ME 290 Global Engineering Professional Seminar

Energy Center

School of Mechanical Engineering

Grand Challenges!

Grand Challenges for Next 50 Years

from Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley: 1943-2005

1. ENERGY

2. WATER

3. FOOD

4. ENVIRONMENT

5. POVERTY

6. TERRORISM & WAR

7. DISEASE

8. EDUCATION

9. DEMOCRACY

10. POPULATION

2004 6.5 Billion People2050 ~ 10 Billion People

Climate Change From Hoffert

• Global temperatures have increased by 1.5 K in just the last 150 years.

• Weather changes threaten loss of polar ice, rising sea levels, unpredictable rain falls, crop failures, and loss of many species

• Energy solutions must account for global warming

Hot

Consider carbon change in earth’s atmosphereRate of change = rate of addition- rate of removal

= Ca-Cr

2)1(2

)0(

1

tk

kcc

tk

kr

ca

c

rc

ac

dt

dc

Equilibrium oceans:

Mechanical Engineers learnconservation equations and solutionsfor systems as simple as a balloon to ascomplex as the Earth

Red line

Flat

http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html03:05 GMT (EST+5) Jan 29, 2009

World =6,756,918,017

China = 1.37BIndia = 1.17BAmericas = 0.94BAfrica = 0.92BEurope = 0.82BThe Rest = 1.56B

US growth rate 18 births every 4 minutes

World growth rate 615 births every 4 minutes

CROWDED

Mumbai, India - Rush Hour

The World is not just “Flat,” it is “Hot and Crowded,” too!http://hbpub.vo.llnwd.net/o16/video/olmk/hfc_preview.mp3

Greatest opportunity for the USADevelop clean sources of energy and export these to restore the US economy and in the process lead to a sustainable world.

Great Opportunity for Mechanical Engineers• Energy has various forms: gravitational,

kinetic, heat, elastic, electrical, chemical, radiant, nuclear, and

mass.• Mechanical Engineers study energy

transformations from one form to another. Total energy is always conserved!*

If total energy is conserved, why arewe worried about energy shortages?

Transforming Global Energy Resources

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

OilCoa

lGas

Fission

Biomas

s

Hydro

electr

ic

Solar,

wind, g

eothe

rmal

0.5%

Source: BP & IEA

2004

30 -- 60 Terawatts

450 – 900 MBOE/day

14.5 Terawatts

220 MBOE/day

2004

Oil supply is going down. Global warming is a problem. Which resource will be transformed?

? 2050

Source: bp and IEA

Transition to Sustainable Energy

Current state (~15 TW)

Goals: Inform & Accelerate Transition via new Science & Technology and System of Systems Models

Future state (~30 TW)

Technology Deployment Policy

Power Electronics

SEPAEClean Coal

Solar Bio Energy Wind

Global PartnershipsNuclearHydrogenElectrochemical

Sustainable Transportation Fuels • CO2 Mitigation

-H2CAR

• Biofuels-Cellulose to Ethanol

-Designer Energy Crops

-Bio-refinery Systems Engineering

• Coal to Liquids

Nancy Ho, Nathan Mosier, Jiri Adamec, and Miroslav Sedlak (left to right)

From Agrawal et al., PNASProceedings of the National Academy of Science

Clint Chapple (left) and Rick Meilan (right) PNAS Cover, Agrawal et al.

Hydrogen Systems

A new, safe, scalable, on-demand, economically viable technology to make hydrogen using aluminum.

Boranes: a great way to store Hydrogen

High-pressure mixed metal hydrides

Timothy Fisher, Suresh GarimellaTimothee Pourpoint,P. V. Ramachandran,Jerry Woodall, and students

Magnetic Fusion (ITER) work at Purdue

Be first wall

Carbon high heatflux plates

W domes

Plasma-Material Inter.– Material response under plasma

instabilities– Tritium behavior in walls– MHD effects

Surface effects– Mixed-material models predictions– Eroded material migration from wall to

divertor

PRIME Experiments– Mixed-materials testing in IMPACT

(benchmark surface codes) and multiple-beam experiments

– High-heat flux materials testing (benchmark HEIGHTS)

– Liquid metal behavior

Slide courtesy of Ahmed Hassanein

Solar Economy Vision

High band gap top cell in multi-junction stack needed to achieve 50% (the DARPA target efficiency)

SOA: 4 different non-tandem cellsgives 43% efficiency with 20 x optical concentration

High Efficiency GaP Solar Cells: the Key to a 50% Multi-junction Solar Cell Concentrator System Efficiency

• InGaN does not work• InGaAlP Voc only 1.5V

New rules:• no dichroic mirrors• stack is optically in series and electrically in parallel

GaP:• could add 17% to SOA eff., Voc=1.85 V • PU GaP: Voc=1.56 V (world’s record)

Slide courtesy Jerry Woodall

Seed Grant Program Results – $1.4 million funding from DOE & NSF– Analysis of Global Economic and

Environmental Impacts of a Substantial Increase in Bioenergy Production

– Social, Economic, and Political Aspects of U.S. Ethanol Policy

Social, Economic, and Political Aspects of Energy Use and Policy

SEPAE

an Energy Center niche

How can you engage in the

Grand Challenges

as an ME undergraduate?

Model solar influx, heat loss, insulation, & manufacturing coststo design/build a solar oven for TZ

Model rainfall, diffusion, evaporation, pumps, & flow losses, to design/build a

sustainable irrigation system for RW

Purdue University Student Energy ClubsPurdue Energy Club | Boiler Green initiative | Purdue Solar Racing

Engineers for a Sustainable World 

   https://globalhub.org/groups/eswpurdue

Goal of the Program:To provide hands-on research experience for undergraduate students that will stimulate their interest in advanced education and possibly in research careers.

SURF: Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowship Program

Intensive 11-week summer research experience for undergraduates

Program benefits for students:• Receive pay for research activities• Receive mentorship from a faculty member

and a graduate student• Attend seminars on professional development

including graduate school preparation• Participate in the SURF Research Symposium• Network and socialize with other researchers

• 193 student participants– 25% women, 13% minority students – 37 visiting students from 31 institutions– Average GPA 3.48

• 5 Participating Purdue colleges, 21 schools and departments

SURF 2008

SURF 2009 May 26 – August 7

• Deadline for applications: March 6th

• Target date to notify students: April 6 – 10• Website – www.purdue.edu/surf

– Online application– Professors can post a research project for potential

applicants OR recruit their own student

• Student stipend $3600 for 11 week program + housing benefit($1400 provided by college/school/PI)

• Minimum 3.0 GPA strongly recommended• Anticipated program size: 140 students• Each college/school to review applications online

and provide recommendations to SURF

Vicki Leavitt, SURF Program Manager49-62349ARMS 2001surf@purdue.edu

Website: www.purdue.edu/surf

Contacts:

Global Energy News • International Energy Agency: World Energy Outlook 2008 • Australian Solar Energy Institute Launched • UAE: Suntech Solar Panels to Power Largest PV Solar Project in the Middle East• Kuwait exploring alternative energy• Kenya eyeing nuclear power as electricity demand soars • South Africa: Eskom considers renewable energy alternatives • Australia: Tests prove coal-to-gas plant feasible • China: Silver lining for wind power industry • Wind energy publications available from the Global Wind Energy Council • Canadian Hydrogen Association: Innovative Clean Energy Hub Could be a First for On

tario • Nigeria: Electricity generation from nuclear energy • Scotland: Power suppliers are turning back the clock to use coal-fired plants as their

main source of electricity in a bid to avert potential shortages this winter• Canadian Department of Energy releases preliminary report on New Brunswick wind e

nergy program • Australia: The wind shifts for renewable energy • Pakistan to produce 1000mw wind energy within the next few years • German test plant may lead to clean coal power • Renewable Energy Initiatives in West Africa • European utilities to test new home power plants

Global Energy News• U.K. Challenge: Drastically Change Its Energy Mix in the Next Decade• Australia, China and US in Climate Talks • Cleaning Up Coal's Act • Clean Coal Technologies in South Africa • World's First Really Clean Coal Plant Gets Try-Out in Germany • Mutual Understanding in Clean Energy Cooperation • Government of Canada Invests in British Columbia Renewable Energy Project • Export Markets for U.S. Clean Coal Technology • Israel-Incentives Lure Firms to Produce 'Clean' Electricity • Kenya Looks to Geothermal Power to Fuel Development • Denmark-The Answer to the Energy Problem• Italian Utility Enel Opens its First Clean Coal Plant • Can Coal and Clean Air Co-exist in China? • A Nuclear India is Good for the Globe• Coal-fired Power Plant Faces Opposition in The Philippines • Azerbaijan Gets Ready to Go Nuclear• Powering Africa's Energy Revolution• Japanese Company Offers Solar Energy Solutions• German Research Giant and MIT to Cooperate in Renewable Energy Research Projects• Is the Future Green for China?• G-8 Endorses Halving Global Emissions by 2050 • Challenges Faced by UK Energy Planners • Wind Energy Development in Macedonia

Purdue Energy NewsCoal, natural gas remain only options for energy sources (1/23/2009)

New Energy for America Plan (01/22/09)

'Blending wall' stands in way of ethanol growth--Purdue News (12/19/08)

Ex-GM engineer spearheads Bright Automotive's efforts to build 100-mpg hybrid truck (12/19/08)

EPA'S Clean Energy Website

Purdue, IU form joint center on energy policy--Purdue News (10/30/08)

More research needed to make good on biofuel promise--Purdue News (10/29/08)

Great Lakes Water Quality Conference - 10/23/08 (Purdue Calumet)

Harnessing the Wind: Purdue Agricultures, Fall 2008

U.S. Could Derive 20 Percent of Transport Fuel From Waste--NBC Chicago News (10/16/08)

Sandia experts to discuss current, future wind energy at Purdue University--Purdue News (10/14/08)

More flexible method floated to produce biofuels, electricity--Purdue News (10/14/08)

Sen. Lugar meets with Purdue biofuels researchers, tour labs and Purdue Research Park--Purdue News (10/09/08)

'Green' Home to be Built in BioTown USA--Purdue News (10/09/08)

Energy News• Purdue establishes multidisciplinary energy systems center--Purdue News (10/08/08

)

Experts can talk about 'clean coal' technology--Purdue News (10/07/08)

Clean Energy Bill signed by President Bush (10/03/08)

Physical Facilities puts Green Week prize into student project--Purdue News (10/03/08)

Purdue Research to Make Solar Energy in Indiana More Viable Option--WBAA (09/29/08)

Green Week Presentations

Green Week Poster Session Winners!

NSF to Invest $18.5 Million in Green Grid Technologies (09/08/08)

John Lumkes, Purdue Ag and Bio Engineering, on Home Construction and Energy Use--Purdue News (09/08/08)

Hydrogen Road Tour (08/11/08)

Energy Expert Offers Ideas for Conserving Electric Power (08/04/08)

Endowed Chair in Energy

Battery Workshop: What can Indiana do to be a leader in battery technology?

Friday, February 27, 2009 from 9:00 AM - 3:00 PM (ET)West Lafayette

• Event Details• The Energy Centers at Purdue University West Lafayette and

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis will host a battery workshop on Friday, February 27 in Stewart Center on the Purdue West Lafayette Campus.  The workshop is designed to build the Indiana battery research community by introducing battery researchers and users.  Speakers will be drawn from industry and campuses across Indiana.  This is an informal planning workshop and will include a working lunch and next steps brainstorming.  All interested researchers and industry representatives are welcome to attend.  Contact Ron Steuterman ( 765.494.4437), John Schneider ( 765.494.0743), or email energy@purdue.edu for more information.   

http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/CCTR/

Assessment of the Quality of Indiana Coals for Integrated Gasification of IGCC Performance Maria Mastalerz et al., Indiana Geological Survey ~ December 11, 2008

Coal and the Economy Robert W. Shanks, Arch Coal Inc. ~ December 11, 2008

Steel Production and the Industrial Economy Eric Knorr, ArcelorMittal ~ December 11, 2008

Pioneers in Energy Lecture Series• Overview

Over the past five years, Purdue has hosted world-class speakers such as the late Nobel Laureate Richard E. Smalley, who won the 1996 Nobel Prize in chemistry, Salomon Levy, National Academy of Engineering member and president of S. Levy and Associates Inc., and Lawrence L. Kazmerski, NAE Member, and Director of the National Center for Photovoltaics at the Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory to discuss energy challenges.  

• Mission

To ensure and support lectures & visits by the best speakers in the field of energy research to the Purdue University, West Lafayette campus. The goals of this series are to increase understanding of specific energy challenges and to promote interactions with prominent scientists in order to build a stronger Purdue energy research community across colleges and departments.

• All lectures are free and open to the general public.• • Next Lecture• Dr. Michael Ramage

"Transitions to Alternative Transportation Technologies: A Focus on Hydrogen"

Thursday, March 26, 2009, 7:00 PM Mechanical Engineering Building, Rm. 161

• Contact Us

ENERGY CENTERPotter Engineering Center500 Central Drive, Rm. 322West Lafayette, IN 47907E-mail: energy@purdue.edu www.purdue.edu/dp/energy

• REGISTER HERE

2009 Hydrogen Symposiumhttp://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/events/2009hydrogen/index.php

• Participants from across the Globe.• Herbert C. Brown Award• Purdue and GM have worked closely

together to develop the next generation H2 tank

2009 Second Generation Biofuels Workshop

http://www.purdue.edu/dp/energy/events/2009biofuels/

• Second generation biofuels do not compete with food• Economics, trade and policy are woven into the second

generation biofuels considerations• Logistics and supply chain management important

New and innovative machines are needed for biomass handling, drying, grinding, separation, loading and processing.

• Energy is a grand challenge problem that must be addressed simultaneously with environment, climate change, economics and globalization.

• World is not just flat, it is hot, flat and crowded. America needs Energy Technology (ET) to address the challenge and can recover using ET much stronger than she recovered using IT.

• MEs and Purdue have a strong role to play and many resources on the Energy Center website and beyond for you to get “Energized.”