Medieval EuropeMedieval Europe

Recap over empiresRecap over empires

EgyptGreece

Rome

Holy Roman Empire (west)

Eastern Roman Empire

The Church

The ChurchThe Church

When the Roman Catholic Church first ordained popes, they were good, pious, hard-working men. Over time, like civilizations, those religious leaders became corrupt and abused their power. During

the Middle Ages, the church grew in strength, then abused that power. It wouldn’t be until later that the Roman Catholic Church cleaned up some it’s

more twisted members.

The Role of the ChurchThe Role of the Church Remember that in the Roman Empire (old), Remember that in the Roman Empire (old),

Christianity became accepted.Christianity became accepted. When they split the Roman Empire (old), they When they split the Roman Empire (old), they

split the church too. split the church too. There was a ranking system among the clergyThere was a ranking system among the clergy

POPE – from the Latin word papa, meaning father

Archbishop Archbishop

Bishop of a Diocese Bishop of a Diocese Bishop of a Diocese

Priest of a Parish

Bishop of a Diocese

Priest of a Parish

Priest of a Parish

Priest of a Parish

Priest of a Parish

Priest of a Parish

Priest of a Parish

Priest of a Parish

Some history of the ChurchSome history of the Church

The bishop of Rome claimed he was the The bishop of Rome claimed he was the leader of the church because Jesus gave leader of the church because Jesus gave Peter the keys to Heaven. Peter was Peter the keys to Heaven. Peter was considered the chief apostle and the first considered the chief apostle and the first bishop of Rome. Later, the bishops that bishop of Rome. Later, the bishops that succeeded him were called Popes.succeeded him were called Popes.

People couldn’t agree on how much power People couldn’t agree on how much power the Pope had.the Pope had.

Gregory I strengthened the power of the papacy. He Gregory I strengthened the power of the papacy. He took over Rome and the surrounding areas and took over Rome and the surrounding areas and converted people via the monastic movement.converted people via the monastic movement. Monasticism – the practice of living the life of a Monasticism – the practice of living the life of a

monk (a man who separates himself from the world monk (a man who separates himself from the world to get closer to God) by emphasizing prayer and to get closer to God) by emphasizing prayer and physical labor. Jobs available to monks: heroes of physical labor. Jobs available to monks: heroes of Christian civilization, social workers, teachers of Christian civilization, social workers, teachers of centers of learning, and missionary work.centers of learning, and missionary work.

Women who lived the same kind of life were called Women who lived the same kind of life were called nuns.nuns.

The SplitThe SplitIn the early 11In the early 11thth century, problems grew century, problems grew between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern Church Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern Church would not accept the pope because he was in would not accept the pope because he was in Rome, not out west. In 1054 Pope Leo IX (of Rome, not out west. In 1054 Pope Leo IX (of Rome) and Patriarch Michael Cerularius (of Rome) and Patriarch Michael Cerularius (of Constantinople) excommunicated Constantinople) excommunicated each each other. This caused a other. This caused a schism between the two schism between the two branches.branches.

Papal Monarchy• Since the popes had control over the Papal States, they were involved in politics. The Church became increasingly involved in the feudal system. Bishops saw their offices as presents from the nobles and therefore cared little about spiritual duties.

• By the eleventh century Church leaders realized the need to be free from the interference of lords when choosing clergy. Pope Gregory VII

decided to fight the practice of lay investiture

New clergy were given a ring and a staff as symbols of authority. Secular officials began granting this investiture. Pope Gregory VII wanted to stop this. Only then could the Church regain its freedom, the sole right to appoint clergy and run its own affairs. If secular rulers wouldn’t accept this, then the pope would remove them. Gregory VII believed the pope’s authority extended over all rulers.

Gregory VII fought with Henry IV over lay investiture. Gregory VII stated forbiddance. This became known as the Investiture Controversy

In 1122, the Concordat of Worms was agreed upon. Church officials first elected the German bishop. The bishop would then pay respects to the king. The king would then invest that bishop with the symbols of earthly office. A representative of the pope then invested the bishop with symbols of his spiritual office.

The twelfth-century popes were most interested in strengthening their papal power. The Catholic Church reached the height of its political power during the papacy of Pope Innocent III.

He believed the pope was the supreme judge and ruler of European affairs.

He loved to use the interdict. When people lost the comforts of religion, they would apply pressure on their ruler to do whatever it was that the pope wanted.

New Religious OrdersA wave of religious enthusiasm seized Europe in the first half of the twelfth century and led to a spectacular growth in the number of monasteries and new orders.

Cistercians – founded by a group of disgruntled Benedictine monks, 1098. Strict and active.

Women joined in record numbers as nuns. 1200’s -

• Franciscans founded by Saint Francis of Assisi. Goal was to abandon material pursuits and preach poverty. Simplicity, joy, and love attracted followers. They rejected all property and lived by working and begging by food.

• Dominicans founded by Dominic de Guzman to defend Church teachings from heresy by living in poverty and preaching effectively.

Inquisition was used to deal with heretics. Confessors were flogged. After 1252, those who didn’t confess were tortured. For these people, using force to save souls was the right thing to do because heresy was a crime against God, and people’s salvation hung in the balance.

Popular religion Sacraments were important because it was the means

to receive God’s grace. Since clergy were the only ones who could give it, that made people dependent on them.

Saints were important because they held a special place in heaven and you could ask favors of them.

Relics were important and were worshipped because it was believed that they offered a connection between the earthly world and God.

It was believed that pilgrimages to a holy shrine produced spiritual benefits. Jerusalem was the greatest site, Rome had relics of Saints Peter and Paul, and the Spanish town of Santiago de Compostela where the Apostle James is supposedly buried, are all important.

The Decline of the ChurchThe Roman Catholic popes reached the height of their

power in the 1200’s, but then they faced problems. Kings grew unwilling to accept the papal claims of

supremacy. King Philip IV claimed he could tax the clergy. Pope Boniface VIII said the clergy needed his permission, so the king had him arrested. The pope escapes, but dies. So King Philip gets a Frenchman, Clement V, elected pope.

Popes lost prestige due to Clement living in France and the splendor in which he lived.

Splitting the papacy wasn’t smart. At risk for their lives, Rome chose a Italian pope, but France refused him and chose their own. This divided Europe politically, and ruined people’s faith in the papacy

These crisis in the catholic Church led to cries for an end to the clergy’s corruption and the papacy’s excessive power. By the early 1400’s, the Church had lost much of its political and spiritual power.

Recap over governmentRecap over government

Hammurabi’s Code, the first written law, talked about an eye for an eye.

In Greece, they let everyone vote in a democracy.

In Rome (a republic), they chose representatives to choose the leader. Don’t

forget the Law of Nations.

Thanks to invaders, and several governments that apparently didn’t work, single strong rulers took power. The new government is called feudalism.

Rulers and Leaders of Western Rulers and Leaders of Western EuropeEurope

The Germans…The Germans… Remember the Visigoths that attacked Rome when it Remember the Visigoths that attacked Rome when it

fell? Well, Visigoths were German, and the Germans fell? Well, Visigoths were German, and the Germans took power.took power.

The longest lasting German kingdom was the Franks, The longest lasting German kingdom was the Franks, ruled by Clovis – he converted to Christianity due to a ruled by Clovis – he converted to Christianity due to a plea with Jesusplea with Jesus

Culture:Culture: Germans and Romans intermarriedGermans and Romans intermarried Extended families (unlike American & Roman laws, Extended families (unlike American & Roman laws,

crimes were personal instead of against the state) crimes were personal instead of against the state) allowed for blood feudsallowed for blood feuds• Wergild – wrongdoes pays injured party’s family $$ to Wergild – wrongdoes pays injured party’s family $$ to

avoid feudavoid feud• Ordeal – physical act to determine guilt – the gods Ordeal – physical act to determine guilt – the gods

wouldn’t let an innocent person be hurtwouldn’t let an innocent person be hurt

Charles the Great/ Charlemagne supported Charles the Great/ Charlemagne supported learninglearning. His prompting renewed interest in . His prompting renewed interest in Latin culture and Latin culture and classical works of classical works of

Greece and Rome. Greece and Rome. Benedictine monks Benedictine monks

copied Christian and copied Christian and classical Latin classical Latin manuscripts throughout manuscripts throughout

the Middle Ages.the Middle Ages.

Charles the Great/ Charlemagne Charles the Great/ Charlemagne expanded the Frankish kingdom and expanded the Frankish kingdom and administered the administered the missi dominicimissi dominici to make to make sure people followed his orders.sure people followed his orders.

He was crowned emperor of the Romans. He was crowned emperor of the Romans. This testifies to the enduring nature of the idea This testifies to the enduring nature of the idea of the Roman Empire. of the Roman Empire. The coronation also The coronation also symbolized the coming together of the symbolized the coming together of the Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements Roman, Christian, and Germanic elements that forged European that forged European civilization.civilization. The The spiritual spiritual leader of western leader of western Christendom – the pope – Christendom – the pope – had crowned a Germanic had crowned a Germanic king Roman emperor.king Roman emperor.

The French…The French… What we know as France today was carved out What we know as France today was carved out

of Frankish (Germany) and English lands.of Frankish (Germany) and English lands. Hugh Capet was the first French king, but his Hugh Capet was the first French king, but his

power included only the area around Paris.power included only the area around Paris. The French monarchy’s power grew under King The French monarchy’s power grew under King

Philip II Augustus because he took lands away Philip II Augustus because he took lands away from England (increase of income and power).from England (increase of income and power).

Philip the Fair expanded the bureaucracy, began Philip the Fair expanded the bureaucracy, began the first French parliament by meeting with the first French parliament by meeting with representatives of the three classes (estates).representatives of the three classes (estates).

Germany + France + Italy = Holy Germany + France + Italy = Holy Roman Empire??Roman Empire??

Frederick I considered Italy the center of a “holy Frederick I considered Italy the center of a “holy empire,” hence the name Holy Roman Empire. He empire,” hence the name Holy Roman Empire. He tried to rule both German and Italian lands, but Italian tried to rule both German and Italian lands, but Italian cities and the pope unified against him.cities and the pope unified against him.

The struggle between popes and emperors had The struggle between popes and emperors had profound effects on the Holy Roman Empire. With the profound effects on the Holy Roman Empire. With the emperor gone to war, the German nobles created emperor gone to war, the German nobles created many independent states & the German monarch many independent states & the German monarch could not maintain a strong monarchycould not maintain a strong monarchy

The French philosopher Voltaire observed The French philosopher Voltaire observed ironically that the Holy Roman Empire was not ironically that the Holy Roman Empire was not holy, Roman, or an empire. What do you think holy, Roman, or an empire. What do you think

he meant?he meant?

Rulers and Leaders of Eastern Rulers and Leaders of Eastern EuropeEurope

Eastern Europe & the SlavsEastern Europe & the Slavs

Western (Roman Western (Roman Catholic)Catholic)

Southern (linked Southern (linked to Byzantine state)to Byzantine state) Eastern Eastern

Polish kingdom (Slavs)

Croats – Roman Catholic Church

Ukraine

Bohemia kingdom (Czech)

Serbs – Eastern Orthodox

Russia

Hungary Bulgarians – Eastern Orthodox

RussiaRussia Vikings arrived for plunder and tradeVikings arrived for plunder and trade Viking leader Oleg created Kiev and as it Viking leader Oleg created Kiev and as it

grew, it attracted people.grew, it attracted people. The Vikings called the native people Rus – The Vikings called the native people Rus –

that’s where we got the name Russia.that’s where we got the name Russia.

So here’s a song. What does it have to do So here’s a song. What does it have to do with this unit?with this unit?

Immigrant SongImmigrant SongWritten by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant; Performed by Led ZepplinWritten by Jimmy Page and Robert Plant; Performed by Led Zepplin

Ah, ah…Ah, ah…

We come from the land of the ice and snow,We come from the land of the ice and snow,

from the midnight sun where the hot springs blow.from the midnight sun where the hot springs blow.

The hammer of the godsThe hammer of the gods

Will drive our ships to new lands,Will drive our ships to new lands,

To fight the horde, singing and crying:To fight the horde, singing and crying:

Valhalla, I am coming!Valhalla, I am coming!

On we sweep with threshing oar,On we sweep with threshing oar,

Our only goal will be the western shore.Our only goal will be the western shore.

Ah, ah…Ah, ah…

We come from the land of the ice and snow,We come from the land of the ice and snow,

from the midnight sun where the hot springs blow.from the midnight sun where the hot springs blow.

How soft your fields so green,How soft your fields so green,

Can whisper tales of gore,Can whisper tales of gore,

Of how we calmed the tides of war.Of how we calmed the tides of war.

We are your overlords.We are your overlords.

On we sweep with threshing oar,On we sweep with threshing oar,

Our only goal will be the western shore.Our only goal will be the western shore.

So now you’d better stop and rebuild all your ruins,So now you’d better stop and rebuild all your ruins,

For peace and trust can win the dayFor peace and trust can win the day

Despite of all your losing.Despite of all your losing.

Kiev attracted Byzantine missionaries and Kiev attracted Byzantine missionaries and the ruler Vladimir accepted Eastern the ruler Vladimir accepted Eastern Orthodox Christianity for himself and his Orthodox Christianity for himself and his people in 988. people in 988.

Kiev fell in 1169 due to civil wars and Kiev fell in 1169 due to civil wars and invasions. Mongols conquered Russia, invasions. Mongols conquered Russia, and required the princes to pay tribute. and required the princes to pay tribute.

JustinianJustinian Became emperor of the Eastern Roman Became emperor of the Eastern Roman

Empire in 527, even though he wanted Empire in 527, even though he wanted to restore the full Roman Empire.to restore the full Roman Empire.

His most important contribution was his His most important contribution was his codification of Roman law in the Body codification of Roman law in the Body of Civil Law. It became the basis for of Civil Law. It became the basis for much of the legal system of Europemuch of the legal system of Europe..

He rebuilt Constantinople in 532 after riots had destroyed He rebuilt Constantinople in 532 after riots had destroyed most of the city. It was the most of the city. It was the

largest largest city in Europe during the city in Europe during the Middle Middle Ages and was the chief Ages and was the chief center for center for trading goods. He also trading goods. He also built the built the Hagia Sophia. Hagia Sophia.

Justinian’s conquests left the Eastern Roman Justinian’s conquests left the Eastern Roman Empire in serious trouble…Empire in serious trouble… Too much territory far from ConstantinopleToo much territory far from Constantinople An empty treasuryAn empty treasury Population decline (plague)Population decline (plague) Renewed threats along frontierRenewed threats along frontier Islam (unified attack force)Islam (unified attack force)

Justinian’s empire was stripped down, and the Justinian’s empire was stripped down, and the eastern Balkans and Asia Minor that was left eastern Balkans and Asia Minor that was left was called the Byzantine Empirewas called the Byzantine Empire

Byzantine EmpireByzantine Empire The empire expanded due to the trade of its leaders, The empire expanded due to the trade of its leaders,

the Macedonians.the Macedonians. The empire fell due to incompetent successors, The empire fell due to incompetent successors,

internal struggles, the schism between the Eastern internal struggles, the schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, and external threats.and external threats.

The Seljuk Turks The Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantine defeated Byzantine forces, and Emperor forces, and Emperor Alexius I turned to Alexius I turned to Europe for help, causing Europe for help, causing the Crusades.the Crusades.

The CrusadesThe Crusades From 1000-1200, European Christians went on a series of From 1000-1200, European Christians went on a series of

military campaigns (we call them the Crusades) to regain the military campaigns (we call them the Crusades) to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.Holy Land from the Muslims.

They started when Pope Urban II agree to Alexius I’s request to They started when Pope Urban II agree to Alexius I’s request to help against the Turks (Muslims).help against the Turks (Muslims).

The pope agreed because it would provide papal leadership. The pope agreed because it would provide papal leadership. At the council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II urged At the council of Clermont in 1095, Pope Urban II urged

Christians to take up arms in a holy war.Christians to take up arms in a holy war. Fighters joined because: Fighters joined because:

1) some were moved by the cause 1) some were moved by the cause 2) others were moved by adventure 2) others were moved by adventure 3) the prospect of fighting 3) the prospect of fighting 4) the opportunity to gain territory, riches, or even a title.4) the opportunity to gain territory, riches, or even a title.

The First Crusade - An army of several thousand The First Crusade - An army of several thousand cavalry and 10,000 infantry took Jerusalem in cavalry and 10,000 infantry took Jerusalem in 1099, massacring thousands. Four Latin crusader 1099, massacring thousands. Four Latin crusader states were formed, and states were formed, and were surrounded by were surrounded by Muslims. These Muslims. These kingdoms depended kingdoms depended on supplies from on supplies from Europe to survive. Europe to survive. That means ChristiansThat means Christianswonwon..

The Second Crusade – By the 1140’s, the The Second Crusade – By the 1140’s, the Muslims began to strike back. A Latin Muslims began to strike back. A Latin state fell, and Saint Bernard of Clairvaux state fell, and Saint Bernard of Clairvaux got King Louis VII (France) and Emperor got King Louis VII (France) and Emperor Conrad III (Germany) to help in the Conrad III (Germany) to help in the Second Crusade. They failed miserably.Second Crusade. They failed miserably.

The Third Crusade – In 1187, Jerusalem fell to The Third Crusade – In 1187, Jerusalem fell to the Muslims under Saladin, prompting the Third the Muslims under Saladin, prompting the Third Crusade. Three Christian rulers wanted to help Crusade. Three Christian rulers wanted to help out: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, out: Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Richard I of England, and Philip Richard I of England, and Philip II II Augustus of France. Augustus of France. Frederick drowned, Philip went Frederick drowned, Philip went home home and Richard negotiated and Richard negotiated an agreement. an agreement. They did not They did not win, but pilgrims were win, but pilgrims were allowed allowed access to Jerusalem access to Jerusalem..

The Fourth Crusade – in 1199, The Fourth Crusade – in 1199, Pope Innocent Pope Innocent III started another crusade.III started another crusade. Venetian leaders Venetian leaders used this situation to weaken their largest used this situation to weaken their largest competitorcompetitor, the Byzantine Empire, , the Byzantine Empire, concerning concerning tradetrade. They sacked Constantinople in 1204. . They sacked Constantinople in 1204. The Byzantine army recaptured the city in The Byzantine army recaptured the city in 1261, but it was never a superpower again. 1261, but it was never a superpower again. The Ottoman Turks then conquer the area in The Ottoman Turks then conquer the area in 1453.1453.

The two “children crusades” started in The two “children crusades” started in 1212 when thousands of German children 1212 when thousands of German children petitioned the pope to lead them to the petitioned the pope to lead them to the Holy Land. The pope sent them home. Holy Land. The pope sent them home. Twenty thousand French children sailed to Twenty thousand French children sailed to the Holy Land about the same time. Two the Holy Land about the same time. Two ships went down at sea, and the ships went down at sea, and the remainder were sold into slavery in Africa.remainder were sold into slavery in Africa.

People disagree on the effects of the CrusadesPeople disagree on the effects of the Crusades They They benefitted some Italian cities economicallybenefitted some Italian cities economically, ,

but then again, it should have happened anyway.but then again, it should have happened anyway. It was the It was the firstfirst widespread European widespread European attacks on attacks on

the Jewsthe Jews.. Politically, it helped Politically, it helped break down feudalismbreak down feudalism..

CastlesCastles

Battle of Hastings - 1066. France Battle of Hastings - 1066. France (William of Normandy) (William of Normandy) invades England, invades England, and England lost.and England lost. With this win, came the With this win, came the improvement of castles and the dominance improvement of castles and the dominance of France and their more sophisticated of France and their more sophisticated governmentsgovernments

http://fc.burlesonisd.net/~hwillson/

The Hundred Years’ WarThe Hundred Years’ War In addition to economic crises, plague, and the In addition to economic crises, plague, and the

decline of the Church, political instability was decline of the Church, political instability was also a problem.also a problem.

Remember that England still held a little of Remember that England still held a little of continental France. King Philip VI of France continental France. King Philip VI of France wanted it back, King Edward III of England wanted it back, King Edward III of England didn’t agree, so war was declared in 1337 till didn’t agree, so war was declared in 1337 till 1453.1453.

The war began as an explosion of knightly The war began as an explosion of knightly enthusiasm. (the guys on horses) It was a turning enthusiasm. (the guys on horses) It was a turning point in warfare though because peasant foot soldiers point in warfare though because peasant foot soldiers won the chief battles.won the chief battles.

English foot soldiers were armed not only with pikes, English foot soldiers were armed not only with pikes, but the longbow, which replaced the crossbow. It but the longbow, which replaced the crossbow. It went farther, faster, and more accurately.went farther, faster, and more accurately.

The cannon was made possible by the invention of The cannon was made possible by the invention of gunpowder.gunpowder.

English dominance: first major battle at Crecy in 1346 won by English dominance: first major battle at Crecy in 1346 won by English archers. Henry V was eager to push forward. In 1415 at English archers. Henry V was eager to push forward. In 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt, England won.the Battle of Agincourt, England won.

French king Charles was convinced that French king Charles was convinced that Joan of Arc Joan of Arc was deeply was deeply religious and had visions from saints demanding she free France. religious and had visions from saints demanding she free France. Inspired by Joan, France captured Orleans. She was captured in Inspired by Joan, France captured Orleans. She was captured in

1430 and 1430 and was tried in the was tried in the Inquisition for Inquisition for witchcraftwitchcraft. She was . She was condemned as a heretic and condemned as a heretic and

executed. She still executed. She still inspired inspired France, which defeated France, which defeated England at Normandy and England at Normandy and Aquitaine and Aquitaine and

won the war won the war in 1453in 1453. .

Political RecoveryPolitical Recovery

The 1300’s European monarchies The 1300’s European monarchies experienced many difficulties over experienced many difficulties over succession and finances. The 1400’s saw succession and finances. The 1400’s saw a recovery of the centralized power of a recovery of the centralized power of monarchies, however. Some historians monarchies, however. Some historians refer to these reestablished states as the refer to these reestablished states as the new monarchies. This term applies new monarchies. This term applies especially to France, England, and Spain.especially to France, England, and Spain.

FranceFrance

France was weak after the Hundred Years France was weak after the Hundred Years war. The kings used the new national war. The kings used the new national feeling to reestablish royal power.feeling to reestablish royal power.

King Louis XI increased the useKing Louis XI increased the useof taille – an annual tax on of taille – an annual tax on property or landproperty or land

EnglandEngland

The Hundred Years War The Hundred Years War

strained England’s economy.strained England’s economy. War of Roses broke out – War of Roses broke out –

nobles tried to control the monarchy unit nobles tried to control the monarchy unit 1485, when Henry Tudor (Henry VII) 1485, when Henry Tudor (Henry VII) established a new dynasty.established a new dynasty.

Henry VII abolished the nobles’ private Henry VII abolished the nobles’ private armies, and did not overtax the nobles or armies, and did not overtax the nobles or middle class.middle class.

SpainSpain Muslims had conquered much of Spain by 725, Muslims had conquered much of Spain by 725,

even though many Christian rulers had tried to win even though many Christian rulers had tried to win it back.it back.

When Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of When Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, it was a big step towards unifying Aragon in 1469, it was a big step towards unifying power in Spain.power in Spain.

They adopted Catholicism, They adopted Catholicism, and in 1492, expelled all and in 1492, expelled all Jews from Spain. Muslims Jews from Spain. Muslims were “encouraged” to con- were “encouraged” to con- vert to Catholicism. Within vert to Catholicism. Within a few years, they too were a few years, they too were expelled.expelled.

otherother The Holy Roman Empire did not develop a strong The Holy Roman Empire did not develop a strong

monarchical authority. After 1438, the Hapsburg monarchical authority. After 1438, the Hapsburg dynasty held the position of Holy Roman emperor. By dynasty held the position of Holy Roman emperor. By the mid-1400’s century, these wealthy rulers were the mid-1400’s century, these wealthy rulers were playing an important role in Europe.playing an important role in Europe.

Religious differences made it hard for rulers in eastern Religious differences made it hard for rulers in eastern Europe to unify their states. In Poland, the nobles Europe to unify their states. In Poland, the nobles established the right to elect their king, which established the right to elect their king, which weakened the monarchy. weakened the monarchy.

Gradually the princes of Moscow gained power from Gradually the princes of Moscow gained power from the Mongols. The great prince Ivan III established a the Mongols. The great prince Ivan III established a new Russian state. By 1480, he had thrown off the new Russian state. By 1480, he had thrown off the yoke of the Mongols.yoke of the Mongols.

Society and Culture

The Manorial System (social classes)

Lords owned manors and had legal rights over serfs (their permission was needed to marry or leave the manor, as well as try serfs in home courts).

Vassals owed their military allegiance to their lord in the hope of receiving land gifts.

Serfs (about 60% of the population) were legally bound to the land. They would work the lord’s share and their own share. They also had to pay to use pasture lands, fishing ponds and to grind one’s grain. Serfs were not slaves – their land could not be taken away, and the lord was obliged to protect his serfs

Serfs & peasants

Vassals & knights

lords

King/Pope

Compare the feudal

manor to the plantation of

the antebellum South in the

United States.

Daily Life - farm Little privacy Small homes Life & work were

decided by the season. Catholic feast days

broke up work. Church was crucial. Women worked the fields, had children and managed

the household. Diet included dark breads, vegetables, and meat only on

feast days. They drank ale.

What do you think is the most fundamental difference between life for the medieval peasant and life for the small farmer in the United States?

Agriculture

•The number of people almost doubled in Europe between 1000 and 1300 because of increased stability and peace enabling increased food production.

• Food production increased because of a climate change and more land was cleared for cultivation. Europe had more farmland in 1200 than it does today. Technological changes like water and wind power, iron use in axes, hoes, and hammers helped. The wheeled plow pulled by animals was invented, along with the horseshoe. The use of a three-field system of crop rotation helped as well.

Universities The modern-day university is a product of the High

Middle Ages. The word university comes from the Latin universitas, meaning “corporation” or “guild.” Medieval universities were guilds that produced educated and trained individuals.

First university – Bologna, Italy First university in Northern Europe – University of

Paris. Students left this school though, and founded Oxford, in England.

Over 80 universities by 1500 Taught the traditional liberal arts through lecture – no written exams Women did not attend

Scholasticism Theology was the most highly regarded subject at

medieval universities. Scholasticism - a philosophical & theological

system. To harmonize Christian teachings with Greek philosophy

Greek philosophical ideas of Aristotle (brought by Muslim and Jewish scholars)

Saint Thomas Aquinas combined the knowledge through Scripture with the knowledge through reason and experience. His method of investigation first posed a question, then cited sources offering opposing opinions and then reconciling them and arriving at his own conclusions.

Literature

Latin was the universal language By 1100, vernacular writings appeared –

especially Spanish or English Most popular – poetry, chanson de geste

(heroic epic describing battles and political contests)

Architecture- Originally churches built in Romanesque

style, but later in Gothic style- Romanesque – stone Roofs, massive

pillars, Little windows, dark, arched windows & doors

Gothic – replaced barrel vault with ribbed vaults and pointed arches allowing more height; flying buttress supported the stone, allowing bigger windows with stained glass

Daily Life - city Houses were close to each other with narrow streets.

Fire was a great danger. In general, the environment was unpleasant There were baths (like from Rome), but they were

closed due to the plagues of the 1300’s. There were more men than women. Cities became important manufacturing centers.

Guilds arose. They set quality standards, specified methods of production and fixed the prices on goods.

A person who wanted to learn a trade first became an apprentice at about age 10. They received room and board but no pay. After about 5-7 years, apprentices became journeymen and could be paid. To eventually become a master, a journeymen had to produce a masterpiece and that piece was also their ticket into the guild.

Cities Trade led to the revival of cities. Merchants

began to settle in the old Roman cities. Artisans followed.

New cities and towns were also founded. Merchants built near a castle for trade and the lord’s protection. Walls were built for protection. Cities were small.

The merchants and artisans of these cities later came to be called the bourgeoisie.

Towns were tied to lords, and the lords wanted to treat the townspeople as serfs, but that didn’t go over. Cities eventually develop their own governments where patricians usually ruled.

Trade From 1000 to 1100, trade was revived due to fairs

held six times a year, and with it, the growth of cities became apparent.

In Italy, there was Venice. Venice traded mostly in the Mediterranean.

Farther north, Flanders traded woolen cloth in northern Europe

Demand for gold and silver rose. A money economy arose to replace the pervious barter economy. New practices of trading companies and banks allowed for commercial capitalism – an economic system in which people invest in trade and goods to make profit.

Don’t forget about the Silk Road

Bubonic PlagueBubonic Plague Fleas, riding on rats and other furry Fleas, riding on rats and other furry

animals, traveled from China, along the animals, traveled from China, along the Silk Road, to Europe.Silk Road, to Europe.

1347-13511347-1351

Many people believed the plague was a Many people believed the plague was a punishment sent by God for their sins or was punishment sent by God for their sins or was caused by the devilcaused by the devil. . The plague led to an outbreak of anti-Semitism, with The plague led to an outbreak of anti-Semitism, with

persecution being the worst in Germany.persecution being the worst in Germany. Some people thought Some people thought

the plague was caused the plague was caused by Jewsby Jews poisoning their poisoning their towns’ wells. So towns’ wells. So Jews Jews fled to Polandfled to Poland, where , where the king protected them.the king protected them.

The death of so many people had strong The death of so many people had strong economic consequenceseconomic consequences:: Trade declined (not as many people to buy)Trade declined (not as many people to buy) Price of labor rose (shortage of workers)Price of labor rose (shortage of workers) Lowered demand of food (falling prices)Lowered demand of food (falling prices)

Landlords paid more for labor than they took in Landlords paid more for labor than they took in from rent. So serfs and peasants bargained to from rent. So serfs and peasants bargained to pay rent instead of owing services. This change pay rent instead of owing services. This change in effect freed them from serfdom, which had in effect freed them from serfdom, which had been declining throughout the High Middle Ages.been declining throughout the High Middle Ages.

200’s – Germanic people move into Roman territory

By 500, the Western Roman Empire was ruled by German kings. Also, Clovis converts to Christianity.

590-604 Pope Gregory I strengthens the power of

the papacy.

768-814 Charlemagne

rules

Mid 800’s Vikings began to settle areas of Europe

911 Vikings given Normandy by Frankish ruler

800-900 feudalism emerges & lasts for

400 years

500-1000 Early Middle Ages

987- Capet, the first French king

988- Vladimir accepts Eastern

Orthodox Christianity for himself and his

people.

527 – Justinian becomes emperor of

Eastern Roman Empire

532- Constantinople rebuilt by Justinian

1867- Macedonians begin ruling Byzantine

Empire725 – Muslims conquered most of Spain

1000-1300 High Middle Ages

1066 Battle of Hastings

1154-1189 Henry II increases power of monarchy & sets up jury

1180-1223 Philip II Augustus empowers Fr

1215 Magna Carta signed by King John

1169- Kiev, the 1st Russian state, falls

1453- end of the Byzantine Empire;

Ottoman Turks conquer Byzantine

Empire

1081- the end of Macedonian rule of Byzantine Empire

1054- Pope Leo IX & Patriarch Cerularius

excommunicate each other

1000-1200 the Crusades;

1000-1300 population

doubles

1095- Pope Urban II urges

Christians to take up arms in a holy war

1099- Christians win Jerusalem in the First Crusade

1187- Jerusalem falls to the Muslims, Second

Crusade

1199- Pope Innocent III starts 4th Crusade

1204- Constantinople

sacked

1212- the Children’s Crusade

1300’s- Public baths close due

to plague.

1122- Concordant of Worms

1305-1377 The Pope lives in Avignon,

France.

1378-1417 Europe split between the

popes of Rome and Avignon.

1400’s – the Church

has lost most of its

power

1347-1351 Black Death

1337-1453 Hundred Years War

1429 Joan of Arc helps France

1485 Tudor Dynasty begins

1492 Jews expelled from Spain