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    Kevin J. KrizekUniversity of Coloradowww.kevinjkrizek.org

    Measuring Non-motorizedAccessibility: Issues,

    Alternatives, and Execution

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    Accessibility: a HOT topic in policy circles

    has the potential to radically inform howwe think about the structure ofmetropolitan areas

    loosely throw around terms and concepts

    without further refinement, however, run

    the risk of focusing on a topic w/o muchmeaning

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    Jobs Schools Parks Shopping

    Automobile

    Transit

    Bicycling

    Walking

    Jobs Schools Parks Shopping

    Automobile

    Transit

    Bicycling

    Walking

    2005

    1995

    2000

    Jobs Schools Parks Shopping

    Automobile

    Transit

    Bicycling

    Walking

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    Whats unique about measuring access for

    Transit, Walking, Cycling?

    Peculiarities: -Scale of analysis

    -Availability of data

    Balance:

    Useful measures w/

    policy relevance

    Robust &reliable science

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    Gravity-based accessibility

    Aim= O

    jf(C

    ijm)

    j

    Aim

    = accessibility at ibymode m1.

    Oj

    = opportunities atj

    2. C = measure of travelcost3. ij m = measure of theease or attractiveness

    of travel between i & j

    Knowing travel times Knowing behaviors

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    Unitsareinminutes

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    What destinations?Mode Shopping Neigh-

    borhood

    retail

    Employ-

    ment

    Recreatio

    n/

    Parks

    Education

    -University

    -Primary

    Entertainme

    nt (includes

    bars)

    Gym/Heal

    th Club

    Airport Restaurant

    Walk

    Bicycle

    Transit

    Auto

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    Data Sources for Land use Database

    Metropolitan Council

    Land use

    Parcel points and polygons

    Dunn & Bradstreet

    Business locations and types (2005)

    Records for 135,928 Metro area businesses

    Detailed business data includes:

    Location

    Industry classification (NAICS and SICS)

    Sales

    Employees

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    General Destination Categories Shopping Food, Groceries, andRestaurants

    Fitness and Recreation

    Entertainment

    Education

    Health Care

    Parks

    Post Offices

    Financial Services

    Other Personal Services

    Professional Services

    Airports

    Transportation

    Other

    Based on North American Industrial Classification System codes and land use classification

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    Food, Groceries, andSupermarkets and Grocery Stores(Retail, 5-digit)

    Restaurants Convenience Stores(Retail, 5-digit)

    Warehouse Clubs and Supercenters(Retail, 5-digit)

    Specialty Food Stores(Retail, Manufacturing, 6-digit)

    Full-Service Restaurant(Accommodation & Food Service, 6-digit)

    Snack and Nonalcoholic Beverage Bars(i.e. coffee shops)

    (Accommodation & Food Service, 6-digit)

    Other Food Service(Accommodation & Food Service, 4-digit)

    Bars/ Nightclubs

    (Accommodation & Food Service, 4-digit)

    Example of Specific Destinations

    (NAICS industries and level of disaggregation used in parenthesis)

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    Data Cleaning

    Fixed Records

    - Many misspellings & abbreviations-Assign street address to mall businesses

    Removed Records

    -

    815 P.O. Boxes

    - 8,377 Not in 7-County Metro Area-7,000

    Bad / Missing Address Data

    (no zip code, street name,

    building number, etc.)

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    Matching Summary

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    Detailed Land Use Data

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    but is Accessibility all about supply?

    NO!

    A hypothetical

    Ideally, accessibility measures should

    incorporate BOTH supply AND demand.

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    Estimating Decay Functions

    Fitting decay curves

    Modes: Auto, transit, bike, walk Purposes: Work, shopping, school,restaurant, recreation, trail access (bicycling)

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    Functional Form

    Types of decay functions

    Negative power: f(c) = c(-

    )

    Negative exponential: f(c) = e(-c)

    Combined: f(c)

    = c()e(-c)

    We focus on the negative exponential

    function Definition of impedance Time vs. network distance

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    Flexible

    Forms

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    Impedance: Distance vs. Time

    Both have limitations as impedance

    measures Distance

    Cannot validate route choice, shortest path Difficult to validate speeds Time Duration data are self-reported, subject toperception error

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    Data Sources

    4 Data sources used for analysis:

    Met Council TBI HIS files Met Council transit on-board survey Hennepin County trail use survey Non-Motorized Pilot Project (NMPP) survey

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    Distance Decay: Walking

    0%

    10%

    20%

    30%

    40%

    0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

    Distance (km)

    PercentofTrip

    s

    Work

    Shopping

    Restaurant

    Entertainment

    Expon. (Work)

    Expon. (Entertainment)

    Expon. (Shopping)

    Expon. (Restaurant)

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    Distance Decay: Bicycling

    0%

    10%

    20%

    30%

    40%

    50%

    0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

    PercentofTrips

    Distance (km)

    Work

    Shopping

    School

    Entertainment

    Trail

    Expon. (Work)

    Expon. (Shopping)

    Expon. (School)

    Expon. (Entertainment)

    Expon. (Trail)

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    Distance Time Distance Time Distance Time

    Walk y = .486e-1.683x

    y = .511e-.106x

    y = .469e-2.106x

    y = .368e-.094x

    y = .524e-.106x

    Bike y = .402e-.203x

    y = .146e-.040x

    y = .343e-.514x

    y = .434e-.107x

    y = .458e-.122x

    y = .424e-.100x

    Transit y = .667e-.093x

    y = .346e-.092x

    y = .406e-.116x

    Drive Alone y = .504e-.088x

    y = .379e-.117x

    y = .371e-.122x

    Shared Ride y = .237e-.076x

    y = .381e-.130x

    y = .160e-.096x

    Notes:1) For impedance functions where distance is the measure of separation, kilometers are the relevant units.

    Where time is the measure of separation, units are in minutes.

    2) The dependent variable (y) measures the fraction of trips covering a given distance.

    5) Cells shaded red represent the recently acquired health care data. An impedance function can be calculated

    with these data, but the mode cannot be specified.

    3) All grayed cells represent impedance functions that could not be estimated due to limited data.

    4) Cells shaded blue can be calculated given available data, but have not been needed thus far.

    Work Shopping School

    Distance Time Distance Time Distance Time Distance Time

    y = .388e-1.397x

    y = .373e-.093x

    y = .327e-.769x

    y = .556e-.100x

    y = .367e-.375x

    y = .293e-.071x

    y = .119e-.333x

    y = .318e-.119x

    y = .336e-.103x

    y = .426e-.140x

    y = .333e-.093x

    Health Care Restaurant Recreation Trail Access

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    How we proceeded

    New networks

    GIS street layer; assumptions about speeds

    New zones

    Census block level Detailed land use/activity data Parcel-level land use merged with: Establishment level (D & B) business data Contains location, sales, employment,industrial classification

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