measuring lung capacity using portable spirometer
DESCRIPTION
bio a2 labTRANSCRIPT
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BIOLOGY LAB REPORT
TITLE : MEASURING LUNG CAPACITY USING PORTABLE SPIROMETER
PREPARED BY :
I/C NUMBER :
STUDENT ID :
GROUP :
LECTURERS NAME :
PRACTICAL DATE :
SUBMISSION DATE :
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Abstract
Lung capacity varies with individual depending on certain criterias such as age, gender and body size. Lung capacity can be calculated using vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV) and expiratory reserve
volume (ERV). This experiment was conducted to investigate breathing using a dry portable
spirometer. Each students are given disposable mouthpiece with spirometer (shared in a group) to
measure VC, TV and ERV. This is done by exhaling air through the mouth piece in different ways
(refer procedure) and record the reading. Using the data obtained, other measurements such as IC, IRV
and TLC were obtained (refer formula below). The experiment is done by manipulating bodys state, at rest and after exercise.
Introduction
1. The Lungs(1)
The lungs are the main organ of the body responsible for gas exchange, namely the transfer of oxygen
into the body and the transfer of carbon dioxide out of the body. The biomechanical properties of the
lungs are integral in how well they can transfer air in and out. The gas exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide in the body takes place in three steps.
Ventilation (refers to the moving air in and out of the lungs) occurs.
Gas diffusion and uptake occurs.
The gas is transported by the blood.
The muscles that control respiration create a difference in lung pressures. This pressure difference,
which is also a function of the elasticity of the lungs, causes air to flow. The diaphragm is the main
muscle that is used for breathing. When the diaphragm contracts it causes the lungs to inflate and the
thoracic cavity becomes enlarged. As a result, the pleural space in the chest cavity enlarges. This
increase in space volume causes a decrease in pressure which causesthe lung to expand and fill with
air. This is an example of Boyles Law in action. Boyles Law states that
For a constant temperature, the volume of any gas varies inversely with the pressure.
Pressure 1/ Volume = Constant
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2. The measurements of breathing
Figure 1: Descriptions and average measurements(2)
Figure 2: Indicating measurements(3)
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3. Spirometer
Figure 3 : Usage of spirometry(4)
Spirometry is the classic pulmonary function test, which measures the capacity of the lungs to exhale
and inhale air, and the amount of air left remaining in the lungs after voluntary exhalation. It can
monitor quiet breathing and thereby measure tidal volume, and also trace deep inspirations and
expirations to give information about vital capacity. The instrument use for this procedure is called
spirometer. This device also considered as an essential tool in the detection of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes emphysema and chronic bronchitis. In addition,
spirometers are typically used to track the breathing capability of individuals with respiratory
ailments such as asthma. Spirometers are also used to estimate limits of activity for people with
respiratory problems.
Figure 4: Portable dry spirometer with mouthpiece(5)
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The normal, healthy values measured by the spirometer for the amount of air exhaled vary from
person to person. Your results are compared to the average expected in someone of the same age,
height, sex, and race, according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). However, if
the values fall below 85 percent of the average, it may indicate a lung disease or other airflow
obstruction. If a person has abnormal spirometer measurements, he/she may be referred for other
lung tests to establish a diagnosis.
Figure 5: Spirometer reading(6)
In this experiment we use the Carolina Portable Dry Spirometer which provides a simple but accurate
means for measuring pulmonary volumes and capacities in the laboratory. The principle of operation
is similar to that of a rotametric dry gas meter. Since the water canister associated with a
conventional wet spirometer is not used, setup time and the mass associated with spirometry are
virtually eliminated. (7)
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Objective
To measure students lung capacity using a portable spirometer.
Problem Statement
What is the total lung capacity of the student? Does body state effect the total lung capacity or the
breathing rate?
Hypothesis
Total lung capacity of a student depend the bodys state (rest/active). This can be calculated by
obtaining tidal volume, vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume.
Variable :
Types of Variables Ways to control the variables
Manipulated Variable:
State of body
Measurement were taken at rest and after exercise
Responding Variables:
Vital Capacity, Tidal Volume, and Expiratory
Reserve Volume of the Students
Following procedure below, find VC, TV and
ERV via reading the scale on the dry spirometer.
Fixed Variables:
Age
Body size
Same age student was examined.
Same student was used.
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Apparatus
Spirometer, disposable mouthpiece.
Materials
Tissue, human subjects (students).
Procedure
1. A mouthpiece is attached to the side limb of the spirometer.
2. The spirometer dial is rotated until the needle is aligned with the 0 mark. The dial, marked in
increments of 100cc, will register up to 7.0 liters of expired air.
3. The spirometer is held by the base/ put on a table so that the air holes are not blocked and in a
horizontal position.
4. Nostrils are pinched with free hand to keep air from escaping through the nose. The breathing
maneuver for vital capacity, tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume is performed.
a) Vital Capacity (VC)
i. The nasal airway is closed by pinching the nose.
ii. The subject inhaled as deeply as possible and exhaled all of the air through the spirometer.
iii. The value shown on the spirometer gauge is recorded
b) Tidal Volume (TV)
i. Nose is pinched. The spirometer mouthpiece is placed loosely between lips, and breathed
normally through the corner of the mouth for several breaths.
ii. After a regular breathing pattern is established, five successive normal breaths are exhaled into
the spirometer.
iii. The meter reading for the total of five breaths are recorded and divided by 5 to calculate the
average tidal volume at rest.
c) Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
i. Nose is pinched. The spirometer mouthpiece is placed between lips, and breathed normally
through the corner of the mouth for several breaths.
ii. After a regular breathing pattern is established, remaining air is expired forcefully as much as
possible into the spirometer.
iii. The value shown on the spirometer gauge is recorded
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5. Both Tidal Volume and Expiratory Reserve Volume experiments were repeated thrice.
6. The results of the experiments are used to calculate value for Total Lung Capacity (TLC),
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV), and Inspiratory Capacity (IC) using formula below.
For IRV : VC - ( TV + ERV )
For IC : VC - ERV
For TLC : VC + RV( 900 cc for female)
7. All the steps above are repeated on the subject after undergo exercise.
Safety precaution
In order to avoid any accident or injury during the experiment in laboratory, the precautionary
steps should be taken and applied. Wearing lab coat and a pair of suitable shoes are compulsory
when conducting an experiment in the lab at all times to protect the skin and clothing from spillage
of any chemical substance. Hands need to be thoroughly washed before and after performing the
experiment to avoid infection of saliva. Furthermore, the glassware such as spirometer should be
handled with full care because they are fragile. After using the mouthpiece at the end of
experiment, they should be rinsed properly and returned back to their respective beakers. The same
should be done with the spirometer, where it should be cleaned and dried before place it inside
its box. Student should take care of surrounding so that they dont collide with any glassware while
undergoing exercise.
Risk Assessment
The spirometer base is a moisture trap which should be cleaned frequentlyto avoid inaccuracy in
results. The spirometer should be hold upright horizontally or best put on a flat surface that is
leveled with bodys sitting position and screw the top portion counter-clockwise to separate the
two parts. Wipe the moisture trap with a tissue every time after finish one stage of experiment and
before storing the spirometer. Besides that, subjects must not cover up the small holes which are at
the side of the upper body of the spirometer with hands.
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Results
Vital Capacity (VC)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 VC Highest Volume
Rest 2500 2900 3100 3100
After Exercise 2700 3200 3300 3300
Tidal Volume (TV)
Total for Five Breaths Average
Rest 2200 440
After Exercise 2275 455
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Average
Rest 2000 2200 2100 2100
After Exercise 1900 2500 2200 2200
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): VC (TV + ERV)
Rest 3100 (440 + 2100) = 600
After Exercise 3300 (455 + 2200) = 645
Inspiratory Capacity (IC): VC ERV
Rest 3100 2100 = 1000
After Exercise 3300 2200 =1100
Residual Volume (RV)
Rest 900
After Exercise 900
Total Lung Capacity (TLC): VC + RV
Rest 3100 + 900 = 4000
After Exercise 3300 + 900 = 4200
Table 1 : VC, TV, ERV, IRV, IC, RV and TLC of student at rest and after exercise state
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Data Analysis
Table 1 above show the comparison done between two different body state (rest and after
exercise) to calculate vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV),
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), inspiratory capacity (IC) and total lung capacity (TLC). After
exercise, we can see there are some different compared to the value before exercise (rest) for the
student. It can be see that overall all measurement increase except residual volume which was kept
constant. The highest increase can be seen in IRV and VC while the smallest increase can be noted in
TV.
DISCUSSION
From this experiment, it can be seen that the state of body influences the breathing rate of the
student. The ventilation rate is higher after exercise compared to rest state indicating that more air is
inhaled after exercise to fulfill the lungs.
During rest, amount of oxygen needed by the body is lesser since oxygen is needed to respire
thus ventilation rate is smaller. During exercise, the presence of the anatomical dead space of the
respiratory system (air in the nose, mouth, larynx, tracheas, bronchi and bronchioles) cause the depth
of breathing increases. This air reaches the alveoli first upon inspiration. This air also has a higher
concentration of carbon dioxide because of its prolonged exposure to the tissues. Therefore, as the
depth of a breath increases, the proportion of "fresh air" that gets to the alveoli also increases and the
result is rate of gaseous exchange will also increase.
Vital capacity is how much the lungs can breathe in, so it will not change, unless lung capacity
changes. Exercise increases vital capacity because the lungs need more oxygen to supply the muscles
with vital nutrients (oxygen and glucose) and the intense the exercise the more nutrients needed. The
lungs expand during this to account for the extra need hence increasing the vital capacity. This is
positively correlated with the data in Table 1.
When exercising the tidal volume also increase because the student is breathing at a faster rate
and their muscles are using up the oxygen at a quicker rate. Hence more oxygen is needed and these
will increase the tidal volume to allow more oxygen to be consumed and meet the muscles oxygen
demands. The residual volume is kept control because it cannot be measured and normally stays the
same disregarding body state. Thus, I can be seen that exercise increases total lung capacity at the end
of exercise.
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Limitations and Sources of errors
There are several sources of error and limitations that have been identified throughout this experiment.
The way student exhale. The strength given while exhaling out the air is different in term of
strength. This is because, the student is unable to exhale as usual but blow which contribute to
the inaccuracy of data.
The exercise done by student is not fixed in term of the type of exercise and duration of time.
This is because the student needed to complete the experiment in the given time and space for
exercise to be done is too small and not safe.
The experiment is not compared with the other students or not repetitive measurement is taken.
Thus, the data is unreliable.
Conclusion
Body state of person do affect vital capacity (VC), tidal volume (TV), expiratory reserve volume
(ERV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), inspiratory capacity (IC) and total lung capacity (TLC).
Thus, the hypothesis is accepted.
Further Investigation
Another experiment can be carried out using same steps but by manipulating the body size of student.
References
1. Gan W.Y . 2007. Biology SPM Success. Edition 4. 287.p.Shah Alam : Oxford Fajar Sdn.Bhd.
2. http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/HumBio_p009.shtml. Accessed on 8
th October 2012
3. http://www.brianmac.co.uk/diagram spirometer trace.htm. Accessed on 8th October 2012
4. http://www.angela.co.uk/diagram spirometer use adam.htm. Accessed on 8th October 2012
5. http://www.gogoscience _spirometer diagram/diagram spirometer.Accessed on 8th October 2012
6. http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/ireads/spirometertrace.html. Accessed on 8th October 2012
7. Portable Dry Spirometer Instructions- 69-2670. Carolina Biological Supply Company.2700, York Road,Burlington, North Carolina