martin ince communications limited the world university rankings 2007
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Martin Ince Communications LimitedMartin Ince Communications Limited
The World University The World University Rankings 2007Rankings 2007
Martin Ince Communications LimitedMartin Ince Communications Limited
The Challenges of University The Challenges of University RankingRanking
Presentation by Martin IncePresentation by Martin Ince
Contributing editor, THES, Contributing editor, THES,
UniversitUniversité Libre, Brusselsé Libre, Brussels
December 12, 2007December 12, 2007
Martin Ince Communications LimitedMartin Ince Communications Limited
The THESThe THES
Since 1971Since 1971 Weekly newspaper formerly Weekly newspaper formerly
associated with The Times [of associated with The Times [of London]London]
Group including TESGroup including TES Online at Online at www.thes.co.ukwww.thes.co.uk since 1994 since 1994
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Why rank universities?Why rank universities?
Interest in ranking things and peopleInterest in ranking things and people- HospitalsHospitals- SchoolsSchools- Local authoritiesLocal authorities- Rich lists; Britain, world, Asians, Rich lists; Britain, world, Asians,
footballersfootballers- Universities: The TimesUniversities: The Times
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Does it matter?Does it matter?
Some of these rankings are fun or Some of these rankings are fun or pornography, eg Rich Listspornography, eg Rich Lists
Others are seriousOthers are serious- Bad marks for school or hospitalBad marks for school or hospital- Likewise for a university departmentLikewise for a university department- Over 1000 “failing” public bodies in Over 1000 “failing” public bodies in
UK – schools, police forces etc UK – schools, police forces etc
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National RankingsNational Rankings The TimesThe Times- produced by John O’Leary, former produced by John O’Leary, former
editor of THESeditor of THES- Institutions as well as subjectsInstitutions as well as subjectsCriteria for subjects include:Criteria for subjects include:- Teaching quality- Teaching quality- Research qualityResearch quality- Entry standardsEntry standards- EmployabilityEmployability
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National rankings (2)National rankings (2)
Criteria for institutions includeCriteria for institutions include- Teaching standardsTeaching standards- Staff/student ratioStaff/student ratio- Library spendingLibrary spending- Facilities spending Facilities spending - Good degreesGood degrees- JobsJobs- Research Research
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The US ComparisonThe US Comparison US News and World Report US News and World Report
“America’s Best Colleges”“America’s Best Colleges”- Mainly about how likely you are to Mainly about how likely you are to
graduategraduate- Also student experience eg class sizeAlso student experience eg class size- However, many other tables eg However, many other tables eg
liberal arts, business, engineering liberal arts, business, engineering collegescolleges
- Likewise McLean’s (Canada) et al Likewise McLean’s (Canada) et al
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Richness of dataRichness of data
Main table in US News has 18 main Main table in US News has 18 main columnscolumns
Likewise Times Good University Likewise Times Good University GuideGuide
How can we do this globally?How can we do this globally?
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Why world rankings?Why world rankings?
Long overdue: higher education has Long overdue: higher education has always been very internationalalways been very international
Unique position of the THES Unique position of the THES Universities becoming more globalUniversities becoming more global Knowledge the real factor in Knowledge the real factor in
international competitivenessinternational competitiveness Increasing desire for comparative Increasing desire for comparative
informationinformation
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Why world rankings (2)?Why world rankings (2)?
GATSGATS EU and BolognaEU and Bologna 3 million students outside home country3 million students outside home country Forecast to be 5 million by 2010Forecast to be 5 million by 2010 BTA BTA UK as a major source and destinationUK as a major source and destination UK as major collaboratorUK as major collaborator UK universities opening in China and UK universities opening in China and
elsewhereelsewhere
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And Tony says soAnd Tony says so
““In 10 years we will think nothing of In 10 years we will think nothing of students going off to university students going off to university anywhere in the world”anywhere in the world”
Tony Blair at the Labour Party Tony Blair at the Labour Party conference, September 2006conference, September 2006
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In additionIn addition
Interest from governments – UK Interest from governments – UK
Treasury, Lambert Treasury, Lambert EU, GermanyEU, Germany Shanghai Jiao TongShanghai Jiao Tong OECD from 2010OECD from 2010
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How to do it?How to do it?
Audience includes –Audience includes – Internationally mobile studentsInternationally mobile students Internationally mobile staffInternationally mobile staff Internationally mobile moneyInternationally mobile money- Focus on:Focus on:- TeachingTeaching- ResearchResearch- International orientationInternational orientation
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Peer reviewPeer review
Peer review is the way academic Peer review is the way academic value is measured value is measured
We decided to make it the We decided to make it the centrepiece of this rankingcentrepiece of this ranking
It is the least understood aspect of It is the least understood aspect of our workour work
So here is the explanationSo here is the explanation
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Peer review (2)Peer review (2)
Total 5,101 over three yearsTotal 5,101 over three years International spreadInternational spread Subject spreadSubject spread Active academicsActive academics
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The peersThe peers
Gathered by QS listbuildingGathered by QS listbuilding 41 per cent in Europe41 per cent in Europe 30 per cent the Americas30 per cent the Americas 29 per cent Asia Pacific29 per cent Asia Pacific
• Aggregate no more than three yearsAggregate no more than three years
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The questionThe question
Online surveyOnline survey The top 30 universities in the topics The top 30 universities in the topics
they know aboutthey know about- Arts and humanitiesArts and humanities- Social sciencesSocial sciences- ScienceScience- BiomedicineBiomedicine- Technology Technology
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PlussesPlusses
SimpleSimple UnderstandableUnderstandable RobustRobust Self-correcting if large enough Self-correcting if large enough
samplesample Hard to cheatHard to cheat
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MinusesMinuses
Biases includeBiases include- AgeAge- SizeSize- Name Name
- BeijingBeijing- LoughboroughLoughborough- Brussels, LeuvenBrussels, Leuven
Audience conservatismAudience conservatism
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EmployersEmployers
Another group who know about university Another group who know about university qualityquality
Innovation in 2005Innovation in 2005 Mainly private sectorMainly private sector At 10 per cent of totalAt 10 per cent of total Therefore academics cut from 50 to 40 per Therefore academics cut from 50 to 40 per
centcent Will be improvedWill be improved 2007 sample 1,4712007 sample 1,471
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Employers are:Employers are:
Americas 43 per centAmericas 43 per cent Europeans 32 per centEuropeans 32 per cent Asia Pacific 25 per centAsia Pacific 25 per cent
• Again, maximum three years Again, maximum three years aggregationaggregation
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Quantitative measuresQuantitative measures
Aim to measure universities in terms Aim to measure universities in terms ofof
- Student commitmentStudent commitment- Research commitmentResearch commitment- International commitment and International commitment and
competitivenesscompetitiveness
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How to do thisHow to do this
Extensive data Extensive data gathering exercisegathering exercise
By UK firm QSBy UK firm QS Mix of data sourcesMix of data sources NationalNational InstitutionalInstitutional Direct contactDirect contact
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First quantitative criterion…First quantitative criterion…
Staff/student ratioStaff/student ratio Classic measure of commitment to Classic measure of commitment to
teachingteaching 20 per cent of final score20 per cent of final score
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How international?How international?
Two criteria rated at 5 per cent eachTwo criteria rated at 5 per cent each Is this somewhere where people want to Is this somewhere where people want to
be?be? StaffStaff StudentsStudents- Again raises issuesAgain raises issues
- Visiting scholars?Visiting scholars?- EU cross-border students?EU cross-border students?- Doing full courses?Doing full courses?- Geography advantageGeography advantage
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CitationsCitations
Like peer reviewLike peer review Classic measure of research qualityClassic measure of research quality Use Scopus dataUse Scopus data
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Citations (2)Citations (2)
Citations per staff member to see Citations per staff member to see density of brain powerdensity of brain power
Not citations per paperNot citations per paper Well-understood biasWell-understood bias- against non-English publicationagainst non-English publication- against arts and humanitiesagainst arts and humanities- against national-oriented topics against national-oriented topics This accounts for the final 20 per centThis accounts for the final 20 per cent
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Comparison with Shanghai Jiao TongComparison with Shanghai Jiao Tong
Not a newspaperNot a newspaper Nobel + Fields prizes Nobel + Fields prizes
Nobel 6/9 in 2007Nobel 6/9 in 2007
Fields 4/6 in 21Fields 4/6 in 21stst century century These used twiceThese used twice Science and NatureScience and Nature Science and Social Science citationsScience and Social Science citations 500 rather than our 200500 rather than our 200
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Comparison with Shanghai Jiao TongComparison with Shanghai Jiao Tong
But:But:
Ends up looking rather similar near Ends up looking rather similar near the top the top
Share 133/200Share 133/200
Next – OECDNext – OECD
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Changes in 2007Changes in 2007
Scopus: better at AsiaScopus: better at Asia Also more transparentAlso more transparent Better at non-English sourcesBetter at non-English sources
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Changes (2)Changes (2)
Z score:Z score:
Measure distance from centreMeasure distance from centre
Normalise top to 100Normalise top to 100
Effects outliers such as CalTech, LSEEffects outliers such as CalTech, LSE
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Changes (3)Changes (3)
Harder to cheatHarder to cheat
Main effects in South AsiaMain effects in South Asia
FTEs more rigorously definedFTEs more rigorously defined
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What did we find?What did we find?
HarvardHarvard The US – 57 in top 200The US – 57 in top 200 Yale Oxbridge logjam at 2Yale Oxbridge logjam at 2
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But…But…
The top 200 includes universities in The top 200 includes universities in 28 states28 states
US, UK, Australia, NetherlandsUS, UK, Australia, Netherlands Korea, China, JapanKorea, China, Japan Continental EuropeContinental Europe Developing world: Unam, Brazil (2), Developing world: Unam, Brazil (2),
Cape Town 200=Cape Town 200=
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International commitmentInternational commitment
US shows up badlyUS shows up badly HKUST top for international staff, LSE HKUST top for international staff, LSE
in sixth placein sixth place London School of Economics top for London School of Economics top for
international studentsinternational students Yale among few US with international Yale among few US with international
staffstaff
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Peer reviewPeer review
Berkeley the winnerBerkeley the winner Cambridge, Oxford, Stanford, Cambridge, Oxford, Stanford,
Harvard popularHarvard popular Well-liked universities all over the Well-liked universities all over the
worldworld Little evidence of patriotism biasLittle evidence of patriotism bias US, UK, Australia, Japan, China, US, UK, Australia, Japan, China,
Canada,Singapore dominate the top Canada,Singapore dominate the top 2020
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CitationsCitations
Medical faculty is a big plusMedical faculty is a big plus Or major biomedical incomeOr major biomedical income CalTech the winner by some CalTech the winner by some
distance, then Stanford, MIT, ENSdistance, then Stanford, MIT, ENS Big country effect is at work hereBig country effect is at work here
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Staff/student ratioStaff/student ratio
Winner CalTech, USWinner CalTech, US US, French, Swiss, etc institutions all US, French, Swiss, etc institutions all
well placedwell placed Harvard shows badly here at 15thHarvard shows badly here at 15th Asian and European universities well-Asian and European universities well-
placedplaced Weak correlation with research – but Weak correlation with research – but
not zeronot zero
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Take home messageTake home message
Small variations don’t matter muchSmall variations don’t matter much A position can be gained by many A position can be gained by many
combinations of weakness and combinations of weakness and strengthstrength
eg, many Asian institutions do well eg, many Asian institutions do well despite scoring zero on citationsdespite scoring zero on citations
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What we didn’t findWhat we didn’t find
Data on 500 institutions with Data on 500 institutions with significant citationssignificant citations
Have to teach undergraduatesHave to teach undergraduates Have to teach in at least two areasHave to teach in at least two areas
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Things that don’t workThings that don’t work
Library spendingLibrary spending Course costCourse cost CompletionCompletion Entry standardsEntry standards WealthWealth Alumni givingAlumni giving
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ResponseResponse
More work than writing the thingMore work than writing the thing Last year about 30 newspaper Last year about 30 newspaper
articles in Mexico alonearticles in Mexico alone Interest from media, universities etc Interest from media, universities etc
across Europe and Asiaacross Europe and Asia Less from the USLess from the US Political response – Ireland, Malaysia, Political response – Ireland, Malaysia,
SwitzerlandSwitzerland
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Types of responseTypes of response
Reject the whole ideaReject the whole idea Complain about their positionComplain about their position Think it is about rightThink it is about right Wonder how to do betterWonder how to do better Compare Shanghai…Compare Shanghai…
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Belgian institutionsBelgian institutions
Leuven 61 (was 96 in 2006)Leuven 61 (was 96 in 2006) Louvain 123Louvain 123 Ghent 124Ghent 124 ULB 154ULB 154 Antwerp 187 (up from 252)Antwerp 187 (up from 252) VUB 229 (down from 133)VUB 229 (down from 133) Liege 262 (201 in 2006)Liege 262 (201 in 2006)
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This means…This means…
Strong showing cf comparable Strong showing cf comparable countriescountries
Cf Netherlands Cf Netherlands 11 in top 200, 12 in 50011 in top 200, 12 in 500 Perhaps less internationalPerhaps less international
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Good at….Good at….
Peer reviewPeer review Employer reviewEmployer review Not very internationalNot very international Somewhat less citedSomewhat less cited
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How to do betterHow to do better
Publish more in the right placesPublish more in the right places Be more internationalBe more international Be better represented academically Be better represented academically
around the worldaround the world Have better employer linksHave better employer links Have enough staff to teach your Have enough staff to teach your
studentsstudents
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The future The future
Important for staff, students, parents, Important for staff, students, parents, management, employersmanagement, employers
Important for governmentsImportant for governments Important for businessImportant for business Important globally, eg for the EUImportant globally, eg for the EU Management tool:Management tool:- How do we look?How do we look?- Who to talk to?Who to talk to?- What are our ambitions?What are our ambitions?
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Future developmentsFuture developments New dataNew data- Any suggestions?Any suggestions?- Subject specific?Subject specific?- Management indicatorsManagement indicators
Refine existing data, eg from employersRefine existing data, eg from employersMore global reach, eg AfricaMore global reach, eg AfricaNew analysesNew analysesNew entrantsNew entrants
And most importantly….And most importantly….
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Job creationJob creation
More people looking at it than doing More people looking at it than doing itit
Leiden, CEPESLeiden, CEPES IREGIREG All highly valuableAll highly valuable
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The bookThe book
Published 2006 and again early 2008Published 2006 and again early 2008 Yours from www.topuniversities.comYours from www.topuniversities.com 500 institutions including articles on 500 institutions including articles on
the top 100 and shorter details on the top 100 and shorter details on the restthe rest
Data in groups after 200Data in groups after 200
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……really the last slidereally the last slide
Thanks toThanks to
Gerard Kelly, editor of The THESGerard Kelly, editor of The THES
Nunzio Quacquarelli, QSNunzio Quacquarelli, QS
Ben Sowter, QSBen Sowter, QS
Staff of ScopusStaff of Scopus