medical microbiology 2 presentation visa
TRANSCRIPT
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SIME DARBY NURSING AND HEALTH
SCIENCES COLLEGE
DIPLOMA IN MEDICAL LABORATORYTECHNOLOGY
JULY 2012 INTAKE
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MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2
MLTC 1222
Salmonella typhi(Serogroup D)
PRESENTED BY VISANATHANDML/0542/12
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HISTORY
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Genus- Salmonella
Was named after Daniel Elmer Salmon, an American
veterinary pathologist (1850-1914)
Theobald Smith was the actual discover of the type
Bacterium (Salmonella enterica var. cholerasuis) in
1985
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Daniel Elmer Salmon
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Theobald Smith
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Species- Salmonella typhi
Typhi got its name from Typhoid fever that caused bythe typhoid bacillus
Typhoid bacillus was 1st
observed by Eberth (1880)and was isolated by Gaffky (1884)
Known as the Eberth Gafky bacillus or Eberthella
typhi
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INTRODUCTION
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Salmonella typhi is only can be found in
human beings
It is a type of bacterium that can cause
typhoid fever in human beings
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CLASSIFICATION
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Kingdom: Eubacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Salmonella
Species: S. typhi
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MORPHOLOGY
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Salmonella typhi
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Salmonella typhi
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Salmonella typhi under microscopic view
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SOURCES OF INFECTION
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Drinking contaminated water
Consuming milk and other types of dairy
products
Meats and meat based products
Household pets
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PATHOGENESIS
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Salmonella typhi infections are a zoonotic disease
meaning that the infection can spread between
animals and people.
Salmonellatyphiis transmitted from animals to
humans and humans to humans by the fecal oral
route.
Salmonellatyphican be passed from one person to
another through poor hygiene. Example,Salmonellatyphican be passed from one person to
another by not properly washing hands after using
the bathroom or after changing a diaper.
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In humans, Salmonella typhi are the cause of
two diseases called Salmonellosis:
Enteric fever (typhoid), resulting from
bacterial invasion of the bloodstream.
Acute gastroenteritis, resulting from a
foodborne infection/intoxication.
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GENETIC VARIATION
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May lose the H antigen and become non motile
Loss of O antigen is associated with the change
from smooth to rough colony
Vi antigens may be lost as partially or completelly
Antigens may be acquired or lost during thetransduction process.
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SPECIMEN COLLECTION
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Main specimens:
Whole blood/Clotted blood
Stool
Urine
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Other specimens:
Bone marrow
Cerebrospinal fluid
Culture of bile obtained by duodenalaspiration
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CULTURE MEDIA
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Salmonella typhi in Macconkey Agar
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Salmonella typhi in Wilson Blair Medium
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Xylose Lysine Deoxychocolate (XDL) Agar
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SEROLOGICAL TESTING
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Widal test
An old serologic assay used to detect IgM and IgG
antibodies to the O and H antigens of Salmonella typhi.
Bacteria causing the typhoid fever are mixed withserum containing specific antibodies obtained from aninfected individual.
The test in unrealiable but widely used in developingcountries due to the low costs.
There are other newer serological methods whichmore sensitive and accurate than Widal test butinfrequently available.
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CONFORMATION ANALYSIS :
BIOCHEMICAL TESTS
SLIDE AGGLUTINATION METHOD
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Indole Test =
Purpose = Biochemical test performed on bacterial species todetermine the ability of the organism to convert
tryptophan into the indole
Results = Negative
Methyl Red Test =
Purpose = Determines whether the microbe performs mixed
acids fermentation when with supplied glucose.
Results = Positive
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Voges Proskaeur Test =
Purpose = Determine whether an organism can produce
acetylmethylcarbinol (acetoin) from
fermentation of glucose.
Results = Negative
Citrate Test =
Purpose = Determine the abilities to ferment certain sugars,
decarboxylate amino acids and utilize citrate.
Results = Positive
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Indole Test
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Methyl Red Test
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Voges-Proskaeur Test
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Simmons Citrate Test
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Slide Agglutination Method =
A small amount of serum is obtained from the
patient's blood sample
Mixed with Salmonella antigens on a slide and
rotated.
Formation of clumps indicates a positive test.
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Prolonged fever
Headache
Muscle pain
Constipation
Nausea
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Vomiting
Diarrhea
Abdominal discomfort
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TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
Treatment :
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Treatment :
Penicillin
Erythromycin
Oxycycline
Etracycline
Intravenous antibiotics
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Preventive antibiotics
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Oral antibiotic
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Prevention :
Frequent hand washing is essential
Eat more fruit and vegetables
Be cautious when consuming foods and drinks
especially from outside (stalls)
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OUTBREAK :
FOOD POISONING IN TANJONG
DAWAI , ALOR SETAR , KEDAH (2013)
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This happened on 28 September 2013 during awedding reception feast.
More than 2000 guests were served withchickens which is contaminated with Salmonellabacteria.
State Health Department director Dr Ismail AbuTaat said Salmonellabacteria was commonlyfound in livestock and the department concluded
that those who prepared the dish failed to cleanthe chicken properly.
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Dr Ismail said earlier investigations revealed that thechicken used for the ayam masak merah dish had been
sent to the host in Kampung Huma a day before thewedding reception.The chicken was sent to the houseon Friday evening but it was only cooked at 4pm thenext day.
This had allowed the bacteria to breed in the chicken.Investigation also revealed that the chicken wascontaminated and gave off a foul smell.
However, those who prepared the dish only removedthe spoiled portion and cook the meat.
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More than 280 guests, including the bride'sfamily, suffered acute food poisoning
symptoms, such as diarrhoea and vomiting,
after the feast.
Four guests died.
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VIDEO :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJdJ4wDF
o7E
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THANK YOU