meiosis chapter 10, section 2. diploid & haploid cells diploid = a cell with two sets of...
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Meiosis
Chapter 10, Section 2
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Diploid & Haploid Cells
Diploid = a cell with two sets of chromosomes, 2n, somatic (body) cells
muscle, skin, liver, etc.Haploid = a cell with one set of chromosomes, gametes, 1n, sperm and eggsMeiosis forms haploid gametes required for sexual reproductionMeiosis has 2 stages – Meiosis I– Meiosis II
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Interphase and stages of mitosis
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Chromosomes from metaphase stage of mitosis
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Below are chromosomes after they split into chromatids during (telophase) of mitosis
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MEIOSIS ISeparation of homologous pairs
Homologous Pair = in a diploid cell the 2 sets of chromosomes pair up
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1. Prophase I
DNA coils into chromosomes
Nuclear envelope & nucleolus break down
Synapsis = homologous chromosomes pair up into tetrads
Crossing-over = homologous pairs switch pieces of their chromatids
Genetic Recombination = maternal & paternal genetic info get shuffled during crossing-over
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2. Metaphase I
Tetrads line up in the middle of the cell
Spindle fibers attach at the centromeres of each homologous chromosome
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3. Anaphase I
Each homologous chromosome moves to the opposite end of the cell
Independent Assortment = random separation of chromosomes, allows for genetic variation
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4. Telophase I & Cytokinesis I
Two newly formed cells are haploid
Each chromosome is still made up of two chromatids
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MEIOSIS IISeparation of sister chromatids
Sister Chromatids = identical halves of a chromosome that has been duplicated
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5. Prophase II
2 newly created cells from Meiosis I start to divide
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6. Metaphase II
Chromosomes line up in the center
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7. Anaphase II
Sister Chromatids separate
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8. Telophase II & Cytokinesis II
4 new cells, each with half the number of chromosomes of the original cell
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Development of Gametes
Spermatogenesis = production of sperm cells
Oogenesis = production of mature egg cells
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Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction = failure of homologous pairs to separate in Meiosis I
If an organism survives, it may have a genetic disorder
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Polyploidy
Polyploid = organisms with more than the usual number of chromosome sets
Occurs frequently in plants, results in plants that are larger than normal