Max- Planck- Institut fuer extr. PhysikMax- Planck- Institut fuer extr. Physik

andand

Astrophysics Dept, University of OxfordAstrophysics Dept, University of Oxford

light yearlight yearxkm/s

light yearxkm

parsec)parsec)arcsec

r

rrad

r

r

pc

pc

8.5 kpc

0.7 Mpc

QSOs 3000 Mpc

x

L

Charles Messier 1700’s

HerschelFirst General Catalogue

Isaac Newton Telescope

Hubble

S

Sa Sb Sc

SBa SBb SBc

HST

Sa, Sb, Sc

Sba, SBb, SBc

GALAXY NGC 4639 HST –WFPC2

NGC 1365

IrrI :Sc

Irr IIIrrI

NGC 2363 HST-WFPC2

Abell

kpc

Arp 273 :

SWnuclearStarburst (LINER)

NRAO

The Carthweel Galaxy

(HST optical, near-infrared composite image)

Barnes & Hernquist :

Barnes & Hernquist

Monolithic Collapse)

x

Hierarchical Model for Formation)

M. Steinmetz