-mc-50 avf cyclotron operation-
TRANSCRIPT
KAERI/MR-259/95
KR9700057
MC-50-MC-50 AVF Cyclotron Operation-
fl/T st
VOL.
KAERI/MR-259/95
MC-50-MC-50 AVF Cyclotron Operation-
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MC-50
1995^ 12-i
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SUMMARY
I . Project Title
MC-50 AVF Cyclotron Operation
II. Objective and Importance of the Project
The MC-50 built first in Korea is a variable energy isochronous
cyclotron for the acceleration (up to 50 MeV) of light particles, which can
be used in the fields of nuclear medicine, physics, biology and engineering.
Efficient operation of AVF MC-50 cyclotron has an important influence on
not only the execution of MOST(Ministry of Science and Technology)
project which are mainly on the researches for the metal material and
radionuclide development, the evaluation of exposure to L^Si, the research
for effect on proton irradiation to Zr material but also radioisotope
production and neutron irradiation. The objectives of the project are
chiefly to support the above mentioned, to contribute to promotion of the
cyclotron operation and development for maintenance technology and to
build up the fundamental data of beam extraction from cyclotron.
Therefore it is required to increase the cyclotron reliability and to decrease
the failure rate by the preventive maintenance, efficient operation and
prompt solution of general problems.
- 5 -
IE. Scope and Contents of the Project
The efficient operation and secure preventive maintenance have been
planned to perform the neutron irradiation, the radioisotope production and
cyclotron application research without any delay and problems have been
promptly solved, so that the cyclotron could be running constantly. The
MC-50 cyclotron has been running for 50.5MeV in the state of 20—35// A
and for 35 MeV in 20~50/iA with proton. The data from the recovery
analyses of problems have been piled up in order to be used for more
advanced operation of the cyclotron.
IV. Results and Proposal for Applications
The operation results of the MC-50 cyclotron in 1995 are as follows:
1. Except 70 holidays, actual operation days were 184 of 295 days
which could be operated a year and the rest were 52 days for
preventive maintenance, 23 for reparing glitches and 36 for
non-operation due to no-task.
2. Total beam extraction time was 1095.7 hours. 206.5 hours were used
for the neutron irradiation, 663.8 for the radioisotope production and
225.4 for the application research.
- 6 -
The average operation rate of 1995 was estimated at 88.9 % which was
similar to last year's 90.5%. The cyclotron operation has been entered
arelatively stable phase. In addition the operation rate has reached to
those of the advanced countries, but the total beam-on time shows the
inactivity less than 40% of theirs'. We should take measures as follows
to increase the cyclotron availability.
First, it is needed to build the facilities for research on nuclear reaction
with beam irradiation. Beam irradiation to several materials has been
performed for radioisotope production and development in the target room.
In the target room for radioisotope production, however, spacial radiation
dose with irradiation due to high beam current is too high to perform any
experiments of other research, so another facilities are needed.
Secondly, cyclotron should be activated for the industrial use. It is
considered that the cost invested in cyclotron will be satisfied because the
industrial application is the field of high value added research.
Thirdly, it is required to increase the personnels and to exchange
information with advanced countries. MC-50 cyclotron is the only circular
accelerator at present in this country but it is prospected that several
similar accelerators will be introduced in the near future.
- 7 -
11
14
14
30
39
55
57
- 8 -
Fig. 1-1. A View of the Cyclotron Facility 16
Fig. 1-2. MC-50 Cyclotron 17
Fig. 1-3. Percentage Comparison of Cyclotron 21
Fig. 1-4. Total Cyclotron Operation Time 22
Classified Cyclotron Use
Fig. 1-5. Monthly Rate of Cyclotron Operation 23
Fig. 1-6. Cyclotron Beam Extraction Time 24
for Neutron Irradiation
Fig. 1-7. Patients Number of Months 25
Fig. 1-8. Beam Extraction Time for Radioisotope Production 27
Fig. 1-9. Beam Extraction Time by Radionuclides Kinds 28
Fig. 1-10. Beam Extraction for Cyclotron Application Research . . . . 29
Fig. 2-1. Central Region of MC-50 37
Fig. 3-1. Monthly Cyclotron Failure Days 40
Fig. 3-2. Schematic Diagram of the MC-50 Cyclotron Magnet. . . . 42
Fig. 3-3. Main Diagram of PSMC 43
Fig. 3-4. Series Regulator of PSMC 47
Fig. 3-5. The cross section of neutron gantry 49
Fig. 3-6. Schematic Diagram of APS 52
- 9 -
Table 1-1. * M # 3 . M - £^313 15
Table 1-2. Number of Patients and cancer case 26
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Fig. 1-1. A View of the Cyclotron Facility
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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 350 (1994) 411-414
ELSEVIER
• NUCLEARINSTRUMENTS* METHODSIN PHYSICSRESEARCH
Section A
Energy measurement of 50 MeV proton beam with aNal(Tl)scintillator
J.H.Haa,J.C.Kima>, Y.K.Kimal, M.Youn"-2, S.J.Chaea,H.T. Chung a,J.H. Choi",C.S. Leeb, J.U. Kwonc, C.-B. Moonc, J.S. Chaid, Y.S. Kimd, J.D. Leed
* Department of Physics. Seoul National University. Seoul 151-742, South Konab Department of Physio. Chung-Ant University, Seoul 156-756. South Korea
c Department of Physics, Hoseo University, Chung-Nam 337-795. South Koreai Cyclotron Application Laboratory. KCCH. KAER1. Seoul 139-240, South Korea
Received 19 May 1994
AbstractEnergy measurement of 50 MeV proton beam produced on the AVF MC-50 Cyclotron was conducted using a detector
telescope with a Nal(TI) scintillator as an E counter. Protons of various energies, elastically and inelastically scattered fromthe I2C target nucleus were measured at four different angles of 35°, 40°, 50° and 55°. We applied the chi-square method todetermine the beam energy, which showed a well defined minimum chi-square corresponding to a beam energy of 49.6 ± 2.3MeV at the 68% confidence level. Also the light output response of Nal(Tl) to proton energies between 31 and 44 MeV islinear within 0.5 MeV and is in good accord with the recent result of Romero etal. [Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 301 (1991) 241].
1. Introduction
Inorganic scintillators such as Nal(Tl), CsI(Tl) arewidely used as light particle detectors of energetic proton,deuteron. triton and alpha produced in nuclear reactions.The major reason for their use in detector telescopes as Ecounters consists in high stopping power necessary for fullenergy loss, which makes possible panicle identification oflight particles up to several hundreds of MeV. Despite theirmerits over other conventional silicon detector telescopes,the linear response of the light output from the scintillatorsshould be guaranteed for the accurate energy measurement.A recent result obtained by Romero et al. [ 1 ] showed thatthe response of Nal(Tl) is linear within 0.2 MeV for pro-ton with energies between 30 and 50 MeV while for otherJight particles as well as higher energy protons Nal(Tl)has a rather nonlinear response. In contrast, for the caseof Cst(Tl) [2] even proton including deuteron and tritondeviates from linearity of the light output response for thesame energy range.
Motivated By results on the linear response of the Nal(Tl)scintillator we performed the energy measurement of 50
'Corresponding author. Fax +82 (2) 884 3002, e-mail hlchungOphyb.snu.ac.kr.
Present address: Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Taejon 305-606. South Korea.
Present address: Institute for Nuclear Studies. University of Tokyo. Tokyo.Japan.
MeV proton beam produced on the AVF MC-50 cyclotronat Korea Cancer Center Hospital. The purpose of the presentexperiment is twofold: First, the machine, mainly used forneutron therapy and medical isotope production, has notbeen directly tested in its final beam energy after beam ex-traction and following transport systems. Due to limited ex-perimental space and cost, we chose a detector telescope,combined with a plastic scintillator as a A £ counter, insteadof a magnetic spectrometer for energy measurement. Sec-ond, the experimental data for the light output response ofNal(Tl) are still insufficient to fully address its linearity forthe proton energies of 30 to 50 MeV. Therefore it would bevaluable to have an extended data set for this proton energyrange.
With 50 MeV proton beam bombarded on the polypropy-lene target, both elastically and inelastically scattered pro-tons from the I2C nucleus were measured at various detectionangles, thereby providing energy calibration data for manyenergies. Four proton peaks involving the ground state andthree excited states of I2C were identified and further com-pared with the differential cross section measurement on I2Cdone at the same proton energy [3] in order for the identifi-cation of weak intensity peaks to be reliable. The kinematicbroadening, a major source affecting the width of the mea-sured peak, was kept minimum through a careful design ofdetection setup. To determine the incident beam energy, weperformed an analysis based on the chi-square method, forwhich no additional energy calibration of a detector tele-
0168-9002/94/S07.00 © 1994 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved550/0168-9002(94)00779-9
- 5 7 -
J.H. lla el al./NucL luslr. and Melh. in Phys. Res. A SSO (1994) 411-414
scope was needed. Finally the light output of Nal(Tl) forscattered proton energies available in the present work iscompared with that of Ref. [ I ] .
2. Experimental procedure
The experiment was conducted using the AVF MC-50cyclotron manufactured by Scanditronix. The machine wasdesigned to be of compact type mainly used for medicalpurposes. The 50 MeV proton beam is extracted at the reso-nance r.f. of 25.89 MHz [4] . Target chamber was set up inthe zero degree bcamline between the radiation shield walland ihc gantry room for neutron therapy. The chamber madeof stainless steel has a 0.076 mm thick Mylar window ofrectangular shape, 1 cm high and 10 cm long in the beam di-rection. Polypropylene (CH3-CH-CHj). target of 500/imthickness was placed at the center of chamber.
An £-&£ detector telescope was constructed to detectscattered charged particles. The Nal(Tl) crystal as an £counter was 5.08 cm thick x 5.08 cm in diameter, encasedwith 0.2 mm thick aluminum. The A £ counter was made of2 mm thick NE102 plastic scintillator wrapped with 0.018mm thick aluminum foil. The high voltages applied to bothphotomultiplier tubes were adjusted to avoid saturation. A0.54 cm thick Pb collimator with a circular aperture of 0.5cm in diameter was placed in the front face of the telescopein order to minimize kinematic broadening due to a finitesolid angle. The targct-to-telescope distance was 7.25 cm.The telescope assembly was mounted on the movable armof a protractor for the angular positioning.
Proton beam was focused on the center of target, havingthe beam spot size of less than 2 mm in diameter and beamcurrent of 10 nA was used. Data were taken at four differ-ent angles of 35°, 40°, 50° and 55°. To collect events trig-gered by the &£ counter we adopted the standard telescopeelectronics. The CAMAC-based data acquisition system wasincorporated in the present experiment. CAMAC crate wasinterfaced to 486 personal computer using a DSP-PC004 in-terface card and DSP-6001 crate controller. LeCroy 2259BADC was used for analog-to-digital convener. The thresh-old level for the £ spectrum was set around 10 MeV in orderto reduce unwanted events, thereby minimizing deadtime.
3. Data reduction
Two dimensional data arrays with £ on one axis and A£on the other were constructed at four detection angles. Theproton group was selected from other light particle groupssuch as deuteron, triton, and alpha occurring from eithertransfer or compound nucleus reactions. The selected pro-ton group was projected onto the £ axis and fumed out toconsist of five distinct peaks. The £ spectrum taken at 40°is shown in Fig. la. In the figure Pa represents the protonelastically scattered from the ground state of 12C. and Pt,Pi. Pj the protons inelastically scattered from the 4.439,
8
10*
10 3
210*
10
1
(a) 40° pM
8 i (KI» I1 'I1** Ni
-
. . . . 1 . . . . 1 . . .
P.
f A AAp' l\ \
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200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400Channel No.
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ou
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10 2
10
1
(b) 55°
-•flrH"** " TUT*
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P, J A
III
(b)
inin200 400 600 800 1000
Channel No.1200 1400
Fig. ] . The E spectra of scattered protons from the polypropylene targetmeasured at (a) 40° and (b) 55°. The symbol for each peak is explainedin the text.
7.655,9.641 MeV excited state of 12C, respectively while abroader peak PH corresponds to the proton elastically scat-tered from hydrogen contained in the polypropylene target.The FWHM of Po peak was approximately 1 MeV with otherPi, Pi and P) being of nearly equal width. Many factorscontribute to the width of peak: beam energy uncertainty,intrinsic Nal(Tl) response, broadening due to d£/d.t en-ergy loss and kinematic broadening associated with a finitesolid angle of detection. Among these does the kinematiceffect appear to be most dominant. This kinematic broad-ening becomes more pronounced when the target nucleus islighter. The kinematic factor [5], ratio of a detected energyto an incident energy, is known to change more for a lightertarget nucleus given a fixed solid angle. Such is the reasonwhy the width of PH is so broad.
As the detection angle is increased, all the observed peaksare shifted lower in energy according to scattering kine-matics. The amount of energy shift is larger for lower en-ergy peaks due to larger energy loss before arriving at the£ counter. At 50° and 55° does PH disappear as shown inFig. Ib because the final energy detected by the £ counter isbelow the threshold level. Though the differential cross sec-tion was not measured in the present work, we derived, as afunction of center-of-mass angle, the relative yield of eachPi, Pi and Pj normalized against Po. The agreement withthe result previously obtained in Ref. [3J is good, therebyfurther insuring that the weak intensity peak Pi belongs tothe real proton inelastically scattered from the 7.655 MeVstate of I2C.
- 5 8 -
J.H. Ha « aL/NucL Inslr. and Mclh. in Pkys. Rts. -4 350(1994) 411-414
4. Chi-square analysis of beam energy
To extract the accurate value of the incident proton beamenergy from the measured peak positions of the £ spectrataken at four angles, we have taken the following procedureunder the assumption that the response of Nal(Tl) is linear.This assumption was based on a recent measurement on thelight output response of a Nal(Tl) scintillator by Romero etal. [ I ] . According to their results, the Nal(Tl) response isquite linear within 0.2 MeV for proton in the energy rangeof 30 to SO MeV that matches the detected energy range inthe present work. For this reason we did not use data onPH whose energy is well below the linear response range ofNal(Tl).
For the first step of our analysis, we assumed a certainvalue £p for the incident proton energy. Scattered particleenergies for individual peaks, Po. Pi and Py. are obtainedthrough scattering kinematics. Then these energies are cor-rected for the energy loss that the scattered proton has in themedia along the path to the £ counter the energy losses con-sidered are those in the target. Mylar window of target cham-ber, A£ counter, aluminum protecting the Nal(Tl) crystal,and the energy loss during flight in the air. In the calculationthe stopping powers of the media for proton were obtainedfrom the algorithm given by Williamson and Boujot [6].
For the second step, total 16 peaks (/"o. Pi, Pi and ft atfour angles) were Gaussian-fitted to obtain the peak posi-tion and the width FWHM. Out of the fitted 16 peaks, weused 11 peaks with small errors in peak position. The dataset consisting of 11 peak positions and their widths was fit-ted to a straight line with respect to corresponding energiescalculated in the above at the assumed value of Et, and the
1tu
800 900 1000
Channel No.uoo 1200
9 -
5 -
4 -
55 60
Ep(McV)
Fig. 2. The chi-square curve ^" as a function of assumed incident beamenergy £p .
Rj . 3. The experimental peak position (in channel numbers) versus cal-culated energy (in MeV) corresponding to the x* • X2min case (solidline) and the x* • x*mia + I cases (lower Et as dolled line, higher Ef
as dashed line).
chi-square value x1 w a s obtained. Repeating this procedurefor various values of Ef ranging from 40 to 60 MeV in stepsof 1 MeV, we obtained x1 as a function of £P. The resultingX1 curve is shown in Ftg. 2 where £p was allowed to varyin finer steps of 0.25 MeV for the range between 45 and 55MeV to make sure that no other minima are present. Thebest-fitted value of £p corresponds to one which gives riseto the minimum x2
m« va'ue and the uncertainty is taken asone-standard deviation(68% confidence level) being equalto the square root of the region of £p over which x1 changesfrom x2m*t0 X*mm + '• Based on the chi-square analysis,our result for the incident proton energy produced at the MC-50 cyclotron is 49.6 £2.3 MeV. Fig. 3 shows experimentalpeak position versus scattered proton energy at three valuesof £p, one corresponding to the x1 = 'mm c a s e •"<! twocorresponding to the x* s X**m + ' cases, respectively. Inthis figure, error bars on each point mainly originate fromuncertainties of stopping power calculation, about 3%.
Having obtained the accurate value of beam energy, wecould convert our data to the light output L( E) as a functionof proton energy ranging from 31 to 44 MeV. To do so thedifferential light output dL/d£ needs to be known as a func-tion of stopping power d£/dx for Nal(Tl) at each protonenergy. Following the procedure described in Ref. [ 1 ] thatd£ / d£ was parameterized as powers of logarithmic d £ / dxusing the optimized parameters given by Iredale [7] , wecalculated the light output I ( £ ) for all 11 energies of scat-tered protons. Thereby the degree of nonlinearity, £ ( £ ) - £ ,can be resulted from the calculation. Our result is shown inFig. 4 in comparison with the result of Romero et al. [ 1 ] .
- 5 9 -
J.H. Ha « eUNuct. liutr. and Mtth. in Phys. Res. A 350(1994) 411-414
UJ 0
-2
• Present Work
o Romero et al.
25 30 35
Ep(MeV)
40 45
Fig. 4. The L(E)-E curve for the Nal(TI) scintillator u i function ofproton energy obtained through our chi-square method.
5. Conclusion
Using a detector telescope with a Nal(Tl) scintillator asan E counter, we measured the energy of incident protonbeam produced on the MC-50 cyclotron. Having an energydata set of scattered protons ranging from 31 to 44 MeV,we applied the chi-square method to determine the incidentproton energy Ev. The unique determination of Er in our
procedure could be understood as follows. The differentialvariations of scattered proton energies on E, are not identicalfor two cases, namely for the case of different scatteringangles and for the case of different excitations, i.e.. Pb, Pi,Pi and Py Our fit based on the chi-square method satisfiesthe requirement of these two slopes matched as well as thelinearity requirement of the Nal(Tl) scintillator.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank crews of Cyclotron ApplicationLaboratory at Korea Cancer Center Hospital, KAERI. Thiswork was supported by the Basic Science Research InstituteProgram, Ministry of Education, 1994 (project No. BSRI-94-2417). C.S.L appreciates the support in part by Chung-Ang University.
References
11 ] J.L Romero,G.A. Needham, F.P. Brady. CM. Castaneda and T.D. Ford.Nucl. Insrr. and Meth. A 301 (1991) 241.
12] RJ. Meijer. A. Van den Brink. EA. Bakkum. P. Decowski. K.A.Griflioen and R. Kamermans. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 256 (1987) 521.
(3] E.F. Redish. Nucl. Phys. A 235 (1974) 82; and references therein.(4] Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Report, KAERI/MR-224/93
(1993).15 ] J.B. Marion and F.C. Young. Nuclear Reaction Analysis (North-Holland.
Amsterdam. 1968) pp. 140-145.161 C. Williamson and 1. Boujot. Table of Range and Rate of Energy Loss
of Charged Panicles of Energy of 0.5 to 130 MeV. CEA-2189 (1962).[7] P. Iredale. Nucl. Instr. and Meth. II (1961)336.
- 6 0 -
9,1 K 1995 DS tf D
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RE3FERENCES
: MC50MR-224/193 pp 1-3,
, KAERI/
2)
3) V Bechtold: Commercially Available Compact Cy-clotrons for Isotope Production, Proceedings of13th International Conference on Cyclotrons, pp110-114, 1992
4) Current and Future Aspects of Cancer Diagnosiswith Positron Emission Tomography, Proceed-ings of 11th International conference on Cyclo-trons, pp 597-601, 1986
5) J Jacky, R Risler: Formal specifications for a Cy-clotron control system, Proceedingsof 13th Interna-tional Conference on cyclotrons, pp 689-692, 1992
6) R Keitel, D Dale, B Milton: The TR-30 ControlSystem, Proceedings of 13tk International Confer-ence on Cyclotrons pp 685-688, 1992
7) General Electric Cyclotron Brochure, 19948) Ion Beam Application News 1/2994, Company
Newsletter, 19949) NIIEFA, Cyclotron Manual, 1991
10) Scanditronit, Cyclotron Manual, 198411) EBCO, TR-13 Raoliochemical Production Sys-
tem Revision 3,1992
- 6 8 -
1129$ 8 1 « 1995
L-3-[123I]iodo-tf-methyltyrosine9L Glioma o]4)
= Abstract =
Synthesis of L-3-CmI]iodo-tj-methyltyrosine andBiodistribution in 9L Glioma Bearing Rats
Seung-Dae Yang, Sang-Moo Lim, M.D., Kwang-Sun Woo, Wee Sup ChungKwon-Soo Chun, Ph.D., Yong-Sup Suh, Jong-Seok Lim, Ph.D.
Hyon Park, Yong-Ki Yun and Jong-Doo Lee
Department of Cyclotron Application Laboratory, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
L-3-['23I]iodo-ff-methyltyrosine([ I23I] IMT) was synthesized by electrophilic radio-iodination using chloramine-T and Iodobead in phosphate buffered solution. And thebiodistribution was examined in 9L glioma bearing rats. The radiosynthesis of [mI]IMTwith iodobead was simpler and higher in radiochemical yield (88%) than the method usingchloramine-T (83%) as radioiodinating reagent. The highest yield was obtained from the re-action using 1 piece of Iodobead, 200//g ar-methyltyrosine in 100^1 phosphate-buffered solu-tion (pH 5.5) and the reaction was completed in 7min.
24 hours after the injection, the biodistribution in 9L glioma transplanted rats revealedthe in vivo deiodination, the excretion via kidney, and 3 times higher uptake in the tumorthan normal brain. These results suggest the promising clinical use of [IUI] IMT in the var-ious malignancies.
Key Words: Iodo-ar-methyltyrosine, Na123I, Chloramine-T, Iodobead, Brain Tumor
Tyrosine^g-
TyrosineS) -S-4^l 6J L-3-[123I]iodo-<7-methylt-
Emission Tomography)^ "C(T1/2 = 20min.)^S. i t
31-2.°}, iodine £\
51-b SPECT( Single Photon Emission To-mography)-!- «l-§-^ oil- *\3.$\ $?}% ^tV ^3. •>)
- 6 9 -
- T h e Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Vol. 29, No. 1, 1995-
4-L-tr-methyltyrosine(AMT)s)
44-H •& 'STHH-C- *>43^*HI -2*1^ MC-50S. 'J'ittr 123I^-5. AMT-f-3., 9L glioma °1*| *i*H
L-tr-methyltyrosineCSigma, St.. Louis, USA)
Chloramine-T(Sigma, St. Louis, USA)
Sodium metabisulfite(Ishizu, Japan)
Iodobead(N-chlorobenzensulfonamide coated bead,
Pierce, IL., USA)
Na 1 2 3 I (*^ -^4^^T L i -*Mi ^ H ^ ^ ! . Seoul,Korea)HPLC System(Waters, MA, USA)
Waters 510pumpWaters U6K injectorWaters 486 UV detectorSteffi 91SN01 RI detector (Ray test, Germany)
^-Bondapak C,8 4 x 300mm columnRadial-pak C,8 8 x 200mm column
Animal whole body counter(Aloka, Japan)
2. Chloramine-T*
of]
AMT-f- pH 7.5 phosphate buffer
L, Na123I 10mCi(0.01N NaOH
chloramine-T
§ l 4 5 ' . 15-g-# SH-*1^1 -f 10% sodium
metabisulfite 50/^f- 7>*H SH-fr ^^)-*l %&• ^
^^V chloramine-TSj <>f - ^^*V^1 ^*V^, chlor-
amine-T2| -=g=*
HPLC<H1
3. Iodobead*
Na'"I 10mCi(in 0.01N NaOH
ad l'fl-l- ^<H iodide* *VSH?];z., AMT
^•oj pH 5.5 phosphate buffer 100/iL-f-
7-g- * Iodobead-t-
, PH,
Iodobe-
HPLC
chloramine-T
4. 9L GUoma
9L glioma cell-§- 10% FBS-f- ^ 7 > * RPMI1640
37TC 5% CO2 incubator<Hl^ ufl0^*)-
^ 9L glioma cell 1 x lO'^f- Sprague
Dawley rat-2] •$-$• ^ - T - ^ 0 ) ) Stereotaxic inoculator
•IMTf-
1. Chloramine-T
Chloramine-T^ <g=
Fig. 1 4 =0-4. IMTs)
ine-T7> 50^g°J "S 84% 5.
°ll 44 »
chloram-chloramine
51514-
-|-*H
40 10 (O 100 120 140 1(0 1(0 200Amount of Chloramine-T
lmL/min.5.
Fig. 1. The variation of the labeling yield of L-3-[ I-123]iodo-alpha-methyl tyrosine dependingon the amount of Chloramine-T.
- 7 0 -
- Seung Dae Yang, et al. : Synthesis of L-3-[l23I]i°do-ai-methyltyrc>sine and Biodistribution in9L Glioma Bearing Rats -
2. Iodobead 2*1 g
Iodobead-b N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide.5. coat-
ing£ polystyrene beads.-"]
•§- 4 * M M.A.K. MarkwelHl
Iodobead-fcr *M*& 0.55*miole-fr
e]t gen t le* J3J2.J=S}-UJ~§- ^
BJ-5-°l bead* tweezer3.
lodobeadFig. 2 4 ^ 4 . [>»I]IMTSJ
4 4 7j-i*>5j°.4 PH 6.5
Fig. 3-g- AMT4 °<H 4 1 -
Fig. 2. The variation of the labeling yield of L-3-[ I-123]iodo~alpha-methyl tyrosine dependingon the pH of phosphate buffer.
0 20 40 fO M TOO 120 140 HO itO 200
Amount of a-MT(ug)
Fig. 3. The variation of the labeling yield of L-3-[ I-123]iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine dependingon the amounts of L-alpha-methyltyrosine.
Reaction ttme(min)
Fig. 4 The variation of the labeling yield of L-3-[ I-123]iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine dependingon the reaction time.
O.6O -
o.ao -
o.on • '••'•' TimefxlOmin.)
Fig. 5. The HPLC chromatogram of the reactionmixture of L-3-[1231 ]iodo-tf-methyltyrosineusing lodobead as iodinating reagents.
514- ^ AMTSj 4 4
<>]•$$] A M T ^ - phosphate buffer -g-°J| 100pL»l] ^~
Hl 4
44
4.
Fig. 4 4
[mI]IMT4 *^-°r Iodobead 1
), AMT 200/ug/100mL phosphate buffer, Na'"I
- 7 1 -
1995-
Table 1. Biodistribution of L-3-[iaI]iodo-<Mnethyltyrosine in 9L Glioma Bearing Rats
Organs
BloodLiverSpleenKidneySternumFemurMuscleThyroidLungStomachBrainBrain tumor
Mean
0.330.170.120.840.070.080.071.130.180.520.030.07
4hours
S.D.
0.150.070.040.240.030.020.030.210.040.150.010.01
Mean
0.180.100.080.350.050.060.032.530.120.700.020.06
24hours
S.D.
0.010.050.000.050.010.000.020.270.020.060.000.01
lOmCi-i- pH 5.5
«J-§-°) ^ *[123I]IMT-b HPLCf-Si*.^ AHH} ^ ^ r -§-nfl-b Waters radial-pak C,,8 x 300mm, MeOH:H2O:
- HPLC1-
Fig. 5 4 tfc*. £ 4 | « [123I]IMT^ -fr-fl*' J e H ' S ^ I ^°J * 0.22/m fil-
ter.5.
tt-fet-RNA7>
PET
3. 9L Glioma 0|±j
9L glioma
SPECT
[mI]IMTsl
Table[123I]IMT£l
3Hl) IMTf- ^ 4 * r jIMTS1 PET°fHsl
3-
iodotyrosineicf 4«H ^ S . ^-g- -y^-f- i<>H7), . [123I]IMTfil lipophUicity*
. [123I]lMTsl
- 7 2 -
: L-3-f_'°1 ]iodo-a-methyltyrosine 9L Glioma
TyrosineS]
SPECT-H]
•1*1
[mI]IMTl-
AMTs] '"I £ * H chloramine-T i 4 Iodobe-
Iodobead l'fl, AMT 200^g/100^L phosphate
buffer, pH 5.5, - t f ^ H 7 £ # uj-f-^l-fe 3 H 4)
[I23I]IMT7)-9L glioma
REFERENCES
1) Bergstrom M, Collind VP, Ehrin E, et al.: Dis-crepancies in brain tumor extent as shown by com-puted tomography and positron tomography using"Ga-EDTA, "C-glucose, and "C-methionine. JComput Assit Tomogr 7.1062-1066, 1983
2) Tisljar U, Kloster G, Ritzl F, Stocklin G: Accu-mulation of radioiodinated L-a-^methyltyrosine inpancreas of mice: Concise communication. J NuclMed 20:973-976, 1979
3) Knust EJ, Dutschka K, Machulla HJ: Radiophar-maceutical preparation of 3-'nI-cr-methyltyrosinefor nuclear medical application. J Radioanal NuclChem Letter 144:107-113, 1990
4) Kawai K, Fujibayasi Y, Saji H, Konishi J,Kubodera A, Yokoyama A: Monoiodo-D-tyro-sine, an artificial amino acid radiopharmaceuticalfor selective measurement of membrane amino addtransport in the pancreas. Med Bid 17.369-376,1990
5) Biersack HJ, Coenen HH, Stocklin G, Reic-hmann K, Bockisch A, Oehr P, Kashab M,Rollmann 0 : Imaging of brain tumors with L-3-['"I]iodo-a-methyl tyrosine and SPECT. J NuclMed 30:110-112,1989
6) Langen KJ, Roonsen N, Coenen HH, Kuikka JT,Kuwert T, Herzog H, Stocklin G, FeinendegenLE: Brain and brain tumor uptake of L-3-['"I]iodo-a-methyltyrosine: Competition with natural L-amino acids. J Nucl Med 32:1225 -1228, 1991
7) Kawai K, Fujibayashi Y, Saji H, Yonekura Y,Konishi J, Kubodera A, Yokoyama A: A strate-gy for the study of cerebral amino acid transportusing I -123 labelled amino acid radiophar-maceutical: 3-lodo-alpharmethyl-L-tyrosine. JNucl Med 32:819-824, 1991
8) Langen KJ, Coenen HH, Roosen N, Kling P,Muzik 0, Herzog H, Kuwert T, Stocklin G,Feinendegen LE: SPECT studies of brain tumorswith L-3-['"I]iodo-a-Tnethyltyrosine: Comparisonwith PET, IUIMT and first clinical results. J NuclMed 31:281-286, 1990
9) Winchell HS, Baldwin RM, Lin TH: Developmentof 1-123 labelled amines for brain studies: Locali-zation of 1-123 iodophenylalkyl amines in ratbrain. J Nucl Med 21:940-946, 1980
10) Krummeich C, Holschabch M, Stocklin G: Di-rect n.ca. electrophilic radioiodination of tyrosineanalogues; their in vivo stability and brain—uptakein mice. Appl Radiat Isot 45(9): 929-35, 1994
- 7 3 -
: SB29* & 3 M 1995
A Measurement of Proton Beam Energy usingCarbon Target for Medical Cyclotron
Jong-Seo Chai, M.S., Jang-Ho Ha, M.S., Yu-Seok Kim, M.S., Dong-Hun Lee, M.S.Min-Yong Lee, Seong-Seok Hong
Cyclotron Application Laboratory, KCCH, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute,Seoul, Korea
AVFPET -8-
S5[cf.
Rangedlfe.35 MeVs]- 50 MeV^ i a^j-i-i- 0.9*«{ ^
Range!-
- 1 1 6.3mm, 1.712 g/cm3!- 4-g-*}S-Eff- 4-§-*H
Key Words : Proton beam, Cyclotron, Energy measurement
INTRODUCTION
Recently spread of PET(positron emission to-
mography) makes use of short lived radioisotopes
become lager than before. Most of PET's are
equipped the baby cyclotron for the production of
short lived radioisotopes. When the radioisotopes
are produced from the cyclotron, yield of ra-
dioisotope is depend on value of proton beam
energy. Cyclotron beam energy is changed by
radio frequency, magnetic field intensity, and
beam extraction radius. In the case of baby
cyclotron, most of them are fixed energy type
which means fixed radio frequency, and fixed size
of resonator. Magnetic field intensity can be
changed by fluctuation of power supply and
temperature of cooling water for the magnet coil.
Moreover beam extraction radius can be changed
by electrical and mechanical parameters. Most of
cyclotrons are needed to get the calibration of
beam energy121.
Cyclotrons have lots of merits compared with,
other types of accelerators such as the high beam
intensity and duty cycle. But the beam energy
can not be determined from the cyclotron para-
meters sufficiently accurate for the above men-
tioned applications, mainly because of the
uncertainty in the determination of the actual
extraction radius. The external beams of KCCH
AVF cyclotron are obtained using a positionable
electrostatic deflector. Positioning is carried out
by setting 2 potentiometers, allowing the actual
deflection radius 570±10 mm. A calibration of
- 7 4 -
— Jong-Seo Chai, et al.: A Measurement of Proton Beam Energy using Carbon Target for Medical Cyclotron —
extraction radius as a function of the 2
potentiometer-settings was carried out, allowing a
theoretic calculation of the actual beam energy Eb
from the formula'
1
&W-1 (1)
where R is the extraction radius, Q the
pulsation of the cyclic particle movement in the
accelerator and Eo the restmass of the accelerated
particle. .
Many methods have been developed to measure
the energy of charged particle beam and are in
use in many laboratories3 sl. They can be divided
into two basic types such as calibrating and
monitoring methods. For calibration techniques
the beam must be transported to special experi-
ment apparatus and it cannot be used for other
experiments during this measurement. Beside
nuciear resonance and neutron threshold reaction
various kinetic methods are usually used for
energy calibration of accelerators. The former
ones have superior precision (the error value is
lower than 10-4), but the calibration is restricted
only to some particular energy values. Kinematic
methods are free from this limitation and they
gain increasing use at low and medium energy
cyclotron'".
The monitoring methods do not have the
restriction mentioned above since the beam can
be used for the experiment during the energy
determination. Analyzing magnets and time-of-
flight(TOF) techniques belong here'1'. The first
system requires bulky and expensive magnets
and NMR-stabifeed highpower supply units6'. It
has to be originally planned into the transport
system layout, because later the installation is
practically impossible. The accuracy of a mag-
netic system is quite good, but the building site
for most low and medium energy cyclotrons do
not have enough room for such magnets.
Many applications such' as the collection of
atomic and nuclear data, the production of fast
neutrons or purity tests with activation analysis
require a precise information of the energy of the
charged particle beam extracted from the accele-
rator. At the KCCH AVF cyclotron facility a
multi-energy, multi-particle ronous sector focused
cyclotron is used for neutron irradiation of
cancer patients and radioisotopes production7'.
Motivated by results on the linear response of
the range with incident ion energy for carbon in
present ange we performed energy measurement
of proton beams produced on the KCCH AVF
cyclotron at Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea
Atomic Energy Research Institute.
The purpose of the present experiment is
twofold' First, the machine, mainly used for
neutron irradiation and radioisotope production, is
needed the permanent instruments for energy
measurement of extracted beams. Second, the
development of energy calibration for PET's
cyclotron is needed for analysis of cyclotron
characteristics.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
1. Material
The experiment was performed using different
proton beams from MC 50 cyclotron at KCCH,
KAERI. We extracted 4 different nominal energies,
35 MeV, 40 MeV, 45 MeV, and 50 MeV.' The
target of the 6.3 mm thick carbon plate with
Proton Beam
Fig. 1. The structure of target chamber.
- 7 5 -
ftiS : 3J2912 Of 3 SK Sfitc 31 55 3* 1995 -
1.172 g/cm3 was placed in the center of vacuum
chamber shown in Fig. 1. Target was turned by-
stepping motor which was 0.9 degree/step. Step-
ping motor was driven by pulse generator whose
frequency was 40Hz and voltage was 12 V and
driving amplifier.
2. Methods
1) Stopping Power
The linear stopping power S for charged
particles in a given absorber is simply defined as
the differential energy loss for that particle within
the material divided by the corresponding dif-
ferential path length;
The value of -dE/dx along a particle track is
also called its specific energy loss or its rate of
energy loss.
For particles with given charge state. S
increases as the particle velocity is decreased.
The specific energy loss is known as the Bethe
formula and is written;
Kdx \ 4;re0 \
(3)
where z and Z are the charges of incident ion
and target nuclei, A is mass of target nuclei. P is
the density of target nuclei, No is the Avogadro
number and I is the ionization energy.
2) Ranges of Charged ParticlesThe range of a charged particle of incident
energy Ei in a material in which its rate of
energy loss is dE/dx is given by
(4)
If dE/dx is known for 0 £ E £ Ei, then the
range can easily be calculated. Unfortunately,
stopping cross sections have not been measured
for very low energies nor can they be calculated
with reliability at present. Therefore, computed
range-energy relations are subject to considerable
uncertainty at low energies. On the other hand,
range differences from, say, 1 MeV to Ei can be
calculated with confidence. The following curves
such range differences are
dE (5)',v (dE/dx)
The total range is given by Rdiff(Ei) + R(l
MeV).
RESULTS
The incident proton energies of each nominal
energies were obtained from measured ranges.
We did not know the perpendicular angle for
incident beam direction, but the derivatives of
measured beam current with rotation angles give
the two times of angle corresponding for range.
<oo
iu111
m
1 4
1 2
10
oe
06
04
02
00
(12
Ep = 35 MeV
•
/
/
/
[ /
1 . I l . . . l.. .
—r "-—i •—-i—'-~r-—•— Beam Current— — Derivative
-
\
•80 -60 -<0 -20 0 20 iO 60 00
. angle(degree)
Fig. 2. Excitation curve at Ep=35 MeV.
<
o•o
CO oo
Ep = 40 MeV —•—Beam Current—•— Derivative
\
-
-60 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 fiO
angle (degree)
Fig. 3. Excitation curve at Ep=40 MeV.
- 7 6 -
5°J:
t 4
12
10
06
08
04
02
00
-02
Ep = 45 MeV —•—Beam Current——Derivative
\ •
•«O -60 -40 -JO 0 20 <0 60 «0
angle(degree)
Fig. 4. Excitation curve at Ep=45 MeV.
Fig. 5. Excitation curve at Ep=50 MeV.
<u
54
52
50
48 -
40 -
38
36
34
21 23 24 25
Radio Freg. (MHz)26
Fig. 6. Comparison of energies of measured,nominal and calculated.
Fig. 2. to Fig. 5. show the measured beam cur-
rent curves and derivatives with rotation of tar-
get at each nominal incident energies.
DISCUSSION
Such derivatives of beam currents show clearly
the critical angles for ranges of the each incident
Table 1. The Calculated Energies for EachNominal Energies
Enom(Mev) Extraction- radius(mm) Ecal(Mev)
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
577.4573.0
574.0
575.7
34.4838.73
43.78
79.35
Table 2. The Measured Energies for Each No-minal Energies
Enom(Mev) Range(mm) Emeasured(Mev)
35.040.0
45.0
50.0
7.1999.248
11.641
15.184
33.939.144.7
51.9
proton energies, and the errors to determined the
critical peak position is less than 1%. The mea-
sured range is calculated by:
Range = Tarf'COS
(6)COS V Vrange'
Using the range, we can determine the incident
proton energy with assumption that the the range
for incident proton energy is known accurately. In
proton energy of 20 MeV to 50 MeV the relation
of between the ion incident energy and range is'
Ef(MeV)= 12.524 -+-3.3177? (mmj-Q.WTR1
.(««) (7)
To obtain the above relation we used the table
of C.Willamson and J.Boujot'l which gives the
ranges with errors less than 1% in our energy
region.
Table 1. shows the calculated energies by
eq.(l) with the extraction radii measured for each
nominal energies that informed by manufacturer
with radio frequencies. Table 2. shows the energy
determined by range measurement of present
study.
The energy differences between measured and
calculated are taken less than 1 MeV.
Even if we measured just about proton beam
energy with this method, other light particles can
be applied for energy measurement .
- 7 7 -
- The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine: Vol. 29, No. 3. 1995 -
CONCLUSION
We have measured the incident proton beam
between 35 MeV to 50 MeV with 5 MeV step.
Using the relativistic relation of energy and mo-
mentum, eq.(l), the extract proton beam energy
calculated with measured extraction radius, and
using property that the length of full energy loss
of the incidentcharged particles in material is
- abrupt at the value as defined range, we have
determined the incident proton beam energy
within \% error.
The comparison of energies for nominal and
calculated by eq.(l) and measured by range
shows that the energy determined by range
measurement shows consistent within 1 MeV
with other methods (Fig. 6).
We also obtained the relation for the incident
proton beam energy and the radio frequency of
KCCH AVF cyclroton, and when we seek to find
new proton beam energy, this result may give
the preliminary information about radio frequency
for unknown proton beam energy.
From this method baby cyclotrons for PET can
be applied for the energy calibration before pro-
duction of PET's radioisotopes. They can use the
cyclotron energy calibration not only proton but
also deuteron. alpha, He-3, and other light par-
ticles with this method and apparatus.
REFERENCES
1) Oh SW, Chai JS: Cyclotrons for Nuclear Medi-cine Korean J Nucl Med Vol 29-1-8, 1995
2) Chai JS: KCCH AVF Cyclotron Operation KA-ERI Report K\ERI/MR204-240/94:l-10, 1994
3} Kormany '/.'• A .\'ew Method and Apparatus forMeasuring the Mean Energy of CyclotronBeams. Nucl Instr Meth A337.258-264, 1994
4) Ha JH, Chai JS: Energy Measurement of 50MeY Proton Beam with a Nal(Tl) ScintillatorNucl Intsr Meth A350-411-414, 1994
5) Neldner K' Absolute Energy Calibration of aLow-Energy Accelerator by h Time-of-FlightTechnique Nucl Intsr Meth A274:419-424, 19S9
6) Chai JS: A Study on the Proton Beam EnergyMeasurement and Diagnosis", KAERI ReportKAERI/RR -1405/94:10-11, 1994
7) Wilkerson JF' An Energy Calibration of theTUNL DualSOo Magnet Analyzing SystemNucl Intsr Meth 1983:207:331 -338
8) Williamson C, Boujot J, Heard J: Tables ofRange and Stopping Power of ChemicalElements for Charged Particles of Energy 0.05to 500 MeV CEA-113042, 1966
9) Zicgler JF, Anderson HH-' Hydrogen StoppingPowers and Ranges in All Elements Vol. 3Pergamon Press. 1977
- 7 8 -
tft ST.
44-9-17
A Simple Method and Apparatus for Energy Measurement ofProton Beams in the KCCH AVF Cyclotron
(Doo-Soo Ahn • Jong-Seo Chai)
Abstract - An energy measurement of the proton beam produced on the KCCH AVF cyclotron of Korea Atomic EnergyResearch Institute was conducted using a method of range measurement We have determined the proton beam energy overthe range of 35 - 50 MeV of cyclotron with a 5 mm thick aluminum the target By rotating the target with respect toincident beam direction, we varied the target thickness. The energies for each nominal energies determined by measuringranges of incident proton beams. Present study has shown that energy can be measured to an accuracy of better than 1 %for the external beams of cyclotron with a positionable deflector.
Key Words : Energy Measurement Cyclotron, Proton
1. Introduction
The range of application of modem cyclotrons extends
from nuclear physics research to the production of radiois-
otopes for medical and industrial use and activation analysis
in chemistries[l-2]. Many applications such as the collection
of atomic and nuclear data, the production of fast neutrons
or purity tests with activation analysis require a precise
information of the energy of the charged particle beam ext-
racted from the accelerator. At the KCCH AVF cyclotron
facility a multi-energy, multi-particle isochronous sector
focused cyclotron is used for neutron irradiation of cancer
lwuents and radioisotope production[2].
Cyclotrons have lots of merits compared with other types
of accelerators such as the high beam intensity and duty
cycle. But the beam energy can not be determined from the
cyclotron parameters sufficiently accurate for the above me-
ntioned applications, mainly because of the uncertainty in
the determination of the actual extraction radius. The
external beams of KCCH AVF cyclotron are obtained using
a positionable electrostatic deflector. Positioning is carried
out by setting 2 potentiometers, allowing the actual deflec-
tion radius 570-10 mm. A calibration of extraction radius
as a function of the 2 potentiometer-settings was carried
out permitting a theoretic calculation of the actual beam
energy Eh from the formula:
K g • I «
- l (l)
'IE ft flit ft » : «fflEl-T-^5f3E«r!S-2U-p : 1995* 6fl 2BI;* rai: 1995 in ZJB
where R is the extraction radius. Q the pulsation of the
cyclic particle movement in the accelerator and E, the
restmass of the accelerated particle.
Many methods have been developed to measure the
energy of charged particle beam and are in use in many
laboratories[3-6]. They can be divided into two basic types
such as calibrating and monitoring methods. For calibration
techniques the beam must be transported to special expe-
riment apparatus and it cannot be used for other exper-
iments during this measurement In addition to the nuclear
resonance and neutron threshold reaction method various
kinetic methods are usually used for energy calibration of
accelerators. The former ones have superior precision (the
error value is less than 10 4), but the calibration is restr-
icted only to some particular energy values. Kinematic met-
hods are free from this limitation and therefore it is beco-
ming increasingly popular for low and medium energy cycl-
otronM.
The monitoring methods do not have the restriction
mentioned above since the beam can be used for the exper-
iment during the energy determination. Analyzing magnets
and time-of-flight(TOF) techniques belong here[5]. The
former system requires bulky and expensive magnets and
NMR-stabilized highpower supply units[6]. It has to be
originally planned into the transport system layout because
later the installation is practically impossible. The accuracy
of a magnetic system is quite good, but the building site for
most low and medium enercy cyclotrons do not have
- 7 9 -
Trans. KIEE. Vol. 44. No. 9. SEP. 1995
enough room for such magnets.
Motivated by results on the linear response of the range
with incident ion energy for aluminium in present angle we
performed energy measurement of proton beams produced
on the KCCH AVF cyclotron at Korea Cancer Center
Hospital. Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute.
The purpose of the present experiment is twofold: First,
the machine, mainly used for neutron irradiation and radioi-
sotope production, is needed the permanent instruments for
energy measurement of extracted beams. Second, the ana-
lysis time for energy calibration has to be taken in short
time.
2. Theoretical Background
2.1 Stopping Power
The linear stopping power S for charged particles in a
given absorber is simply defined as the differential energy
loss for that particle within the material divided by the
corresponding differential path length;
(2)
The value of -dE/dx along a particle track is also called
the specific energy loss or its rate of energy loss.
For particles with given charge state, S increases as the
particle velocity is decreased. The specific energy loss is
known as the Bethe formula and is written;
where z and Z are the charges of incident ion and target
nuclei, A is the mass of target nuclei, p is the density of
target nuclei. No is the Avogadro number and I is the
ionization energy.
2.2 Ranges of charged particles
The range of a charged particle of incident energy Ei in a
material in which its rate of energy loss, dE/dx. is known
* < * • > -
dE (4)
If dE/dx is known for 0 £ E £ Ei. then the range can
easily be calculated. Unfortunately, cross sections for stopp-
ing power (dE/dx) have not been measured for very low
energies nor can they be calculated with reliability at
present. Therefore, computed range-energy relations are su-
bject tn considerable uncertainty at low energies. On the
other hand, range differences from, say, 1 MeV to Ei can
be calculated with confidence. The range differences are
The total range is given by rWEi) + R(l MeV).
3 . Experimental Se tup
The experiment was performed using different proton
beams from KCCH AVF cyclotron at KCCH, KAERI. We
extracted 4 different nominal energies. 35 MeV, 40 MeV, 45
MeV, and 50 MeV. Target of aluminium with thickness of 4
mm was placed in the center of vacuum chamber shown in
figure 1. Turning the target was achived by stepping
motor which was 0.9 degree/step. Stepping motor was
driven by pulse generator and driving amplifier whose
frequency was 40Hz and driving voltage was 12 V.
4. Data Analysis
The incident proton energies of each nominal energies
were obtained from measured ranges. We did not know the
azimuthal angle for incident beam direction, but the
derivatives of measured beam current with rotation angles
give two times of the angle corresponding for range.
K^.^.
Proton Bias —
mFig. 1 The structure of Target Chamber.
6 •
2 -
*
MeV
i
— Beam Current. Derivative.
i
I.• i
so 100 190 200
Angle(degree)250 300
Fig. 2 Excitation curve at Ep = 35 MeV.
- 8 0 -
« * * • XXII 44* 9% 1995* 9fl
r3
Ep = 40 MeV Beam Current• - Derivative
0 SO 100 150 200 250 300 350
Angle (degree)
Fig . 3 Excitation curve at Ep « 40 MeV.
o
m C
urr
e
•a
8
6
2
0
-2
Ep = 45MeV
f
• I
•/m••
— Beam CurrentOevrivative
*
•
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Angle (degree)
F i g . 4 Excitation curve at Ep • 45 MeV.
8
o b
c 4
3 2i o3 uDO
-2
Eo = 50 MeVp
• I•
i1 *
| /1 l%\ .7 '
••
—— Beam Current• Derivative
•
\ •
\
• •
V
SO 100 150 200 250 300 350
Angle (degree)
Fig . 5 Excitation curve at Ep » 50 MeV.
Figure 2 to figure 5 show the measured beam currentcurves and derivatives with rotation of target at eachnominal incident energies. Such derivatives of beam currentsshow clearly the critical angles for ranges of the eachincident proton energies, and the errors to determined thecritical peak position is less than 1%. The measured rangeis calculated by:
Range Target Thickness (6)
uf"
52
SO
48
46
42
40
38
36
34
21 ' 22 ' 23 24 2T
Radio Frequency (MHz)
Fig. 6 Comparison of energies measured .nominal and calciliated
Table 1 The calculated energies for each nominal energies.
•A
£ « , (MeV)
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Extraction Radius (mm)
577.4
573.0
574.0
575.7
E i (MeV)
34.48
38.73
43.78
49.35
Table 2 The measured energies for each nominal energies
Enm (MeV)
35.0
40.0
45.0
50.0
Ranoe(mm)
5.48
7.03
8.63
10.68
E™»«i(MeV)
34.4
39.5
44.4
49.7
Using the range, we can determine the incident proton
-81
energy with the assumption that the the range for incidentproton energy is known accurately. For proton energiesfrom 20 MeV to 50 MeV the relation between the ionincident energy and range is :
12.24-H4.55/? (mm)-0.09564R2(mm) (7)
To obtain the above relation we used the table ofC.Willamson and J.Boujot[7], which gives the ranges withaccuracy better than 1% in our energy region.
Table 1. shows the calculated energies by eq.(l) with theextraction radii measured for each nominal energies thatinformed by manufacturer with radio frequencies. Table 2.shows the energy determined by range measurement ofpresent study.
Figure 6 shows the energies for nominal, calculated andmeasured for given radio frequencies.
The energy differences between measured and calculated aretaken less than 1 MeV.
Trans. WEE. Vol. 44. No. 9. SEP. 1995
5. Conclusion
We have measured the incident proton beam between 35
MeV to 50 MeV with 5 MeV step. By comparing the result
obtained by the relativistic relation of energy and mome-
ntum, eq.(l), the extracted proton beam energy calculated
with measured extraction radius, and using property that the
length of full energy loss of the incident charged particles
in material is abrupt at the value as defined range, we have
determined the incident proton beam energy within 1%
error.
The main errors are due to the relation of range and
incident charged particles, and this relation is well measured
with less than 1% for energy range of present study.
The comparison of energies for nominal and calculated by
eq. (1) and measured by range shows that the energy
determined by range measurement shows consistent within
1 MeV with other methods (figure 6).
We also obtained the relation for the incident proton beam
energy and the radio frequency of KCCH AVF cyclroton,
and when we seek to find new proton beam energy, this
result may give the preliminary information about radio
frequency for unknown proton beam energy.
Acknowledgements
Authors wish to express their gratitude to the participants
in the experiments: Mr.J.H.Ha, Mr.Y.S.Kim, Mr.M.Y.Lee, and
crews of cyclotron application laboratory at KCCH, KAERI.
This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and
Technology.
References
[ 1 ] S W. Oh and J. S Chai, "Cyclotrons for Nudear Medicine".
Korean Journal of Nucl. Med VoL 29 No.l, ppl-& 1995
[ 2 ] J. S. Chai et al., 'KCCH AVF Cyclotron Operation".
KAERI Report KAERI/MR204-240/94 ppl-10.1994
[ 3 ] Z. Romany, "A New Method and Apparatus for Meas-
uring the Mean Energy of Cyclotron Beams", Nucl. Instr.
Meth. A337 pp258-264,1994
[ 4 ] J. R Ha J. S. Chai et al., "Energy Measurement of 50
MeV Proton Beam with a Nal(Tl) Scintillator", Nucl.
Inter. Meth. A350 pp411-414,1994
[ 5 ] K. Neldner et al.. "Absolute Energy Calibration of a Low
-Energy Accelerator by h Time-of-Flight Technique",
NucL Intsr. Meth. A274 pp419-424. 1989
[ 6 ] J. F. Wilkerson et al., "An Energy Calibration of the
TUNL Dual-90" Magnet Analyzing System", Nucl. Intsr.
Meth. 207 pp331-33& 1983
[ 7 ] C. Williamson J. Boujot and J. Heard, Tables of Range
and Stopping Power of Chemical Elements for Charged
Particles of Energy 0.05 to 500 MeV". CEA-R 3042.
1966
[ 8 ] J. F. Ziegler H. H Anderson, Hydrogen Stopping Powers
and Ranges in All Elements ,Vol.3, Pergamon Press,1977
- 8 2 -
—39—
fl-thSS-M 15(p-[luI]Iodophen-yl)pentadecanoic Aci
o.aAi 2 n | £|HS. '"I£3. 3.x]
A S : nBondaPak RP-HPLC column,ic acid-95:5:l)-&
JL o|o^ diethyl ether-f -g-nJls.^- [TLC-SAS. a^ljBl-ir-i- 4 ^ ^ S 4 - ' » ! -
IPPAt
RP-HPLC3)- ITLC-SA-&
i«I-IPPA-@"g:-£- 10-S-, 20-S-, 30-g-ofl AA 95%, 855,
l*^«f l 14.958 SID/g.2.3. S-
IPPA-b
- 8 3 -
—43—
Efficient Production Method of15-(p-[I23I]iodophenyl)pentadecanoic Acid
by Ion-exchange
Cyclotron Application LaboratoryKorea Cancer Center Hospital
Yong-Sup Sub", Yong-Iee Yun. Kwang-Sun Woo. Seung-Dae Yang, Kwon-Soo Chun,Jong-seoK LOB, Hyun Park, Hi-Sup Chung, Sang-Moo Lin, Jong-Doo Lee
Radioiodinated phenyl fatty acids which are one of the main energysources were recently proposed as radiophamaceuticals for determiningmyocardial metabolic alterations. In general, most of IPPA labeling with 123Ihas been carried out in alcohol or in a solid phase. However, hightemperature( 160-180TZ) and relatively long labeling time(2-4 hrs) are requiredin these methods. Furthermore, 2-3 steps of pretreatment are needed for invivo administration.
In this study, efficient and simple procedure for labeling 15-(p-iodophenyOpentadecanoic acid(IPPA) with 123I is described. For a one-steplabeling procedure, DTP solution containing mild emulsifier(5% dextrose/Tween-80/l,2-propanediol=8/l/l), which can dissolve the fatty acid, and Cu*1
as a catalyst were used. The yield of 123IPPA was above 94% after 1 hourreaction at 14011!. The quality control of the product was performed by TLCand HPLC with radioisotope detector.
Overall, the results show that the relatively easy one-step method for1231PPA labeling came out a high yield and radiochemical purity of 123IPPA andit may be very meaningful for the development of ' IPPA kit.
- 8 4 -
], MC-50
KAERI/MR - 240/94
2. *H**iai 12?], MC-50 Si^-8- 4 ° 1 # 3 .
t H ^ * } ^ ? ! ^ KAERI/MR - 224/93
3. ° l ^ < q 12?!, MC-50
# ^ 4 3 «!•?£. KAERI/MR - 209/92.
4. $&*]$) 6?1, ^ s ] ^
Vol. 4, No 1, 1990.
5. ^M3!S} 3?], MC-50
^ ^ • ^ 4 ^ - y ^ i KAERI/RR - 495/85
6. KfK Progress Report, 42 MeV Cyclotron Facility,
84-F-BURGRJN, 3RD/QRTR/RP October 18, 1984.
7. N. Breteau, R. Sabattier, G. Foin, FIVE YEARS EXPERIENCE
OF NEUTRONTHERAPY WITH THE ORLEANS CYCLOTRON,
Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Cyclotrons and Applications, Ionics,
Tokyo, 1987.
8. MC-50 Cyclotron Manual (1984). Scanditronix
9. Reuedi Risler, Jonathan Jacky(Radiation Onclogy Department University of
Washington Seattle ), Technical Description of the Clinical Neutron Therapy
System, Technical Report 90-12-02 Seattle, WA 98195, USA
10. R.RislerSi6?I, Routine Operation of the Seattle Clinical Cyclotron Facility
University of Washington Medical center. Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- 8 5 -
INIS
KAERI/MR-259/95
MC-50
•?•
1996. 2.
o| 85 P. •fi-(o). 26 cm.
225.
-i-
MC-50
24,
35MeV
663.84^]-
BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET
Performing Org.Report No.
Sponsoring Org.Report No
Standard ReportNo.
INIS SubjectCode
KAERI/MR-259/95
Title / subtitle MC-50 AVF cyclotron operation
Project Manager and Dept. Jong Seo Chai (Cyclotron Lab.)
Research and Dept. Dong Hoon Lee(") Yu Seok Kim(") Chan Won Park(")Yong Min Lee(") Seong Seok HongC) Min Yong Lee(")Jang Ho Ha(")
Pub.Plac Pub. Org. KAERI Pub.Date 1996. 2.
Page 85P 111. and Tab. Yes(o), No( ) Size 26 cm.
Note
Classified Open( ),0utsice( ), Class Report Type operating Report
Sponsoring Org. Contract No.
Abstract (About 300 Words) The first cyclotron in Korea, MC-50 cyclotronis used for neutron irradiation, radionuclide
development,production and material and biomedical research. 50.5MeV and35MeV proton beam have been extracted with 20-70M- A total of beam extr-action time are 1095.7 hours. 206.5 hours are used for the developmentsand 663.8hours are for radionuclide production and development and 225.4hours for application researches. The shutdown days are 23days.Fundamental data for failure decrement and efficient beam extraction werecomposed and maintenance technologies were developed.
Subject Keywords (About 10 Words) cyclotron operation, maintenance,proton, accelerator, radioisotope
MC-50 *40
1995$ 12;
1995$ 12/
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