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9 M

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19

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ards

a su

stai

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le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

WP5 ndash Sustainability assessment of rice production in Mediterranean areas

Environmental indicators to evaluate the impact of irrigation solutions on the environment

LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) Approch

Brief introduction by Dr Jacopo Bacenetti (UMIL)

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19

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Tow

ards

a su

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ater

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in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

WP5 ndash Sustainability assessment of rice production in Mediterranean areas

LCA

bull Defined by specific ISO standards is

the most widely accepted method

to evaluate the environmental

effects related to a production

process It considers the whole life

cycle of the products from the

extraction of raw materials to the

management of the produced

wastes

OUTPUT OF A LCA STUDY

The environmental labels such as Carbon

footprint amp Water footprint are assessed

by applying LCA

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ff m

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7-2

9 M

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19

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DW

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ER

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Tow

ards

a su

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nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Raw material extraction

manufacturing

distribution

use

Re-use recycling recovery

Waste management

Rawmaterials

Principalproduct

Energy

Water

Co-products

Waste

Emissions

INPUT OUTPUT

THE STRUCTURE

The mass and energy flows between the systems and the

environment must be identified and quantified

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ff m

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Tow

ards

a su

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le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

4 STEPS OF LCA

RESU

LTS IN

TERPRETATIO

N

GOAL AND

SCOPE

DEFINITION

ENVIRONMENT

AL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT

INVENTORY

ANALYSIS

1 - GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION

Definition of the aim of the study as

well as of the system boundary and

functional unit

2 ndash INVENTORY ANALYSIS

Collection of data regarding inputs and outputs

of both the system and the environment and of

the different steps of the system

3 ndash ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Conversion of the inventory data in few numeric

indexes of environmental impact (thanks to

specific characterisation factors)

4 ndashRESULTS INTERPRETATION

Identification of the environmental hotsposts

and comparison

WHEN

LCA

TO QUANTIFY the environmental impact of a productservice and TO

IDENTIFY the environmental hotspots (processes mainly responsible of the

total impact)

TO COMPARE the environemntal impact of different products or different

technological solutions

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9 M

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19

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

The FU IDENTIFIES the function of the system providing a reference to which

the inputs and outputs are related

ALLOWS

Comparability among different studies

BASED ON

the function and not always on the

amount of product

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for

use as a reference unitrdquo

THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

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ards

a su

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le w

ater

use

in

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iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Agricultural systems

FU 1 ha (eg to compare two different soil tillage

carried out with different machines) AREA

FU amount of product (eg to compare two crops with

different yield) MASS

FU mass of product corrected for its laquoqualityraquo (eg 1

kg of Milk corrected for protein and fat content) QUALITY

WHY FAT AND PROTEIN

Because the milk is usually used to produce cheese and

the caseification yield (kg of cheesekg of milk) depends

on the protein and fat content

Rice cultivation

FU amount of product (1 ton1 kg at

commercial moisture) Rice production

considering the whole

production process

FU amount of product

(1 kg packed)

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for use as a

reference unitrdquo

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ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

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19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition SYSTEM BOUNDARY

WHAT IS INCLUDED

WHAT IS EXCLUDED

Define which processes are included in the

study

Helpful to include a process flow diagram

ldquofrom gate

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to graverdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

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19

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DW

AT

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II INVENTORY DATA

1 Data collection concerning (input andoutput) of the evaluated productionsystems Depends on system boundarybecause the data must be collected for allthe stages included in the system boundaryand between the system and theenvironemnt

bull INPUTSRaw materials energy water prod factors bull OUTPUTS waste emissions into atmosphere productsand coproducts

1 It is a list of inputs (production factors)and outputs (products co-products but ALSOemissions

2 It is the the most important step withoutreliable and consistent inventory data theenvironmental results will not trustfull

3 It is time and money consuming4 Site specific data above all for agriculturalprocesses where pedo-climatic conditionsdeeply affect the emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

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19

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ER

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

MeasurementInterviews

surveys

Experimental

tests

Primary data (best option)

Database LiteratureEstimates amp

calculation

Secondary data (substitute the primary data)

RICE cultivation consumption of seeds fertilisers use of tractorsetchellip TO ASSESSE THE IMPACT OF RICE SHOULD I ASSESS ALSO THEIMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION FACTORS

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

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19

ME

DW

AT

ER

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

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g2

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19

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

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k o

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9 M

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19

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Tow

ards

a su

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le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

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19

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Tow

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Med

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ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

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EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

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EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

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EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

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19

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Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

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ro-e

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MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

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7-2

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19

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in

Med

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ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

WP5 ndash Sustainability assessment of rice production in Mediterranean areas

LCA

bull Defined by specific ISO standards is

the most widely accepted method

to evaluate the environmental

effects related to a production

process It considers the whole life

cycle of the products from the

extraction of raw materials to the

management of the produced

wastes

OUTPUT OF A LCA STUDY

The environmental labels such as Carbon

footprint amp Water footprint are assessed

by applying LCA

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

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nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Raw material extraction

manufacturing

distribution

use

Re-use recycling recovery

Waste management

Rawmaterials

Principalproduct

Energy

Water

Co-products

Waste

Emissions

INPUT OUTPUT

THE STRUCTURE

The mass and energy flows between the systems and the

environment must be identified and quantified

Kic

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ff m

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g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

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Tow

ards

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Med

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e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

4 STEPS OF LCA

RESU

LTS IN

TERPRETATIO

N

GOAL AND

SCOPE

DEFINITION

ENVIRONMENT

AL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT

INVENTORY

ANALYSIS

1 - GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION

Definition of the aim of the study as

well as of the system boundary and

functional unit

2 ndash INVENTORY ANALYSIS

Collection of data regarding inputs and outputs

of both the system and the environment and of

the different steps of the system

3 ndash ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Conversion of the inventory data in few numeric

indexes of environmental impact (thanks to

specific characterisation factors)

4 ndashRESULTS INTERPRETATION

Identification of the environmental hotsposts

and comparison

WHEN

LCA

TO QUANTIFY the environmental impact of a productservice and TO

IDENTIFY the environmental hotspots (processes mainly responsible of the

total impact)

TO COMPARE the environemntal impact of different products or different

technological solutions

Kic

k o

ff m

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g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

The FU IDENTIFIES the function of the system providing a reference to which

the inputs and outputs are related

ALLOWS

Comparability among different studies

BASED ON

the function and not always on the

amount of product

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for

use as a reference unitrdquo

THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Kic

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ff m

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9 M

ay

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19

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DW

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Tow

ards

a su

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in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Agricultural systems

FU 1 ha (eg to compare two different soil tillage

carried out with different machines) AREA

FU amount of product (eg to compare two crops with

different yield) MASS

FU mass of product corrected for its laquoqualityraquo (eg 1

kg of Milk corrected for protein and fat content) QUALITY

WHY FAT AND PROTEIN

Because the milk is usually used to produce cheese and

the caseification yield (kg of cheesekg of milk) depends

on the protein and fat content

Rice cultivation

FU amount of product (1 ton1 kg at

commercial moisture) Rice production

considering the whole

production process

FU amount of product

(1 kg packed)

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for use as a

reference unitrdquo

Kic

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ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition SYSTEM BOUNDARY

WHAT IS INCLUDED

WHAT IS EXCLUDED

Define which processes are included in the

study

Helpful to include a process flow diagram

ldquofrom gate

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to graverdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

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tin

g2

7-2

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20

19

ME

DW

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Tow

ards

a su

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le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II INVENTORY DATA

1 Data collection concerning (input andoutput) of the evaluated productionsystems Depends on system boundarybecause the data must be collected for allthe stages included in the system boundaryand between the system and theenvironemnt

bull INPUTSRaw materials energy water prod factors bull OUTPUTS waste emissions into atmosphere productsand coproducts

1 It is a list of inputs (production factors)and outputs (products co-products but ALSOemissions

2 It is the the most important step withoutreliable and consistent inventory data theenvironmental results will not trustfull

3 It is time and money consuming4 Site specific data above all for agriculturalprocesses where pedo-climatic conditionsdeeply affect the emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

MeasurementInterviews

surveys

Experimental

tests

Primary data (best option)

Database LiteratureEstimates amp

calculation

Secondary data (substitute the primary data)

RICE cultivation consumption of seeds fertilisers use of tractorsetchellip TO ASSESSE THE IMPACT OF RICE SHOULD I ASSESS ALSO THEIMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION FACTORS

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

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7-2

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19

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ER

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

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g2

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19

ME

DW

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ER

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

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in

Med

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ag

ro-e

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stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Raw material extraction

manufacturing

distribution

use

Re-use recycling recovery

Waste management

Rawmaterials

Principalproduct

Energy

Water

Co-products

Waste

Emissions

INPUT OUTPUT

THE STRUCTURE

The mass and energy flows between the systems and the

environment must be identified and quantified

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

4 STEPS OF LCA

RESU

LTS IN

TERPRETATIO

N

GOAL AND

SCOPE

DEFINITION

ENVIRONMENT

AL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT

INVENTORY

ANALYSIS

1 - GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION

Definition of the aim of the study as

well as of the system boundary and

functional unit

2 ndash INVENTORY ANALYSIS

Collection of data regarding inputs and outputs

of both the system and the environment and of

the different steps of the system

3 ndash ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Conversion of the inventory data in few numeric

indexes of environmental impact (thanks to

specific characterisation factors)

4 ndashRESULTS INTERPRETATION

Identification of the environmental hotsposts

and comparison

WHEN

LCA

TO QUANTIFY the environmental impact of a productservice and TO

IDENTIFY the environmental hotspots (processes mainly responsible of the

total impact)

TO COMPARE the environemntal impact of different products or different

technological solutions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

The FU IDENTIFIES the function of the system providing a reference to which

the inputs and outputs are related

ALLOWS

Comparability among different studies

BASED ON

the function and not always on the

amount of product

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for

use as a reference unitrdquo

THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Agricultural systems

FU 1 ha (eg to compare two different soil tillage

carried out with different machines) AREA

FU amount of product (eg to compare two crops with

different yield) MASS

FU mass of product corrected for its laquoqualityraquo (eg 1

kg of Milk corrected for protein and fat content) QUALITY

WHY FAT AND PROTEIN

Because the milk is usually used to produce cheese and

the caseification yield (kg of cheesekg of milk) depends

on the protein and fat content

Rice cultivation

FU amount of product (1 ton1 kg at

commercial moisture) Rice production

considering the whole

production process

FU amount of product

(1 kg packed)

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for use as a

reference unitrdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition SYSTEM BOUNDARY

WHAT IS INCLUDED

WHAT IS EXCLUDED

Define which processes are included in the

study

Helpful to include a process flow diagram

ldquofrom gate

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to graverdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II INVENTORY DATA

1 Data collection concerning (input andoutput) of the evaluated productionsystems Depends on system boundarybecause the data must be collected for allthe stages included in the system boundaryand between the system and theenvironemnt

bull INPUTSRaw materials energy water prod factors bull OUTPUTS waste emissions into atmosphere productsand coproducts

1 It is a list of inputs (production factors)and outputs (products co-products but ALSOemissions

2 It is the the most important step withoutreliable and consistent inventory data theenvironmental results will not trustfull

3 It is time and money consuming4 Site specific data above all for agriculturalprocesses where pedo-climatic conditionsdeeply affect the emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

MeasurementInterviews

surveys

Experimental

tests

Primary data (best option)

Database LiteratureEstimates amp

calculation

Secondary data (substitute the primary data)

RICE cultivation consumption of seeds fertilisers use of tractorsetchellip TO ASSESSE THE IMPACT OF RICE SHOULD I ASSESS ALSO THEIMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION FACTORS

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

4 STEPS OF LCA

RESU

LTS IN

TERPRETATIO

N

GOAL AND

SCOPE

DEFINITION

ENVIRONMENT

AL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT

INVENTORY

ANALYSIS

1 - GOAL AND SCOPE DEFINITION

Definition of the aim of the study as

well as of the system boundary and

functional unit

2 ndash INVENTORY ANALYSIS

Collection of data regarding inputs and outputs

of both the system and the environment and of

the different steps of the system

3 ndash ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Conversion of the inventory data in few numeric

indexes of environmental impact (thanks to

specific characterisation factors)

4 ndashRESULTS INTERPRETATION

Identification of the environmental hotsposts

and comparison

WHEN

LCA

TO QUANTIFY the environmental impact of a productservice and TO

IDENTIFY the environmental hotspots (processes mainly responsible of the

total impact)

TO COMPARE the environemntal impact of different products or different

technological solutions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

The FU IDENTIFIES the function of the system providing a reference to which

the inputs and outputs are related

ALLOWS

Comparability among different studies

BASED ON

the function and not always on the

amount of product

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for

use as a reference unitrdquo

THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Agricultural systems

FU 1 ha (eg to compare two different soil tillage

carried out with different machines) AREA

FU amount of product (eg to compare two crops with

different yield) MASS

FU mass of product corrected for its laquoqualityraquo (eg 1

kg of Milk corrected for protein and fat content) QUALITY

WHY FAT AND PROTEIN

Because the milk is usually used to produce cheese and

the caseification yield (kg of cheesekg of milk) depends

on the protein and fat content

Rice cultivation

FU amount of product (1 ton1 kg at

commercial moisture) Rice production

considering the whole

production process

FU amount of product

(1 kg packed)

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for use as a

reference unitrdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition SYSTEM BOUNDARY

WHAT IS INCLUDED

WHAT IS EXCLUDED

Define which processes are included in the

study

Helpful to include a process flow diagram

ldquofrom gate

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to graverdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II INVENTORY DATA

1 Data collection concerning (input andoutput) of the evaluated productionsystems Depends on system boundarybecause the data must be collected for allthe stages included in the system boundaryand between the system and theenvironemnt

bull INPUTSRaw materials energy water prod factors bull OUTPUTS waste emissions into atmosphere productsand coproducts

1 It is a list of inputs (production factors)and outputs (products co-products but ALSOemissions

2 It is the the most important step withoutreliable and consistent inventory data theenvironmental results will not trustfull

3 It is time and money consuming4 Site specific data above all for agriculturalprocesses where pedo-climatic conditionsdeeply affect the emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

MeasurementInterviews

surveys

Experimental

tests

Primary data (best option)

Database LiteratureEstimates amp

calculation

Secondary data (substitute the primary data)

RICE cultivation consumption of seeds fertilisers use of tractorsetchellip TO ASSESSE THE IMPACT OF RICE SHOULD I ASSESS ALSO THEIMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION FACTORS

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

The FU IDENTIFIES the function of the system providing a reference to which

the inputs and outputs are related

ALLOWS

Comparability among different studies

BASED ON

the function and not always on the

amount of product

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for

use as a reference unitrdquo

THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Agricultural systems

FU 1 ha (eg to compare two different soil tillage

carried out with different machines) AREA

FU amount of product (eg to compare two crops with

different yield) MASS

FU mass of product corrected for its laquoqualityraquo (eg 1

kg of Milk corrected for protein and fat content) QUALITY

WHY FAT AND PROTEIN

Because the milk is usually used to produce cheese and

the caseification yield (kg of cheesekg of milk) depends

on the protein and fat content

Rice cultivation

FU amount of product (1 ton1 kg at

commercial moisture) Rice production

considering the whole

production process

FU amount of product

(1 kg packed)

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for use as a

reference unitrdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition SYSTEM BOUNDARY

WHAT IS INCLUDED

WHAT IS EXCLUDED

Define which processes are included in the

study

Helpful to include a process flow diagram

ldquofrom gate

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to graverdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II INVENTORY DATA

1 Data collection concerning (input andoutput) of the evaluated productionsystems Depends on system boundarybecause the data must be collected for allthe stages included in the system boundaryand between the system and theenvironemnt

bull INPUTSRaw materials energy water prod factors bull OUTPUTS waste emissions into atmosphere productsand coproducts

1 It is a list of inputs (production factors)and outputs (products co-products but ALSOemissions

2 It is the the most important step withoutreliable and consistent inventory data theenvironmental results will not trustfull

3 It is time and money consuming4 Site specific data above all for agriculturalprocesses where pedo-climatic conditionsdeeply affect the emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

MeasurementInterviews

surveys

Experimental

tests

Primary data (best option)

Database LiteratureEstimates amp

calculation

Secondary data (substitute the primary data)

RICE cultivation consumption of seeds fertilisers use of tractorsetchellip TO ASSESSE THE IMPACT OF RICE SHOULD I ASSESS ALSO THEIMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION FACTORS

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition THE FUNCTIONAL UNIT

Agricultural systems

FU 1 ha (eg to compare two different soil tillage

carried out with different machines) AREA

FU amount of product (eg to compare two crops with

different yield) MASS

FU mass of product corrected for its laquoqualityraquo (eg 1

kg of Milk corrected for protein and fat content) QUALITY

WHY FAT AND PROTEIN

Because the milk is usually used to produce cheese and

the caseification yield (kg of cheesekg of milk) depends

on the protein and fat content

Rice cultivation

FU amount of product (1 ton1 kg at

commercial moisture) Rice production

considering the whole

production process

FU amount of product

(1 kg packed)

ldquoQuantified performance of a product system for use as a

reference unitrdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition SYSTEM BOUNDARY

WHAT IS INCLUDED

WHAT IS EXCLUDED

Define which processes are included in the

study

Helpful to include a process flow diagram

ldquofrom gate

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to graverdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II INVENTORY DATA

1 Data collection concerning (input andoutput) of the evaluated productionsystems Depends on system boundarybecause the data must be collected for allthe stages included in the system boundaryand between the system and theenvironemnt

bull INPUTSRaw materials energy water prod factors bull OUTPUTS waste emissions into atmosphere productsand coproducts

1 It is a list of inputs (production factors)and outputs (products co-products but ALSOemissions

2 It is the the most important step withoutreliable and consistent inventory data theenvironmental results will not trustfull

3 It is time and money consuming4 Site specific data above all for agriculturalprocesses where pedo-climatic conditionsdeeply affect the emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

MeasurementInterviews

surveys

Experimental

tests

Primary data (best option)

Database LiteratureEstimates amp

calculation

Secondary data (substitute the primary data)

RICE cultivation consumption of seeds fertilisers use of tractorsetchellip TO ASSESSE THE IMPACT OF RICE SHOULD I ASSESS ALSO THEIMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION FACTORS

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step I ndash Goal and scope definition SYSTEM BOUNDARY

WHAT IS INCLUDED

WHAT IS EXCLUDED

Define which processes are included in the

study

Helpful to include a process flow diagram

ldquofrom gate

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to gaterdquo

ldquofrom cradle

to graverdquo

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II INVENTORY DATA

1 Data collection concerning (input andoutput) of the evaluated productionsystems Depends on system boundarybecause the data must be collected for allthe stages included in the system boundaryand between the system and theenvironemnt

bull INPUTSRaw materials energy water prod factors bull OUTPUTS waste emissions into atmosphere productsand coproducts

1 It is a list of inputs (production factors)and outputs (products co-products but ALSOemissions

2 It is the the most important step withoutreliable and consistent inventory data theenvironmental results will not trustfull

3 It is time and money consuming4 Site specific data above all for agriculturalprocesses where pedo-climatic conditionsdeeply affect the emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

MeasurementInterviews

surveys

Experimental

tests

Primary data (best option)

Database LiteratureEstimates amp

calculation

Secondary data (substitute the primary data)

RICE cultivation consumption of seeds fertilisers use of tractorsetchellip TO ASSESSE THE IMPACT OF RICE SHOULD I ASSESS ALSO THEIMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION FACTORS

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II INVENTORY DATA

1 Data collection concerning (input andoutput) of the evaluated productionsystems Depends on system boundarybecause the data must be collected for allthe stages included in the system boundaryand between the system and theenvironemnt

bull INPUTSRaw materials energy water prod factors bull OUTPUTS waste emissions into atmosphere productsand coproducts

1 It is a list of inputs (production factors)and outputs (products co-products but ALSOemissions

2 It is the the most important step withoutreliable and consistent inventory data theenvironmental results will not trustfull

3 It is time and money consuming4 Site specific data above all for agriculturalprocesses where pedo-climatic conditionsdeeply affect the emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

MeasurementInterviews

surveys

Experimental

tests

Primary data (best option)

Database LiteratureEstimates amp

calculation

Secondary data (substitute the primary data)

RICE cultivation consumption of seeds fertilisers use of tractorsetchellip TO ASSESSE THE IMPACT OF RICE SHOULD I ASSESS ALSO THEIMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION FACTORS

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

MeasurementInterviews

surveys

Experimental

tests

Primary data (best option)

Database LiteratureEstimates amp

calculation

Secondary data (substitute the primary data)

RICE cultivation consumption of seeds fertilisers use of tractorsetchellip TO ASSESSE THE IMPACT OF RICE SHOULD I ASSESS ALSO THEIMPACT OF THE DIFFERENT PRODUCTION FACTORS

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step II - SOURCE OF INVENTORY DATA

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Step III - LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

IMPACT INDICATORS

1 climate change (CC)

2 ozone depletion (OD)

3 human toxicity (HT)

4 photochemical oxidant formation (POF)

5 terrestrial acidification (TA)

6 freshwater eutrophication (FE)

7 terrestrial eutrophication (TE)

8 marine eutrophication (ME)

9 freshwater ecotoxicity (FEx)

10 mineral fossil and renewable resource depletion (MFRD)

LCIA

LCI

Data Collection

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT (LCIA)

TOTAL COST

euro

Specific cost

(eurokg) for the

different items

of the shopping

list

TOTAL IMPACT

kg CO2eq

kg PM eq

etc

Specific impact (called

caracterisation factors

kg of unit of impactkg)

for the different items of

the shopping list

SOFTWARE

FOR LCA

INVENTORY

DATA

IMPACT

RESULTS

STEP 2 LCI STEP 3 LCIA STEP 4

INTERPRETATION

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Section MonthField

Operation

Operative

machine

Tractor FC Input TimeData source

kW kg kgmiddotha-1 Product Amount hha

(A)

Green

manure

October Sowing Seeder 90 5050 72 Seeds

140 kgmiddotha-1

ryegrass

60 kgmiddotha-1 vetch

090

Farm surveys

and farmer

interviews

(average data

for eleven

paddy fields)

(B)

Soil

Tillage

amp

Seeding

AprilOrganic

fertilization

Manure

spreader120 7200 349 Compost 225 tmiddotha-1 (b) 505

April Ploughing Plough 135 7600 277 110

April HarrowingRotary

harrow90 5050 186 170

May Sowing Seeder 90 5050 64 Seeds 220 kgmiddotha-1 rice 086

(C)

Crop

Management

May

June

5 Mechanical

weed control

Harrow

tines90 5050 29 020

June

September

Water

management- - - - Water 40000 m3middotha-1 -

(D)

Harvesting

amp

Storage

September HarvestCombine

harvester335 15500 361

53 tmiddotha-1

(27 of moisture)080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Transport Trailer 90 5050 151 080

September Drying Dryer - - - - - -

Average yield (53 tmiddotha-1 of rice grain at 27 of moisturecorresponding to 45 tmiddotha-1 at commercial moisture)

Secondary data regarding

Methane emissions

NO3 leaching NH3 volatilization

P emissions related to soil run-off

FU =1 tOF RICE

GRAIN (14)

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Impact Category Unit Score

Climate Change kg CO2

eq 326975

Ozone Depletion kg CFC-11 eq 80810-5

Human Toxicity CTUh 27510-5

Particulate Matter formation kg PM25 eq 238

Photochemical oxid Form kg NMVOC eq 876

Acidification molc H+ eq 10095

Terrestrial Eutrophication molc N eq 45338

Freshwater Eutrophication kg P eq 014

Marine Eutrophication kg N eq 3869

Freshwater Ecotoxicity CTUe 89947

MinFossil Resourse Depl kg Sb eq 89410-3

However besides the absolutevalues it is important also TOIDENTIFY which processes over thewhole production system are mostresponsible (hotspots) for theenvironmental impact of organicrice production Hotspotidentification is the prerequisite forthe development of solutions ableto reduce the impact

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

CC OD HT PM POF TA TE FE ME FEx MFRD

Rela

tive c

ontr

ibuti

on (

)

Mechanisation of field op Ryegrass seed Vetch seed organicCompost production Rice seed Grain dryingFertiliser emissions Methane emissions

CH4

emissions

are responsible

for about 42

of CC

Emissions due to

fertilizers application

are hotspots for

eutrophication and

acidification and

particulate matter

formation

Compost production

involves high emissions

related to OM

decomposition as well as

energy consumption and

N-P emissions

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

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IC

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Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

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ran

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ased

ag

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cosy

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s

EXAMPLE OF LCA FOR ORGANIC RICE

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Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

Key message LCA and IMPACT RESULTS

The reliability of the LCA results is strictly related to the quality of the inventory data

Not so good inventory data terrible results

Take your time but please be as more accurate as possible in the inventory data collection

GRAZIE

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262

Kic

k o

ff m

ee

tin

g2

7-2

9 M

ay

20

19

ME

DW

AT

ER

IC

E

Tow

ards

a su

stai

nab

le w

ater

use

in

Med

iter

ran

ean

ric

e-b

ased

ag

ro-e

cosy

stem

s

MEDWATERICE Kick-off Meeting

Bacenetti J Fusi A Negri M Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2016) Organic productionsystems Sustainability assessment of rice in Italy Agriculture Ecosystems ampEnvironment 225 33-44Blengini G A amp Busto M (2009) The life cycle of rice LCA of alternative agri-foodchain management systems in Vercelli (Italy) Journal of environmental management90(3) 1512-1522Fusi A Bacenetti J Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Vercesi A Bocchi S amp Fiala M (2014)Environmental profile of paddy rice cultivation with different straw managementScience of the Total Environment 494 119-128Fusi A Gonzaacutelez-Garciacutea S Moreira M T Fiala M amp Bacenetti J (2017) Ricefertilised with urban sewage sludge and possible mitigation strategies anenvironmental assessment Journal of cleaner production 140 914-923Hokazono S Hayashi K amp Sato M (2009) Potentialities of organic and sustainablerice production in Japan from a life cycle perspective Agronomy Research 7(1) 257-262