Memory Module22 :Information Processing

Module 23:Forgetting and Memory Construction

There are Three steps in information processing1. Encoding-or getting information into the

memory system2. Storage or retaining information in memory

over time3. Retrieval or getting information out of

memory storage

Encode external

events into memory

Retrieval of stored memories

Memory storage

SourcesThinking About Psychology-Second Edition

allpsych.com/psychology101/memory.htmlCached - Similar

Association for Psychological Science: Bookswww.psychologicalscience.org/books

Automatic processing and Effortful Processing Automatic processing is the unconscious process of

remembering without any effort. Effort processing encoding that requires attention

and conscious effort. Research shows that the most effective way of

remembering is rehearsal the conscious repetition of information

Over learning – continuing to rehearse information you have already memorized

Serial Position Effect Serial position effect- Tendency to recall the

first and last items in a list more easily.The primacy effect enhances are ability to

recall items near the beginning The regency effect enhances are ability to

recall items near the end of the list

Spacing of rehearsal

An example is the difference between studying a week before the test and cramming the information a night before the test

Encoding MeaningSemantic processing encoding by meaningSelf reference effect enhanced semantic

encoding of information that is personally relevant or relating it to your own life.

Encoding imageryEncoding an image is more easy like

remembering 9/11 we can remember this image

Mnemonic Devices Mnemonic devices is a memory trick or

techniqueMethod of loci – associating items you want to

remember with imaginary placesPeg word system associating items you want to

remember with a list of words you have already remembered

Two is a shoe

Three is a tree

Four is a door

Organizing Information

Chunking-organizing information into meaningful units

Effectiveness of chunkingGive yourself 10 seconds to learn the letters in

row 1.now row 2. the identical letters appear in both rows nut they are easier to remember if they are chunked

ROW1 RNN TYW KTYU ACDF OAHNSOO RTA UO UCR OYOROW 2 ASK NOT WHAT YOUR COUNTRY CAN DO FOR YOU

Sensory memoryHumans have five main senses: sight,

hearing , taste, smell, and touch sensory memory allows individuals to retain these impressions and relate them.

Short term memoryPart of your memory system that

contains information you are consciously aware of before it is stored permanently or forgotten.

Short term memory decays rapidly within a few seconds most people cannot recall three consonants and by 20 sec they have completely los the three consonants

Long term MemoryLong term memory is the relatively

permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

Flashbulb memory is a vivid clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Compare your memory to that of a Clarks nutcracker it can remember up to 6,000 places where it stored seeds for the winter.

Explicit and implicit memoriesExplicit memory- memory of facts and experiences Implicit memory- memory of skills and procedure

Types of long term memories

Explicit With conscious recall processed by Hippocampus

Motor Skills (how to walk)

Personally experienced

events (what I had for

Breakfast)

Facts general knowledge ( the

name of the largest ocean)

Cognitive skills (how to

read)

Implicit Without conscious recall

(processed by the cerebellum)

A structure in the limbic system linked to explicit memory

Processes implicit memory

as well as coordinating

voluntary movement and

balance

RetrievalRecall-information you must search as in a fill in

the blank testRecognition-type of retrieval in which you must

identify items as a multiple choice test

Context effectContext effect- describes the influence of

environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus.

State DependencySate dependent memory enhances ability to

retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information

Forgetting as Encoding Failure

Which is the real penny?

Forgetting as Storage FailurePermastore memory- long term memory that are

especially resistant to forgetting and are likely to lat a life time

Forgetting as Retrieval FailureProactive interference- When an older memory

disrupts the recall of a new oneRetroactive interference – when a more recent

memory disrupts the recall of an older memory Motivated forgetting

repression –the process of moving anxiety producing memories to the unconscious mind

SourcesMemory and Forgetting in Psychology

101 at AllPsych Onlineallpsych.com/psychology101/memory.html

Cached - SimilarThinking Psychology Second EditionAssociation for Psychological Science: Bookswww.psychologicalscience.org/books