mass media act proposed by the burma lawyers' council

8/3/2019 Mass Media Act Proposed by the Burma Lawyers' Council

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PO Box 144 Mae Sod Post Office Tak Province 63110 Thailand Tel : Fax (66) (055) : 542 910

E-mail : [email protected]; Website : www. blc-burma.org

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mailto:[email protected]





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TjyXmef;csuf. oabmrSm rSefuefa=umif;rSwf,ljcif; ( Presumption of Truth) eSif h rSm;,Gif;

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jrermekiiHa&S aersm;aumipD



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(2) 'Drd ku&ufwpfvl @abmifY wnfwnfjidrfjidrfjzpfapr_/ udk,fusif hw&m;aumif;rGefr_ES Sif h taxGaxG aumif;ud sK;pD;yGm;rsm;ud k az:aqmifEk difa&;?

txufygtyd k'f (1) . oabmt& wd kif;jynfY tm%m&vmaom tpd k;&taejzifh rdrdwd k@ tm%mwnf+rJ a&;twGuf vlwOD;jcif;pD. tcGif hta&;rsm;ud k uef @owfIr&? wd kif;jynftwGif;&SdvlwOD;u vGwfvyfr_ tcGif hta&;w&yfud k usifhoH k;&mY tjcm;vlwOD;.vGwfvyfr_ tcGif hta&;rsm;ud k rxdyg;apa&; tajccHYomuef @owfyd kifcGif h&S da=umif; az:jyxm;onf? vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqd kcGifh tcGif hta&;ud kvnf;,if;tajccHYom vufaw@GusifoH k;&ef }udK;pm;&rnfjzpfonf? o@d k&mwGif vlwOD;. rnfuJhod k @aom xkwfaz: ajymqd kr_onf tjcm;olwOD;. vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;ud k rnfuJ hodk @xdcd kufepfemoGm;edkifonf[lonfESif h ywfoufI tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;ud k a&Smif&Sm;ed kif&efES Sif h xdcd kufepfemcHvdkuf&ol. tcGif hta&;ud k jyefvnf&&Sd Ed kifap&ef Oya'ESif htnD jyXmef;owfrSwf&ef vk dtyfvmayonf?

txufygtyd k'f(2) wGif 'Drdku&ufwpfvl @abmifY &S doif h&S dxd kufaom aumif;rGefonf htajccHrlrsm;ud k az:jyxm;jcif;jzpfonf? od k @&mwGif vlwOD;.rnfuJhod k @aom vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqk dr_onf vl@tzG J @tpnf;.wnfwnfjidrfjidrfjzpfapr_/ ud k,fusif hw&m;ESif h taxGaxGaumif;ud sK;pD;yGm;ud k xdyg;ed kifonf[laom tcsuf rsm;rSm &Hzef&HcgYtjiif;yGm;zG,f jzpfEd kifayonf? tm%m&aeaom tpd k;&rsm;uvnf; ,if;ud kaxmuf jyumvlwOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqd kcGif hud k vdktyfonfxufyd krd kIf uef @owfydwfyifr_ vkyfaqmif aumif; vkyfaqmifEd kifayonf?

tcGif hta&;rsm;ud k uef @owf&efvd ktyfonf[k qd kaomfvnf; usif hoH k;oif haomtajccHrlrSm uef @owfr_ud k enf;Ed kifor# enf;apjyD; vlwOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqd kcGif tcGif hta&;ud k yd krd kwd k;wufay;ed kif or#ay;ap&efjzpfonf? ,if;tajccHay:wGif Oya'ESif htnD owfrSwfaz:jyxm;jcif;tm;jzif h rnfonfhtpd k;&yif ftkyfcsKyfonfjzpfap vlwOD;jcif;pD. vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqd kydkifcGif h tcGif hta&;udkrxdyg;ap&ef umuG,f apmif ha&Smufed kifrnf jzpfayonf?



6

e'ge;

w&m;r#wr@_/ vGwfvyfr_ @/ jidrf;csrf;r_ @&S dI wd k;wufzG H @jzdK;aom 'Drd kua&pDEd kifiHwcktjzpf wnfaqmuf Ed kif&ef vlwOD;jcif;pDtwGuf vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqd kcGifh &a&;tajccHay:wGif wEd kifiHvH k;Y owif;rsm;

vGwfvyfpGmpD;qif;aea&;rSm ta&;}uD;aom tajccHvd ktyfcsuf w&yfjzpfayonf?Ed kifiHwum "avhxH k;wrf;Oya'ozG,f vufcHusif hoH k;vmv#uf&S daejyDjzpfaom tjynfjynfqd kif&mvl @tcGifhta&;a=ujimpmwrf;}uD;. tyk d'f(19)wGif wd kif;jynf e,ferdwftuef @towfr&S dap&bJ vlxk owif;jzef @csDa&;qd kif&m (rD'D,m) rsm;ud k toH k;ðyI tawG;tac:t,ltqESif h owif;rsm;ud k vlwOD;jcif;pDtaejzif h &SmazGcGif h/ vufcHcGif h/ jzef @jzL;cGif h&S da=umif;jzifh vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqd kcGif h.tajccHud k jyXmef;xm;&Sda=umif;awG @&onf?

od k @jzpfI ed kifiHwumvl @tcGif hta&;Oya'/ zG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya'rsm;ESif htnD vGwfvyfpGmxkwfaz:ajymqd kyd kifcGifhud k tmrcHusif hoHk;cGif h&ap&eftwGuf vlxkowif;jzef@csDa&;qd kif&m (rD'D,m) Oya'ud k zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHwGif usif hoH k;Ed kif&ef ( ) ckESpf/ ( ) v/ ( ) &ufae@wGif jyXmef;vd kufonf//

tce; (1)y'fr(1) &n&,csu

y'fr (1) vxkowi;jze@csda&;qdi&m (r'D,m) Oya'jyXme;&jci;.&nf&,fcsursm;rm atmuygtwdi;jzpfonf//

(u) Ed kifiHom;wpfOD;jcif;pDtaejzif haomfvnf;aumif;/ tpktzGJ @taejzif haomfvnf;aumif; vGwf vyfpGmajymqd ka&;om;xkwfaz:cGif hud k umuG,fapmif ha&Smuf az:aqmifay;&ef/

(c) vl @tcGif hta&; tajccHrsm;ud k av;pm;vd kufemI usif h0wfoduQmESif hjynf hpH kum ed kifiHwumtqif h

twef;rDaom owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;/ &kyfoHv$if h tpDtpOfrsmES Sifh ,if;e,fy,fwGif u|rf;usifaomyk*~ dKvfrsm;ay:xGef;vmap&ef/ ,if;wdk @. vkyfief;vkyfaqmifr_ @ud k Oya'eSifhtnD umuG,fapmif h a&Smufr_ay;&ef

(*) owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;/ &kyfoHv$if h tpDtpOfrsm;rS xkwfaz:a&;om;ajymqd kr_rsm;a=umif h rdrdwd k @. tcGif hta&; xdcd kufepfemqH k;&_ H;cH&onfh jynfolrsm;taejzif h wdkif;wef;ta&;,laqmif&GufcGif h&&S dum jy\emud k jidrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;edkifaprnf h,EW&m;w&yfudk zefwnf;&ef?

(C) t&nftcsif;ESif h jynf @pH kaom owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;/ &kyfoHv$if htpDtpOfrsm;rSwqif hjynfolvlxkw&yfvH k;/ wwd kif;jynfvH k;/ vl @tzG J @tpnf;wckvH k;. w&m;r#wr_/ vGwfvyfr_/ jidrf;csrf;r_ESif h wd k;wufzG H @jzdK;r_az:aqmifa&; vkyfief;rsm;wGif taxmuftyH hjzpfap&ef?



7

tce; (2)y'fr(2) t"yg̀,zGifqdcsu

vlxowi;jzef@csda&; - a&'D,d ktoHvGifhESifh &kyfjrifoH=um;toHv$if hvkyfief;tygt0if owif;ESif h pme,fZif;qd kif&mvkyfief;rsm;rSwqifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;ud k vlxkt=um;jyef @yGm;apjcif;udk qd kvd konf//

owi;Eihpme,fZif;at*sip - vlxkowif;jzef @csDa&;Oya'yg jyXmef;csufESifhtnD rSwfyH kwifI owif;ESif hpme,fZif;vkyfief;ud k vkyfud kifaomat*sifpDtzG J @ud k qd kvd konf//

EkifiHawmv#dK@0Sufcsufrsm; (Official Secrets)- EdkifiHawmf v#dK@0Sufcsufrsm;qdkonfrSm -Ed kifiHawmfvH kjcHKa&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ Ed kifiHawmf. tusdK;pD;yGm;wpH kw&mtwGufaomfvnf;aumif;/trsm;jynfol at;csrf;wnfjidrfa&;twGufaomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;jynfolod k @ today;&efroif h[k ,lqjyD;ed kifiHawmfv#dK@0Sufcsufqd kif&mOya' ESif htnD v#K@d0Sufxm;&rnf h tcsuftvufrsm;ud k qd kvd konf//

aumr&i - aumfr&Sifqd konfrSm owif;ESif h pme,fZif;vkyfief;qdkif&m ta&;udpPrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;I ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf&ef TOya'ygjyXmef;csufESif htnD zG J@pnf;tm%may;tyfxm;aom aumfr&SiftzG J @udkqd kvd konf//

tce; (3)ykESyfxwfa0jci;

y'fr (3) tajccHvwfvycifh/(u) zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'yg tcGifhta&;ESif htnD rnfolrqd k vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqd kcGif h yH kES dyf

xkwfa0cGif h / jzef @csDcGif hESif h owif;pkaqmif;cGifh&S d&rnf?(c) yH kES dyfxkwfa0jzef @csD&mwGif qifqmðyvkyfjcif;r&S dap&?

y'fr (4) t,'DwmbwtzJ@/owif;pm/ *sme,fESif h r*~Zif;wdkif;wGif t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ @ud k Oya'ESif htnDzG J @pnf;&rnf?

y'fr ( 5) Ekiiawmv#d@0ucsufEif rouqdifjci;/Ed kifiHom;wd kif;onf tpd k;&Xmeqd kif&mtzG J @tpnf;rsm;.vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ud k od&S dcGif h&S donf? od k @&mwGif TtcGif hta&;rsm;onf Oya't& owfrSwfjyXmef;xm;onf h Ed kifiHawmfv#dK@0Sufcsufrsm;ESif h r

oufqd kifap&?

y'fr ( 6) owi;eSih pme,fZif;qki&m usih0wfrsm;uk vduemjci;/owif;/ pme,fZif;qd kif&mat*sifpDrsm;ESif h owif;axmufrsm;onf owif;ESif hpme,fZif;qd kif&maumfr&Sifrsm;rS csrSwfjyXmef;onf h pme,fZif;qd kif&musifh0wfrsm;ud k vd kufem&rnf?

y'fr (7) owi;eSih pme,fZi; vkyie;xlaxmicGifh/(u) Ed kifiHom;wd kif;onf owif;ESifh pme,fZif;at*sifpDrsm;tm; vGwfvyfpGm xlaxmifcGif h&S donf?



8

(c) Ed kifiHjcm;om;rsm;onf Ed kifiHom;rsm;ESif hyl;wG JI owif;ESif h pme,fZif;at*sifpDrsm; wnfaxmifcGif h &S donf?(*) owif;ESif hpme,fZif;at*sifpDrsm;onf oufqd kif&mOya'ESif htnD rSwfyH kwif&rnf?

y'fr (8) owi;ESih pme,fZif;at*sipD &ypJjcif;/owif;ESifhpme,fZif;at*sifpDrsm;onf owfrSwfxm;aomOya'ud k yH krSeft}udrf}udrfcsKd;azmufr_ rsm;&S dygu Ed kifiHawmfa&S @aecsKyfrS w&m;pG Jqd kcGif h&Sd&rnf? w&m;&H k;.pD&ifqH k;jzwfcsufjzif hom vkyfief;&yf pJap&rnf?

y'fr (9) tcefui;vwfjcif; eih axmuyHhvL'ge;aiuk vucHjcif; (u) oufqd kif&m0ef}uD;Xmersm;. oabmwlnDcsufjzif h uav;oli,frsm;twGuf OD;wnfxkwfa0

aompmapmifrsm;ud k Ed kifiHawmfrSaxmufyH hulnDrnf? ‚if;pmapmifrsm;twGuf tcGefuif;vGwfcGif hðy&rnf?

(c) pme,fZif;rsm;onf tcGefwpdwfwydkif;ud kaomf‚if;/ wckvH k;ud kaomf‚if; avsmhayghay;&ef ouf qd kif&mtpd k;&Xmersm;od k@ av#mufxm;cGif h&S donf?

(*) owif;ESifhpme,fZif;qdkif&m at*sifpDrsm;ud k apwemjzif h aiGa=u;t&aomf‚if;/ ypPnf;OpPmt&aomf‚if; axmufyH hvSL'gef;jcif;ud k vufcHcGif h&S donf? od k@aomf aiGa=u;axmufyH hr_wGif ouf qd kif&mat*sifpD. b%fpm&if;XmewGif azmfjy&rnf? axmufyH hol.trnfESif h aiGa=u;ypPnf;OpPmrsm;ud k oufqd kif&mpme,fZif;wGif azmfjy&rnf? ysufuGufygu Oya't&vkyfief;&yfpJcGif h&S donf?

y'fr (10) yg0i&rnfhtcsufrsm;/(u) owif;ESif hpme,fZif;rsm;wGif azmfjy&rnf h tcsuftvufrsm;owif;ESifhpme,fZif;wd kif;wGif -

(u) (u) owif;ESifhpme,fZif;. trnf(u) (c) wnfaxmifol trnf (yd kif&Sif)

(u) (*) t,f'DwmcsKyf (od k @) wm0efcHt,f'Dwmtrnf(u) (C) pmpOf/ trSwfpOfESifh yH kES dyfxkwfa0onf h &ufpG J (u) (i) a&mif;csaps;E_ef;(u) (p) t,f'DwmbkwfESifh yHkES dyfwd kuf. vdyfpm(u) (q) xkwfa0jzef @jzL;onf hta&twGuf

(c) tyk d'f (u) wGifyg0ifonf h tcsuftvufrsm; jynf hpH kjcif;r&Sdygu xkwfa0cGif hud kwm;jrpfEd kifonf?

y'fr (11) rwwr;wixde;or;jci;/(u) owif;ESif h pme,fZif;at*sifpDrsm;rS xkwfa0aompmapmifwd kif;ud k t,f'DwmbkwftzGJ @ESif h at*sifpDrsm;rS Ed kifiHawmfrSwfwrf;wifarmfuGef;Xmeod k @ tcrJ hay;yd k @&rnf hwm0ef&S donf?

(c) Ed kifiHawmfyH kES dyfwdkufrSxkwfa0aom owif;/ pme,fZif;rsm;ud k tpd k;&u owfrSwfxm;aomXmersm;ESifh pm=unfhwd kufod k @ tcrJ hay;yd k @&rnf?



9

y'fr (12) owi;tcsuftvufrsm;ay:wif wm0e,lr/t,f'DwmcsKyf owif;at*sifpDt}uD;tuJrsm;onf ‚if;wd k @xkwfa0jzef @csDaom owif;pm/ *sme,f/

r*~Zif;yg tcsuftvufrsm;ay:wGif wm0ef,lr_&S d&rnf? tjcm;pmapmifrsm;rS ud k;um;azmfjyv#if ud k;um;onf hpmapmif.trnf/ pma&;ol.trnfESif h jzef@csDonfhXmeud k wduspGmaz:jy& rnf//

y'fr (13) w&m;&k;qHk;jzwfcsu/owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;rsm;wGifaz:jyEd kif&ef w&m;&H k;rS qHk;jzwfcsufqd kif&mowif;rsm;ud k tcrJ h& ,lcGif h&S dap&rnf//

y'fr (14) owi;Zpfjrp/(u) owif;ESif h pme,fZif;at*sifpDrsm;onf owif;ay;ol.cGif hðycsufr&S dbJ owif;Zpfjrpfudk xkwf

azmfcGif hr&S dap&?(c) owif;rsm;onf &mZ0wfr_cif;ESif h oufqd kifaomowif;jzpfygu w&m;&H k;.qH k;jzwfcsufjzif hom

xd kowif;.Zpfjrpfud k xkwfazmf&rnf//

tce; (4)

owi;eih pme,Zi;orm;rsm;/ owi;axmufrsm; Eih oufqdifaom jyXme;csursm;

y'fr (15) owi;Eihpme,fZif;orm;rsm;. vkyykifcGifrsm;owif;ESifh pme,fZif;orm;rsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;onf

(u) owif;rsm;udk &SmazGcGif h/ &,lcGif hESif h jzef @a0cGifh &Sdonf?(c) tpd k;&t&m&S drsm;ESif hawG@qH kcGifh &S donf?(*) &kyf§oH rSwfwrf;wifjcif;/ "gwfyH krSwfwrf;wifjcif;rsm; ðyvkyfcGifh&S donf?

(C) jynfoltrsm;a&S @wGif =um;emaomw&m;&H k;tqifhqifhrsm;wGif owif;&,lcGifh&S donf?(i) obm0ab;tEW&m,fusa&mufaom e,fajrrsm;/ ppfajrjyifrsm;/ vlxkpnf;a0;yG Jrsm;ESif h qENjyaomae&mrsm;wGif owif;&,lcGif h&S donf?

y'fr (16) owi;Eif pme,Zif;orm;rsm; vkuem&rnhwm0efrsm;owif;ESifh pme,fZif;orm;rsm;/ owif;axmufrsm;onf

(u) rdrdwdk @a&;om;az:jyonfh owif;ESifh tcsuftvufrsm;rSefuefa=umif; wm0ef,l

&rnf// w&m; &H k;wGif w&m;pG Jqd kcH&v#if rSefuefa=umif; oufaojy&rnf//(c) vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;ESif h tjcm;wpfrsdK;=um;wGif;vnf;aumif;/ bmomwpfckESif h tjcm;wpfck =um;wGifvnf;aumif;/ vl @tv$mwpfckESif h tjcm;tv$mwpfckt=um;wGif;vnf;aumif;/ vltkyfpkwpfpkESifh tjcm;wpfpkt=um;wGifvnf;aumif;/ rkef;wD;aponfhtajccHay:wGif ±kef;&if;qefcwfESif h yËdyuQrsm; wrl[kwfjcif;jzpfyGm;ap&ef v@_ Haqmf onf ha&;om;az:jyr_rsm; rjyKvkyf&//

(*) vlwpfOD;csif;pD. yk*~ dKvfa&;vGwfvyfr_qd kif&mtcGif hta&;ud k xdyg;aponf h a&;om;az: jyr_rsm;rjyKvkyf&//



10

y'fr (17) Ekifijcm;om;owi;eif pme,Zi;orm;rsm; eih owi;axmufrsm;. wm0e/ vkyfie;&ypJjci;eih ekifiHom;owi;axmufrsm; jynywif om;a&muvkyudijcif;

(u) Ed kifiHjcm;om;owif;axmufrsm;udk Ed kifiHjcm;a&;0ef=uD;Xme. cGih fjyKcsufjzif h f h owif;ESif h pme,fZif;at*sifpDrsm;rS Oya'E Sif htnD wm0efay;cef @tyfEd kifonf// ‚if;wd k @onf jynfwGif;owif;axmufrsm; uJ hod k@ tcGif hta&;ESifh wm0efwef;wl&S dap&rnf//

(c) TOya't& todtrSwfðyaom EdkifiHom;owif;pm pme,fZif;orm;rsm;onfvnf; Ed kifiHjcm;wGifoGm;a&mufvkyfud kifygu rdrdEd kifiHOya'atmufwGif wm0e f&S douJhod k @ ‚if;EdkifiH.Oya't& wm0ef&S donf?

(*) Ed kifiHjcm;om;owif;axmufrsm;onf TOya'ud kaomfvnf;aumif;/ owif;ESif hpme,fZif;orm;rsm;vdkufem&rnf husif h0wfoduQmud kaomfvnf;aumif; csdK;azmufv#if EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;Xmeonf ‚if;tm; jrefrmEd kifiHwGif;Y owif;axmuftjzpfvkyfyd kifcGif hrS &yfpJEd kifcGifh&S donf?

(C) ,if;odk @ vkyfyd kifcGifh&yfpJcH&onfhtay: rauseyfygu oufqd kif&mw&m;&Hk;od k @ t,lcH0ifcGifh&S d ap&rnf?

y'fr (18) wm;jrpjci;/owif;ESif h pme,fZif;orm;rsm;. ud k,fyd kifrSwfpkrSwfwrf;rsm;/ pme,fZif;vkyfief;oH k;ypPnf;rsm; ud k rnfolrS sodrf;,ljcif;r&S dap&? od k@&mwGif pme,fZif;vkyfief;oH k;ypPnf;rsm;onf vlowfr_/ trsm;jynfol tusdK;pD;yGm;qd kif&mrS @kcif;rsm;eSif h qufpyfaea=umif;awG @&v#if w&m;&Hk;.n$ef=um;csufjzif hom oufaocHypPnf;tjzpf 4if;wd k @ud k odrf;,lEd kifap&rnf//

tce;(5)

vkyie;vdipifavsmufxm;jci;?

y'r (19) EkifiHom;rsm; vyfie;vdipiav#muxm;jci;/owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;vkyfief;rsm;ud k vkyfaqmifvd kaomedkifiHom;rsm;/ rSwfyH kwifxm;jyD;aom

tzG J@tpnf;rsm;onf jynfaxmifpktpd k;& jyef=um;a&; 0ef}uD;XmerS zG J @pnf;ay;xm;aom owif;pm/*sme,f/ r*~Zif;qd kif&maumfr&SifwGif rSwfyH kwifI cGif hðyrdef @awmif;cH&rnf?

y'fr (20) EkiiHjcm;om;rsm; vyfief;vkipiav#muxm;jci;/owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;/ &kyfoHv$if h vkyfief;rsm;ud k Ed kifiHjcm;om;rsm;oD;oef@vkyfyd kifcGifhr&S dap&? ed kif iHom;rsm;eSif hyl;wG JIom vkyfaqmif&ef cGif hðyrdef @ av#mufxm;cGif h&S donf?



11

y'fr (21) owi;Eih pme,Zif;qki&maumr&Si(u) owif;pmESif h pme,fZif;qdkif&maumfr&Sifud k atmufygtwd kif;zG J @pnf;onf// owif;pm/ *sme,f/

r*~Zif;qd kif&mvkyfief; vkyfudkifvsuf&S daom yk*~ dKvfrsm;ud kud k,fpm;jyKI zG J @pnf;xm;aom toif;tzG J @rsm;rS a&G;cs,fapvGwfol (9) OD;/ owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;qd kif&mwuUodkvfrsm;rS ynm&Sif(3) OD;/ jyef=um;

a&;0ef=uD;XmerS cef @tyfapvGwfaom yk*~ dKvf (3) OD;/ pkpkaygif; 15 OD; yg0if ap&rnf//

(c) jynfaxmifpktpd k;&onf aumfr&Sif vd kufemvkyfaqmif&rnf h vkyfxH k;vkyfenf;rsm;ud k Oya'ESif htnDowfrSwfjyXmef;&rnf? od k @&mwGif ae@pOfvkyfief;wm0efxrf;aqmif&mY aumfr&Sifonf vGwfvyfpGmvkyfaqmifcGif h&Sdap&rnf?

y'fr (22) &yfov$ihupPY jyne,tpk;&tm%m&djci;/&kyfoHv$if h vkyfief;vd kifpifrsm;ESif h pyfvsOf;onfh tcGif htm%mrsm;udk jynfaxmifpkzG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH k t

ajccHOya'ESif htnD jynfe,frsm;wGif usif hoHk;yd kifcGif h&Sdap&rnf?

y'fr (23) vyfief;vkifpiudk tue htowjzihxway;jci;/ Ed kifiHom;jzpfap/ ed kifiHjcm;om;jzpfap/ tzG J @tpnf;jzpfap/ owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;/ vkyfief;rsm;t

eufvkyf ief;wlrsm;ud k ESpfckxufyd kI vkyfaqmifcGif hr&S dap&?

tce;(6)

=uD;=uyjcif; Eih ta&;,ljci;

y'fr (24) }uD;=uyjcif; owif;ESifh pme,fZif;qd kif&maumfr&Sifonf owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;vkyfief;rsm;ESif h pyfv#Of;I

vkyfief;wl eSpfckxufyd kI vkyfaqmifr_&S d§r&S d =uD;=uyf&rnf?

tyk' (25) ta&;,ljci;

TOya'yk'fr (16) wGif az:jyxm;aom owif;ESif h pme,fZif;orm;rsm; vd kufem&rnf hwm0efrsm;ud kcsdL;azgufI a&;om;xkwfaz: ajymqd kr_rsm;a=umif h epfema=umif;jzifh wd kifwef;csufud k&&Sdv#if aumfr&Sifonf atmufyg twdkif;ta&;,l aqmif&Gufyd kifcGif h &S dap&rnf?

(u) pH kprf;ppfaq;jcif;?(c) ESpfzufn‡ dE_ dif;ay;jcif;? (*) &Sif;vif;az:jy&ef n$ef=um;jcif;?(C) owday;jcif;?

(i) jyif;xefpGmowday;jcif;?(p) vkyfief;vd kifpifudk tuef@towfESifh&yfqd kif;jcif;?(q) vkyfief;vkyfaqmif&ef cGif hjyKrdef @ud k &kyfodrf;jcif;?(Z) oufqd kif&m vkyfief;e,fy,frS xkwfypfjcif;?( ) vd ktyfv#if w&m;Oya'ESif htnD w&m;&H k;rsm;Y ta&;,laqmif&Guf&ef epfema=umif;wd kifwef;oltm; t=uHay;jcif;



12

tce; (7)epfemrtay:ukpm;jcif;

y'fr (26) epfemr tay: upm;jci;

owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;rsm;wGif a&;om;az:jyjcif;a=umif h epfemonf[krSwf,lolonf atmufygtwd kif;ta&;,laqmif&GufcGif h &S dap&rnf?(u) oufqd kif&mpme,fZif;rsm;Y jyefvnf&Sif;vif; a&;om;az:jycGifhay;&ef awmif;qd kEd kifonf?(c) vkyfief;tay:tajccHonf h oufqd kif&mtoif;tzG J hrsm;od k @ wd kifwef;Ed kifonf?(*) TOya'ESif htnD zG J @pnf;xm;aom aumfr&Sifod k @wd kifwef;Ed kifonf?(C) oufqdkif&mw&m;&H k;rsm;Y Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;pG Jqd kI avsmfa=u;awmif;cHEd kifonf?

tce;(8)wm0er ui;vwjci;

y'fr(27) ui;vwfcif/ owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif; vkyfief;wnfaxmifolrsm;/ t,f'Dwmrsm;/ owif;pm q&mrsm;/owif;axmufrsm;onf atmufyg a&;om; az:jyr_rsm;wGif wm0efr&S dap&?

(u) ygvDref od k @r[kwf jynfol @hv$wfawmfwGif aqG;aEG;ajymqd kr_rsm;?(c) tpd k;&tm%mydkifrsm;u xkwfjyefonf h a=ujimcsufrsm;/ w&m;0ifpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;?(*) trsm;jynfola&S harSmufwGif ajym=um;aomrdef hcGef;rsm;//(C) trsm;jynfol.tud sK;ud k a&S @&_v#uf tpd k;&tm%myd kifrsm;/ xif&Sm;ausmf=um;aomyk*~ dKvfrsm;tay: usKd;a=umif;qDavsmfpGm a0zefa&;om;r_rsm;//(i) tpd k;&tm%myd kifrsm;tay: oa&mfajymifavSmifonf hoabmjzif h pm/ umwGef;/ &kyfyH k/ud k,f[ef trlt&mrsm;jzif h a&;om;az:jyr_rsm;?

jrefrmekii a& aersm;aumipD r tqdjyKwijyygonf?



1



Explanatory Statement on the Proposed Mass Media Act

The Burma Lawyers' Council is committed, from a legal perspective, in the efforts of

transforming the society into a just, free, peaceful and developed one. Freedom in a

society will be strengthened only when the independent Media emerges from the

background of that society where the individuals are enabled to exercise the right of

freedom of expression. However, we must be mindful that this freedom needs to bereasonably regulated and grounded within the framework of democratic principles as

absolute freedom of expression by people or news agencies may damage the liberty of

individuals or the welfare of the society.

BLC ardently believes, in spite of the aforementioned paradox, that the emergence of the

Mass Media Act based on the promotion of individual rights will benefit the future

society of Burma. The efforts for this purpose will certainly contribute to the current

democratic movement of Burma and democratic transition from dictatorial rule to

democracy. Furthermore, this Act will certainly favor Burma when a long-term

democratic society has been established.

The people of Burma and the international community solidly wish for a peaceful

transition from the rule of the military dictatorship to a democratic society. A formal

dialogue process between the leaders of ethnic groups, the leaders from the National

League for Democracy, led by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi, and military leaders will require

an overview of the existing laws in Burma. It is important to note that a greater number

of administrative laws, specifically those related to freedom of information, publicationand Media have been drawn up by the military junta. They have suppressed these rights

of individual liberty to promote, support, and to prolong their power. There is very little

hope in establishing a democratic foundation without efforts to reform these laws.

The ruling military junta needs to be mindful that oppressive laws are to be eliminated

during the transitional period. They may refuse this proposal, however, and claim that a

future Parliament should have sole responsibility over such reforms. Additionally, we

must be mindful of the fact that army personnel may attempt to take positions in a futureParliament. This can pose great danger to Burma since the rule of dictatorship will

continue to prevail if the existing oppressive laws are not repealed or reformed. In spite

of that, the forces struggling for democracy in Burma, including the National League for

Democracy and the ethnic resistance organizations, might not demand that all the existing

laws be repealed immediately simply because those laws are unjust. Rather, they better

highlight laws that deprive the fundamental freedoms of individuals. Therefore, the

struggle of the reformation of oppressive media laws, which prohibit the freedom of

expression, can be expected.





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The Media and the efforts of the people for dissemination of information play a crucial

role in the transformation of a society from the rule of dictatorship to a democracy. The

news agencies working for Burma, outside the country, are relatively strong while the

internal news organizations are weak as a result of the oppression created by the military

regime, which fears that the Media supports the efforts of people who seek the truth. Themilitary has succeeded in the cessation of information and takes severe action against

Media personnel. This is the result of oppressive laws that prohibit the function of the

freedom of the Media. Therefore, in order to improve this situation and to resolve this

problem, a legal perspective needs to be approached.

It is evident that the people of Burma believe that these laws have been manipulated by

the successive military regime as oppressive instruments. To reverse this injustice, laws

should be enacted based on the promotion of individual rights and approved by thepeople. The law making process is of paramount importance for this to come to fruition.

Laws should not only be enacted through a formal procedural mechanism by the

attendance of members of parliament that constitute a quota for official meetings or by

the majority of attendants who approve a certain Bill. Therefore, before the

commencement of a law enactment procedure a public debate should take place and

people should be allowed to make suggestions to parliament. For instance, these

suggestions may be based on whether the bill in question may deprive individuals of their

rights, or whether it may damage the freedom, justice and peace of the society, etc. A

strong society is created when individuals are allowed to provide suggestions to their

lawmakers. The emergence of this Mass Media Act will alleviate this process.

We are mindful that the proposed Mass Media Act (draft) will not be perfect. There will

certainly be weaknesses and flaws. The BLC intends to revise it and produce a more

valuable one that encompasses the suggestions and comments made by the people,

respected journalists, organizations, academicians and political leaders.

The BLC simply recommends that there should exist a Mass Media Act (draft) andpreparation should be made within our democratic movement of Burma for this purpose.

However, it is not in the sense that the process should be continued and promoted based

only on the BLC proposed draft. Individuals or organizations can contribute to the

process by the way of recommendations to the proposed draft or by the creation of a new

document. The BLC welcomes such contributions and will cooperate in the continuance

of the process.

As mentioned in the beginning of this explanatory statement, the BLC is sincerelycommitted and hopes to contribute in promoting the Information and Mass Media work

with our very limited legal knowledge. The BLC has prepared a draft of the Mass Media

Act, mindful that our respected Members of Parliament, political leaders, journalists and

lawyers cannot enjoy this opportunity as a result of the injustice that is taking place inside

Burma by the military regime. We welcome any criticism and comments on our proposed

draft. We would like to learn from those with expertise in the area of Mass Media law;



3

and welcome further cooperation. We respectfully agree to respond to any inquiries that

may arise from this proposal.

Burma Mass Media Act(Proposed Draft)

Introduction

The establishment of a democratic society does not indicate that individuals have

unlimited rights to freedom of expression. Similarly, notwithstanding governmental

reasoning that democracy should be exercised with limitations, it does not mean that the

established government should have full discretion over the rights of its citizens.

Pursuant to the Article 29 (2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, provisions

can be made by law solely for the purpose of:

-Securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others, and;

-Meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a

democratic society.

Accordingly, it is evident that the ruling government cannot limit the rights of individuals

for the sake of prolonging its power. Such limitations can be made solely to prevent that

the exercise of one's rights does not deprive another individual of his or her rights. Thelimitation on the right to freedom of expression should also be applied on the same

principle. In light of such controversies and in order to compensate the victims whose

rights are violated it has become necessary to enact a law.

Article 29(2) of the UDHR establishes a proper fundamental principle to be applied in a

democratic society. Freedom of expression, however, has been frequently criticized as

controversial because its exercise is viewed as damaging to the morality, public order and

general welfare of a society. Moreover, ruling governments use it as a justification forlimiting the right to freedom of expression more than it is deemed necessary.

Acknowledging the fact that the right to freedom is to be exercised with limitations, a

reasonable principle to utilize is that limitations should be minimized and the right to

freedom of expression should be promoted. Once a law is enacted on this principle, the

right to freedom of expression shall be protected under the rule of any government.

Preamble

In order to establish a just, free, peaceful and developed society, it is of paramount

importance to allow the free flow of information as a crucial component of the right to

freedom of expression. Article (19) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which

has become international customary law, enshrines the fundamentals of the right to

freedom of expression, i.e., the right of a person to seek, receive and impart information

and concepts through any media regardless of frontiers. As such, this Mass Media Act is



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enacted with the aim of ensuring the exercise of the right to freedom of expression by

individuals in accordance with the Constitution of Burma as well as International Human

Rights Laws, and is to be applied in the Federal Union of Burma, effective from ------- .

Chapter (1)

Section (1) Objectives

The objectives of the Burma Mass Media Act are as follows:

(1) To protect individuals and collective groups in the exercise of their right to

freedom of expression;

(2) To make efforts for the emergence of dignified newspapers, journals, magazines

and radio television programs which meet the international standards and whichobserve fundamental human rights, and the journalists who are qualified in those

areas; and, to provide protection for their performances in accordance with the

law;

(3) To establish a mechanism through which the victims, whose rights may be

violated by the newspapers, journals, magazines and radio television programs in

exercising the right to freedom of expression, can seek remedy for their

grievances peacefully, and;

(4) To support the efforts of the people in establishing a society in which justice,freedom, peace and development are promoted by the professional newspapers,

journals, magazines and radio television programs.

Chapter (2)

Section (2) Definitions

Mass Media- Mass Media means dissemination of information among the public through

newspapers, journals and magazines as well as radio and television programs.

Press Agency- Press Agency is an enterprise, which has registered pursuant to the Mass

Media Act and works for information collection and dissemination.

Official Secrets- Official Secrets refers to the secrets of the government or the state,

which are deemed to be national security matters that should not be publicized, as

provided for in the Official Secrets Act.

Commission- Commission is a body formed in accordance with the Mass Media Act,

aiming to resolve the issues regarding information, newspapers, journals and magazines.



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Chapter (3)

Publication

Section (3) Fundamental Freedom(a) Every person shall have the right to freedom of expression, publication, distribution

and collection of information in accordance with the constitution.

(b) Censorship is prohibited in printing, publication and distribution of periodicals.

Section (4) Board of Editors

A Board of Editors shall be formed in every newspaper, journal or magazine in

accordance with the law.

Section (5) No Relevance to Official Secrets Act

Every citizen shall have the right to know the performances of the governmental

institutions. However, the exercise of this right shall not apply to official secrets of the

state, as provided for in the Official Secrets Act.

Section (6) Compliance with the Code of Conduct

The news agencies, reporters, journalists and editors shall comply with the Code of

Conduct regulated by the Commission for Mass Media.

Section (7) Establishment of a Press Agency

(a) Every citizen shall have the right to independently establish enterprises for

periodicals and press agencies.

(b) In affiliation with citizens, foreigners shall enjoy the right to the establishment of

enterprises for periodicals and press agencies.

(c) Every agency shall have to register in accordance with this law.

Section (8) Cessation of the Press Agency

The Attorney General shall indict the news agency for its regular violations of the Mass

Media Act. The functions of the press agency shall be terminated only by the judgment of

the Court.

Section (9) Exemption of Tax and Receiving Donations

(a) Agreed upon by the relevant Ministry of Government, the State shall provide

assistance to the enterprises for periodicals published for the welfare of the children.

Those periodicals shall be exempted from tax.(b) The periodicals and press agencies can apply for the exemption of tax, partly or

wholly, in accordance with the law.

(c) The periodicals and press agencies can receive charitable donations, by means of

money or materials. Financial donations shall be deposited in the bank account(s) of

the periodicals and press agencies. In addition, the name of donors and the amount of

funds and materials shall also be publicly reported in the newspapers, journals or



6

magazines. Any violation shall result in the cessation of periodicals and press

agencies.

Section (10) The Particulars to Be Mentioned

(1) In every periodical and news bulletin, the following particulars shall be mentioned:

(a) The name of the Publication;(b) The founder (publisher);

(c) The name of the editor-in-chief or managing editor;

(d) The serial number and date of printing;

(e) The price of a copy;

(f) The addresses of the editorial board and printing office; and,

(g) The number of copies (distributed?)

(2) Each publication that omits any of the particulars provided for in Sub-section (1),shall be prohibited.

Section (11) Documentation (a) The periodicals and press agencies are obliged to deliver every copy of their

publication, free of charge, to the Registration and Documentation Department of the

State for its record.

(b) The periodicals published by the State shall be delivered to the Government

designated organizations, institutions and libraries.

Section (12) Accountability for Publication

Chief Editors and Heads of the News Agencies shall be accountable for the facts

(information) mentioned in their newspapers, journals, magazines and news bulletins. If a

reference from any other bulletin is made, the name of that reference bulletin and source

shall be mentioned accurately.

Section (13) The Judgment of the Court

In order to report in the periodicals and news bulletins, reporters and journalists shallhave access, without delay, to the Court. Additionally, they shall receive information

relevant to the judgments free of charge.

Section (14) Source of Information

(a) The news agencies shall not publicize the source of information without the

permission of informants.

(b) The source of information relevant to murder trials and other trials of public interest

shall be publicized only by the order of the Court.



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Chapter (4)

Provisions Relevant to Reporters and Journalists

Section (15) The Rights of Reporters and Journalists

The reporters and journalists shall have the right to:

(a) Seek, receive and depart information;(b) Be received in audience by government officials;

(c) Be able to produce audio-visual recordings, to film and to photograph;

(d) Attend the public meetings of courts of justice at any level; and,

(e) Have access to the zones of natural calamities, battlefields, and demonstrations and

mass meetings.

Section (16) The Duties of Reporters and Journalists

The reporters and journalists:(a) Provided that they are indicted in the court, shall be accountable for the information

and facts reported and mentioned to be true.

(b) Shall not make any statements that incites hatred and would cause immediate riots or

conflicts among the different races, religions, social strata or groups.

(c) Shall not make any statements that may damage the privacy of individuals.

Section (17) The Responsibilities of National and Foreign Reporters and Journalists and

Termination of Their Performance

(a) The press agencies can assign foreign reporters and journalists to work in Burma in

accordance with the law with the permission of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. They

shall have rights and abide by the duties similarly placed upon national reporters and

journalists.

(b) The national reporters and journalists, who are recognized by this law, shall be

responsible for their actions under the laws of a foreign state provided that they work in that country. (as similar as the ones under the laws of their mother land.)

(c) The Ministry of Foreign Affairs shall cease the accreditation of a foreign reporter or

journalist and terminate his or her performance in Burma in the event that the foreign

reporter or journalist violates this law or the Code of Conduct.

(d) The foreign correspondent shall have the right to appeal to the Court with relevant

jurisdiction, if he or she is not satisfied with the decision of the Ministry of Foreign

Affairs.

Section (18) Prohibition

Information equipments and personal notes of the reporters and journalists shall not be

confiscated. However, they shall only be confiscated as evidence by the instruction of the

Court provided that the information is relevant to murder trials and public interest

criminal cases.



8

Chapter (5)

Application for License

Section (19) Application by Citizen The registered organization or the citizen, who seeks permission to establish an enterprise

for a periodical or press agency shall register with the Commission for Mass Media, dulyformed by the Ministry of Information.

Section (20) Application by Foreigners

Foreigners shall not have the right to establish a privately owned enterprise for a

periodical or press agency. They can only seek application in affiliation with a citizen.

Section (21) Commission for Mass Media

(1) The Commission for Mass Media shall be formed as follows:(a) Representatives from the organizations formed by the people who are working for

newspapers, journals and magazines -------------- 9

(b) The academics teaching journalism in the Universities --------- 3

(c) The officials appointed by the Ministry of Information --------------- 3

---------------

Total 15

(2) The Union Government shall prescribe a regulation of functions to be observed by the

Commission. However, the Commission shall be independent in the discharge of its daily

functions.

Section (22) Licenses for Radio and Television In accordance with the Constitution of the Federal Union of Burma, the member States in

the Federal Union of Burma shall have the authority to license radio and television

Section (23) Restriction on License The establishment of more than two similar enterprises for periodicals or press agenciesshall not be permissible by any citizen, foreigner or organization.

Chapter (6)

Supervision and Action

Section (24) Supervision

The Commission for Mass Media shall supervise whether the functions of periodicals and

press agencies are in compliance with Section (22).

Section (25) Action

The Commission, upon notification of complaints by individuals whose rights have been

violated by periodicals or press agencies, can take the following actions:

(a) Investigation

(b) Negotiation among the parties

(c) Instruction to mention the explanatory statement



9

(d) Warning

(e) Serious Warning

(f) Suspension of license with limitation

(g) Termination of license

(h) Dismissal from the relevant working field

(i) Provide guidelines for a complainant to file a lawsuit in the court in accordance withthe law

Chapter (7)

Remedy

Section (26) Remedy

Any person who believes that his or her rights are violated by a periodical or press

agency, shall have the right to take the following action or actions:

(a) Demand that the right of reply in the relevant newspaper or journal or magazine,

(b) File a complaint with the organization in question,

(c) File a complaint with the Commission formed pursuant to this law,

(d) File a lawsuit in the Court with jurisdiction and seek compensation.

Chapter (8)

Exoneration

Section (27) Exoneration The editors, journalists, reporters, the employers of newspapers, journals and magazine

enterprises shall not be accountable for the following expressions or statements:

(a) Original discussions and debates within the Parliament or People's Assembly,

(b) The statements and official documents issued by governmental authorities,

(c) Public speeches,

(d) Constructive criticism of public figures and government officials aiming to foster the

welfare of the people and society,

(e) Satire on government officials by means of written materials, cartoons, photographs,

or paintings in a humorous manner.

Proposed by the Burma Lawyers' Council





BLC Statement on Mass Media Law

According to the statement recently made by an official of the ruling regime in

Burma, it is known that an act on printing and publishing will be produced, instead of a

media law, which was expected by journalists and people. It indicates that the regime

pushes the issue into a corner rather than bringing the entire people into wider scope of

the freedom of expression, which is instrumental for democratic transition.

Even if the regime wants to focus on the press, the title of law ‘Act on Printing and

Publishing’ is no longer appropriate. It has proven that the effective law ‘The Printers and

Publishers Registration Law (1962)’ is one of the draconian laws in Burma as it was

enacted by the former military regime to control the press. Should the regime genuinely

wants to produce a law to protect basic rights of people for printing and publishing in

order to transform the society into a democratic one, its perspective must be changed; and,

the law should be “Freedom of Press Act” which may lead to freedom of expression.

To this end, the Burma Lawyers’ Council urges the regime to comply with as

follows:

(a) To cancel the exception clause, “if not contrary to the laws, enacted for Union

security, ----- ” as far as the freedom of expression is concerned, provided for in

the section 354 of the 2008 Constitution;

(b) To abrogate all draconian laws, which hinder the practice of freedom of

expression, such as the printers and publishers registration law (1962), the stateprotection act (1975), the computer science and development law (1996), the

electronic transaction law (2004) and etc;

(c) To enact a mass media law which protects individuals and collective groups in

the exercise of their rights to freedom of expression.

The BLC is sincerely committed and hopes to contribute in promoting the Information

and Mass Media work with our very limited legal knowledge. We welcome any criticism

and comments on our proposed draft attached. We would like to learn from those withexpertise in the area of Mass Media law; and welcome further cooperation. We

respectfully agree to respond to any inquiries that may arise from this proposal.

The Burma Lawyers’ Council January 30, 2012



mass media act proposed by the burma lawyers' council

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