Mechanical Design of Process Systems

Volume 2 Second Edition

Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers Rotating Equipment Bins, Silos, Stacks

mm.

A.KeithEscoe

Foreword by John J. McKetta

Preface to the Second Edition

Chapter 5 The Engineering Mechanics of Bins, Silos, and Stacks

Silo and Bin Design, 1 Dynamic Response of Stacks, 8

Coupled In-Line Towers. Turbulence Excitation or Buffeting. FIV Damping Pds. Ovaling Rings. Helical Vortex Breaker Strakes. Damping chains.

Example 5-1: Granule Bin Design for Roofing Plant, 13

Bin Stiffener Design. Vessel Supports.

Example 5-2: Coupling Two Towers, 22 Example 5-3: Stack Vortex Strake Design, 24 Example 5-4: Natural Frequency of Ovaling

Ring Formula (Michell Formula), 25 Notation, 25 References, 26

Chapter 6 Rotating Equipment

Pumps, 27 Centrifugal Pumps. Hydraulic Requirements of Centrifugal Pumps. Positive Displacement Pumps. Pressure Protection for Positive Displacement Pumps.

Compressors, 39 Principles of Compression. Reversible Adiabatic (Isentropic) Compression. Polytropic Compression. Isothermal Compression.

Contents

Dimensionless Reference Numbers. Centrifugal Compressors. Reciprocating Compressors. Multiple Staging of Reciprocating Compressors. Gas Temperature for Reciprocating Compressors. Axial Flow Compressors. Specifying Compressor Flow Conditions. Mass Flow. Actual or Inlet Volumetric Flow. Standard Volumetric Flow. Properly Specifying Compressor Flow Conditions.

Piping Systems for Rotating Equipment, 56 Nozzle Loadings.

Pulsation Response Spectra Induced by Reciprocating Equipment, 58

Example 6-1: Horizontal Centrifugal Pump System Design, 61

Suction Line Pressure Drop. K-Values. Discharge Line Pressure Drop. The Effects of Liquid Viscosity on Centrifugal Pumps.

Example 6-2: Positive Displacement Pump Design, 70

Suction Line Pressure Drop. K-Values. A Word About Priming.

Example 6-3: Centrifugal Compressor Selection, 75

Example 6-4: Installing a Compressor at Elevation, 80

Selecting the Reciprocating Compressor.

Example 6-5: Naphtha Pump System Design, 82

Flow from Reservoir to Naphtha Storage Tank. Naphtha Pump Hydraulics. The Maximum Capacity Condition. Reevaluation of Reservoir Line.

Notation, 93 References, 93

Chapter 7 The Mechanical Design of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 95

Fundamentals of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers, 95

Design Classifications of Heat Exchangers. Fixed Tubesheet Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers. U-Tube Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers. Floating Head Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers. General TEMA Exchanger Classes—R, C, and B. Basic Components of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers. TEMA Formulations. ASME Tube Joint Load Criteria.

Process Evaluation of Shell-and-Tube Exchangers, 111

Tube Wall Temperature and Caloric Temperature. Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient. Fouling of Inside and Outside Tube Surfaces. Tube Film Coefficients.

Flow-Induced Vibration (FIV) in Tubular Heat Exchangers, 135

The Effects of Mass, Damping, and Structural Stiffness. Damping. Fluidelastic Instability.

Turbulence Excitation (Buffeting), 140 Vortex Shedding. Acoustic Resonance.

Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers, 147 Example 7-1: Regenerated Gas Exchanger

Design, 148 Tube-Side Film Coefficient. Shell-Side Film Coefficient. Shell-Side Pressure Drop.

Example 7-2: Vibration Check for Regenerated Gas Exchanger, 152

Example 7-3: Chlorine Superheater Design, 153 Tube-Side Film Coefficient. Shell-Side Film Coefficient. Shell-Side Pressure Drop. Tube Metal Temperature.

Example 7-4: Asphalt Coating Mix Heater—A Non-Newtonian Fluid Application, 159

Tube-Side Film Coefficient. Shell-Side Film Coefficient. Shell-Side Pressure Drop.

Example 7-5: Zero LMTD Exchanger, 164 Notation, 164 References, 165

Chapter 8 External Loadings on Shell Structures . . . . 167

Methodology, 167 Nozzle Reinforcement, 169

Lifting Lug Design, 171 Example 8-1: Lifting Lug Design and

Location, 174 Notation, 177 References, 177

Appendix A Partial Volumes and Pressure Vessel Calculations 179

Partial Volume of a Cylinder, 179 Partial Volume of a Hemispherical Head, 179 Partial Volumes of Spherically Dished Heads, 180 Partial Volumes of Elliptical Heads, 181 Partial Volumes of Torispherical Heads, 183 Internal Pressure ASME Formulations with

Outside Dimensions, 185 Internal Pressure ASME Formulations with

Inside Dimensions, 186

Appendix В National Wind Design Standards . . . .

Criteria for Determining Wind Speed, 189 Wind Speed Relationships, 190 ANSI A58.1-1982 Wind Categories, 191

Appendix С Properties of Pipe

Insulation Weight Factors, 202 Weights of Piping Materials, 203

189

195

227 Appendix D Conversion Factors

Alphabetical Conversion Factors, 228 Synchronous Speeds, 235 Temperature Conversion, 236 Altitude and Atmospheric Pressures, 237 Pressure Conversion Chart, 238

Index 239

VI