refuges
Restaurant
Market
Shops
Shops near the farmer
Trout farm
Jeneverdistillery
Museam
Information
Music event
Traditional clothes
Woodworks
Weaving mill
Working at the farm
learning to scythes
Picking garden
Walking routes
Unesco churche
Traditional wooden houses
Traditional wooden gates
Find a bear with a guide
Hiking
Bike routes
Ski area
Stations
Car connection
Bike rental
Canoe rental
Food Culture
Parcul Natural Munții Maramureşului
Parcul Național Munții Rodnei
TRAVELING THROUGH TIME in Maramureşpast - present - future
Discover the hidden jewel of Europe!
M
M
M
M
M
M
Munții Gutâiului
Pietrosu Rodnei +2303
Farcâu+ 1957
Sighetu Marmației
Ocna Sugatag
Dragomireşti
Vişeu de Sus
Borşa
Toroioaga + 1930
Architecture
NatureAccessibility Agricultural area
Residence
Mine sha� landscape
steamtrain wagons
Sleeping near the farmer
Camping
Wellnes landscape
Ski area
Hotels and pensions
Wild camping
Refuges
Restaurant
Market
Shops
Shops near the farmer
Trout farm
Jeneverdistillery
Museam
Information
Music event
Traditional clothes
Woodworks
Weaving mill
Working at the farm
learning to scythes
Picking garden
Walking routes
Unesco churche
Traditional wooden houses
Traditional wooden gates
Find a bear with a guide
Hiking
Bike routes
Ski area
Stations
Car connection
Bike rental
Canoe rental
Food Culture
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