Matter

What is matter?

Substance

A Substance is matter with the same composition. Uniform and definite composition.

Cannot be broken into different substances through physical changes.

An element is a substance with no chemical bonds. Oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.

A compound is a substance with elements (atoms) that are chemically bonded together. Water (H2O), Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Mixture

A Mixture is a combination of two or more substances where each substance retains its properties.

Physical changes can separate mixtures. Tap water

Stainless steel

Gatorade

The atmosphere

Homogeneous mixtures occur when the composition of the mixture is the same throughout the entire mixture. Coffee and cream

Brass (copper and zinc)

Milk

Blood

Heterogeneous Mixtures occur when different parts of the mixture are easily visible. Sand and water

Pulp and Orange Juice

Salad dressing

Solutions

A homogeneous mixture between two or more substances when one substance dissolved into another substance.

The Solvent is present in the largest amount.

The Solute is present in the smaller amount and dissolves into the solvent.

Solution Examples

The atmosphere Solvent: nitrogen

Solute: Oxygen, CO2, etc.

Salt Water Solvent: water

Solute: salt

Bronze Solvent: copper

Solute: tin

Kool Aid Solvent: water

Solute: Kool Aid (sugar, food coloring, etc.)

How much solute can dissolve?

A solution becomes saturated when no more solute can dissolve into the solvent.

A solution that has not reached the limit of solute is unsaturated.

The Amount of solute that can dissolve increases as the temperature increases.

Atoms

Atoms are the smallest particles of anything with matter.

Atomic Structure

Atoms are made of three main parts: Protons are positively charged particles and are found in the nucleus

of the atom.

Neutrons are neutrally (no charge) particles and are found in the nucleus of the atom.

Electrons are negatively charged particles and are found in a cloud like region surrounding the nucleus. (Constantly Moving).

Isotope

Atoms of the same element which contain different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

Hydrogen atoms usually contain no neutrons, but some can have one or even two neutrons.

Ions

Atoms will gain or lose electrons, forming ions Gaining an electron gives an atom a negative charge, known as a

anion.

Losing an electron gives an an atom a negative charge, known as a cation.