Memory'

!The'persistence'of'learning'over'5me'through'

the'storage'and'retrieval'of'informa5on.'

Flashbulb'Memory'A'unique'and'highly'emo5onal'moment'may'give'rise'to'a'clear,'strong,'and'persistent'memory'called'flashbulb'memory.'However,'this'memory'is'not'free'from'errors.'

President'Bush'being'told'of'9/11'agack.'Ru

ters/'Co

rbis'

The'Memory'Process'Three'step'process….''1.  Encoding:'The'processing'of'informa5on'into'the'memory'system.'

2.  Storage:'The'reten5on'of'encoded'material'over'5me.'

3.  Retrieval:'The'process'of'gelng'the'informa5on'out'of'memory'storage.'

''

Sensory'Memory'•  A'split'second'holding'tank'for'ALL'sensory'informa5on.'

•  Sperling�s'research'on'Iconic'Memory'

•  Echoic'Memory'

Short'Term'Memory'

•  The'stuff'we'encode'from'the'sensory'goes'to'STM.'

•  Events'are'encoded'visually,'acous5cally'or'seman5cally.'

•  Holds'about'7'(plus'or'minus'2)'items'for'about'20'seconds.'

•  We'recall'digits'beger'than'legers.'

'Short'Term'Memory'Ac5vity'

Working'Memory'Working'memory,'the'new'name'for'shortPterm'memory,'has'a'limited'capacity'(7±2)'and'a'short'dura5on'(20'seconds).''

Sir'George'Hamilton'observed'that'he'could'accurately'remember'up'to'7'beans'thrown'on'the'floor.'If'there'were'more'beans,'he'guessed.'

Rehearsal'(#52)'

Efforoul'learning'usually'requires'rehearsal'or'conscious'repe55on.''

'Ebbinghaus'(#53)'studied'

rehearsal'by'using'nonsense'syllables:'TUV'

YOF'GEK'XOZ'

Hermann'Ebbinghaus'(1850P1909)'

hgp://w

ww.isbn3P540P21358P9.de'

•  Don’t'be'a'crammer.'

•  Ebbinghaus�s!ForgeCng!Curve!(#58)!

“Learn'quickly;'forget'quickly.”''

Spacing!effect!(#20)!!(Massed'prac5ce'vs'distributed'prac5ce)''

Long'Term'Memory'•  Unlimited'storehouse'of'

informa5on.'

•  Explicit'(declara5ve)'memories'

•  Implicit'(nonPdeclara5ve)'memories'

Storing'Implicit'&'Explicit'Memories'

Explicit'Memory'refers'to'facts'and'experiences'that'one'can'consciously'know'and'declare.'Implicit'memory'involves'learning'an'ac5on'while'the'individual'does'not'know'or'

declare'what'she'knows.'

Explicit'Memories'•  Episodic'Memories'

'

•  Seman5c'Memories'

Three'Stage'Processing'Model'of'Memory'

Problems'with'the'Model'

1.  Some'informa5on'skips'the'first'two'stages'and'enters'longPterm'memory'automa5cally.'

2.  Since'we'cannot'focus'all'the'sensory'informa5on'in'the'environment,'we'select'informa5on'(through'agen5on)'that'is'important'to'us.'

3.  The'nature'of'shortPterm'memory'is'more'complex'(at'least'this'gives'researchers'somewhere'to'start).''

Automa5c'Processing'

We'process'an'enormous'amount'of'informa5on'effortlessly,'such'as'the'following:''

1.  Space:'While'reading'a'textbook,'you'automa5cally'encode'the'place'of'a'picture'on'a'page.'

2.  Time:'We'uninten5onally'note'the'events'that'take'place'in'a'day.'

3.  Frequency:'You'effortlessly'keep'track'of'things'that'happen'to'you.'

Stress'Hormones'&'Memory'Heightened'emo5ons'(stressPrelated'or'otherwise)'make'for'stronger'memories.'Con5nued'stress'may'disrupt'memory.'

Scog'Barbour/'G

egy'Im

ages'

Commilng'novel'informa5on'to'memory'requires'effort'just'like'learning'a'concept'from'

a'textbook.'Such'processing'leads'to'

durable'and'accessible'memories.'

Spencer'Grant/'Photo'Edit'

Efforoul'Processing'

The'Ways'We'Can'Encode…'•  #55:!Visual!Encoding:'the'

encoding'of'picture'images.'•  #56:!AcousPc!Encoding:'the'

encoding'of'sound,'especially'the'sounds'of'words.'

•  #57:!SemanPc!Encoding:'the'encoding'of'meaning.'

•  Remember'the'memory'exercise'from'the'first'day'of'school?''

•  #24:!selfSreference:'processing'informa5on'in'terms'of'selfPreference,'whether'or'not'the'par5cipants'actually'felt%that'the'words'applied'to'them,'produced'the'best'recall.''

The'Most'Effec5ve'Method'of'Encoding'

Ebbinghaus'found'it’s'1/10'as'difficult'to'learn'informa5on'if'it’s'meaningful…'so'5me'spent'deeply'understanding'material'is'worthwhile.'

Ways'to'remember'things'in'STM…so'they'go'to'LTM'

•  Chunking:'Organizing'items'into'familiar,'manageable'units.'

•  Mnemonic!devices!

•  Rehearsal!

•  OrganizaPon/categories!!

1P4P9P2P1P7P7P6P1P8P1P2P1P9P4P1'

"Mary'Very'Easily'Makes'Jam'Saturday'Unless'No'Plums."''

Acronyms'are'another'way'of'chunking'informa5on.'

HOMES'='Huron,'Ontario,'Michigan,'Erie,'Superior''PEMDAS'='Parentheses,'Exponent,'Mul5ply,'Divide,'Add,'Subtract''ROY'G.'BIV'='Red,'Orange,'Yellow,'Green,'Blue,'Indigo,'Violet'

Hierarchy'Complex'informa5on'broken'down'into'

broad'concepts'and'further'subdivided'into'categories'and'subcategories.'

Grocery'list'=''

3'meat'items'(turkey,'ground'beef,'pepperoni)''

2'bread'items'(sandwich'bread,'tor5llas)''

4'dairy'items'(milk,'cheese,'yogurt,'sour'

cream)'

Mnemonics'

Imagery'is'at'the'heart'of'many'memory'aids.'Mnemonic'techniques'use'vivid'imagery'in'aiding'memory.'

1.  Method'of'Loci'2.  Link'Method'

Method'of'Loci'

List!of!Items!'Charcoal'Pens'Bed'Sheets'Hammer'.'.'.'Rug'

Imagined!LocaPons!'Backyard'Study'Bedroom'Garage'.'.'.'Living'Room'

Greek'poet,'Simonides'(500'B.C.)'

He'visualized'a'familiar'room'in'great'detail'and'then'imagined'the'items'that'needed'to'be'remembered'in'various'parts'of'the'room.'To'recall'the'items,'he'would'visualize'the'room.'

Link'Method'

Involves'forming'a'mental'image'of'items'to'be'remembered'in'a'way'that'links'them'together.'

List!of!Items!'Newspaper'Shaving'cream'Pen'Umbrella'.'.'.'Lamp'

Encoding'Informa5on'

•  Primacy!Effect!

•  Recency!Effect!

•  Serial!PosiPoning!Effect!

'

Memory'Effects'NextPinPlinePEffect:'You'are'so'anxious'about'being'next'that'you'can’t'remember'what'the'person'just'before'you'in'line'says,'but'you'can'recall'what'other'people'around'you'say.''Spacing'Effect:'We'retain'informa5on'beger'when'we'rehearse'over'5me.'Serial'Posi5on'Effect:'When'your'recall'is'beger'for'first'and'last'items'on'a'list,'but'poor'for'middle'items.'

38'

Serial'Posi5on'Effect'

1.  TUV'2.  ZOF'3.  GEK'4.  WAV'5.  XOZ'6.  TIK'7.  FUT'8.  WIB'9.  SAR'10.  POZ'11.  REY'12.  GIJ'

Beger'recall'

Beger'recall'

Poor'recall'

Hippocampus'–'a'neural'center'in'the'limbic'

system'that'processes'explicit'memories.'

Weidenfield'&

'Nicolson'archives'

No!New!Memories!

Anterograde'Amnesia'

Anterograde'Amnesia'(HM)'

Surgery!

AZer'losing'his'hippocampus'in'surgery,'pa5ent'Henry'M.'(HM)'remembered'everything'before'the'opera5on'

but'cannot'make'new'memories.'We'call'this'anterograde'amnesia.'

Memory!Intact!

Implicit'Memory'

HM'learned'the'Tower'of'Hanoi'(game)'aZer'his'surgery.'Each'5me'he'plays'it,'he'is'unable'to'remember'the'fact'that'he'has'already'played'the'game.'

HM'is'unable'to'make'new'memories'that'are'declara5ve'(explicit),'but'he'can'form'new'memories'that'are'procedural'(implicit).'

C!B!A!

Implicit'Memories'•  Procedural'Memories'

'

•  Condi5oned'Memories'

Clive'Wearing'

•  Clive'Wearing'contracted'a'type'of'Herpes'that'agacked'his'hippocampus.'''

•  Can’t'develop'new'memories'(anterograde'amnesia).''

•  He'can's5ll'remember'and'play'the'music'he'loved'before'his'accident.''

•  Some'of'his'older'memories'were'also'lost'(retrograde'amnesia).''

Cerebellum'–'a'neural'center'in'the'hindbrain'

'that'processes'implicit'memories.'

Storing'Memories'

Long!TermSPotenPaPon!•  longPlas5ng'enhancement'in'signal'transmission'between'two'neurons'that'results'from's5mula5ng'them'synchronously.'

•  In'other'words…they'learn'to'fire'together'and'get'beger'at'it…crea5ng'a'memory.'

Retrieval:'Gelng'Informa5on'Out'

Retrieval'refers'to'gelng'informa5on'out'of'the'memory'store.'

Recall'Versus'Recogni5on'•  Recall!•  You'must'retrieve'the'

informa5on'from'your'memory''

•  Ex:'fillPinPthe'blank'or'essay'tests'

•  RecogniPon!•  You'must'iden5fy'the'target'

from'possible'targets'

•  Ex:'mul5plePchoice'tests'

Retrieval'Cues'

Memories'are'held'in'storage'by'a'web'of'associa5ons.'These'associa5ons'are'like'anchors'that'help'retrieve'memory.'

Fire'Truck'

truck'

red'

fire'

heat'smoke'

smell'water'

hose'

Priming'

To'retrieve'a'specific'memory'from'the'web'of'associa5ons,'you'must'first'ac5vate'one'of'the'strands'that'leads'to'it.'This'

process'is'called'priming.'

The'Context'Magers'•  Flashbulb'Memories'

•  Mood'Congruent'Memory'

•  State'Dependent'Memory'

54'

Context'Effects'Scuba'divers'recall'more'words'underwater'if'they'learned'the'list'underwater,'while'they'recall'more'

words'on'land'if'they'learned'that'list'on'land'(Godden'&'Baddeley,'1975).'

Fred McC

onnaughey/ Photo R

esearchers

Déja'Vu'Déja'Vu'means'“I've'experienced'this'before.”'Cues'from'the'

current'situa5on'may'unconsciously'trigger'retrieval'of'an'earlier'similar'experience.'(You'were'primed'and'you'didn’t'

realize'it.)''

'©

The New

Yorker Collection, 1990. Leo C

ullum from

cartoonbank.com

. All R

ights Reserved

Storage(Decay(!"Poor"durability"of"stored"memories"

leads"to"their"decay."Ebbinghaus"showed"

this"with"his"forge9ing"curve.;

Bahrick'(1984)'showed'a'similar'pagern'of'

forgelng'and'retaining'over'50'years'of'Spanish'

reten5on.'

58'

Retrieval'Failure'

Although'the'informa5on'is'retained'in'the'memory'store,'

it'cannot'be'accessed.'

TipSofStheStongue!(TOT)!is'a'retrieval'failure'phenomenon.'Given'a'cue'(What'makes'blood'cells'red?)'the'subject'says'

the'word'begins'with'an'H'(hemoglobin).'

60'

Forgelng'

An'inability'to'retrieve'informa5on'due'to'poor'encoding,'storage,'or'retrieval.'

We'cannot'remember'what'we'do'not'encode.'(ie:'Encoding!Failure)''

Forgelng''

•  RetroacPve!Interference:'new'informa5on'blocks'out'old'informa5on.'

'

'

•  ProacPve!Interference:'old'informa5on'blocks'out'new'informa5on.'

Calling'your'new'girlfriend'by'old'girlfriends'name.'

Gelng'a'new'bus'number'and'forgelng'old'bus'number.'

Type!of!NORMAL!ForgeCng!

DefiniPon! Mnemonic! Examples!

ProacPve!Interference'

Current'(new)'informa5on'is'lost'because'it'is'mixed'up'with'previously'learned,'similar'informa5on.'

Earlier'informa5on'projects'itself'forward'and'interferes'with'what'we'try'to'learn'next.'(The'old'Pro'player'knocks'down'the'new'guy.)'

1.'I'have'trouble'recalling'my'new'phone'number,'because'I'get'it'mixed'up'with'my'old'number.''2.'A'student'finds'a'new'concept'to'be'hard'to'understand'because'she'confuses'it'with'similar'ideas'she'has'already'learned. '''

RetroacPve!Interference!

Previously'learned'informa5on'is'lost'because'it'is'mixed'up'with'new'and'somewhat'similar'informa5on.'

New'informa5on'interferes'with'older'informa5on.'All'the'RETRO'memories'are'gone.''

1.'I'have'trouble'recalling'my'old'phone'number,'because'I'get'it'mixed'up'with'my'new'number.'2.'A'student'understood'a'concept'last'week'but'can'no'longer'discuss'the'concept'correctly,'because'he'confuses'it'with'other'concepts'studied'since'that'5me. '''

Type!of!DISORDERED!ForgeCng!

DefiniPon! Mnemonic! Examples!

Retrograde!amnesia'''

Cannot'remember'things'that'occurred'before'the'hit'on'the'head''

All'the'RETRO'memories'are'gone.'

Scog'Bolzan'(Boston'Patriots'and'Cleveland'Browns)'slipped'and'fell'in'2008.'Didn’t'know'anyone'in'family,'how'to'start'a'car,'how'to'be'a'dad.'Did'know'the'meaning'of'road'signs'and'rules'of'football.'''

ANterograde!amnesia'''

Cannot'form'new'memories'aZer'the'accident'occurred.''Cannot'store/retrieve'new'informa5on'in'longPterm'memory.'''

Ant'making'any'new'memories.''

50'First'Dates'&'Memento'''

Interference'

Learning'some'new'informa5on'may'disrupt'retrieval'of'

other'informa5on'

Retroac5ve'Interference'Sleep'prevents'retroac5ve'interference.'Therefore,'it'

leads'to'beger'recall.'

Retrieval'Failure'Although'the'informa5on'is'retained'in'the'memory'

store,'it'cannot'be'accessed.'

TipSofStheStongue!(TOT)'is'a'retrieval'failure'phenomenon.'Given'a'cue'(What'makes'blood'cells'red?)'the'subject'says'the'word'

begins'with'an'H'(hemoglobin).'

67'

Forgelng'can'occur'at'any'memory'stage.'We'filter,'alter,'or'lose'much'informa5on'during'any'

of'these'stages.'

Why'do'we'forget?'

Eyewitnesses'reconstruct'their'memories'when'ques5oned'about'

the'event.'

MisinformaPon!Effect:!Incorpora5ng'misleading'informa5on'into'one's'memory'of'an'event…'you'can'even'do'this'to'

yourself'through'Cogni5ve'Dissonance.'''

Memory!ConstrucPon:!While'tapping'our'memories,'we'filter'or'fill'in'missing'pieces'of'informa5on'to'make'our'recall'

more'coherent.'

69'

Memory'Construc5on'

A'week'later'they'were'asked:'Was'there'any'broken'glass?'Group'B'(smashed%into)'reported'more'broken'

glass'than'Group'A'(hit).'

14

32

0

10

20

30

40

50

Group A (hit) Group B (Smashed into)

Verb

Bro

ken

Gla

ss?

(%)

Group'A:'How'fast'were'the'cars'going'when'they'hit'each'other?'

Group'B:'How'fast'were'the'cars'going'when'they'smashed)into'each'other?'

Mo5vated'Forgelng'

Mo5vated'Forgelng:'People'unknowingly'revise'their'memories.''Repression:'A'defense'mechanism'that'banishes'anxietyParousing'thoughts,'feelings,'and'memories'from'consciousness.'

Sigmund'Freud'

Culver P

ictures

Repressed!or!Constructed?!!Some'adults'actually'do'forget'childhood'episodes'of'abuse…'or'imagine'an'episode'of'it'False!Memory!Syndrome!!!A'condi5on'in'which'a'person’s'iden5ty'and'rela5onships'center'around'a'false'but'strongly'believed'memory'of'a'trauma5c'experience,'which'is'some5mes'induced'by'wellPmeaning'therapists.'

False!Memories!P'Real'memories'and'memories'that'seem'real'are'difficult'to'discern.'

Source'Amnesia:'Fantasy'blends'Reality''•  Forgelng'when,'where'and'how'one'

obtained'informa5on…'a'cause'for'false'rePcollec5ons'and'confabula5on/distor5on'of'memory.'

•  your'friend’s'bike'trip'to'Wisconsin'becomes'your'own.'''

•  You'imaginary'friend'becomes'real.''

•  Usually'harmless,'except'in'legal'cases…'it'is'absolutely'essen5al'to'separate'facts'from'imagined'or'falsely'remembered.''

•  Children'are'excep5onally'suscep5ble'to'source!amnesia.'They'are'easily'influenced'by'sugges5ve'interroga5ons,'and'known'to'give'false'recollec5ons'easily.'They'are'ready'to'tell'the'stories'they'just'heard'from'adults'as'their'own.'

Construc5ve'Memory'•  Memories'are'not'always'what'they'seem.'

•  Elizabeth'LoZus'•  A'constructed'memory'is'a'created'memory.'

•  Misinforma5on'effect'

•  Our'schemas'oZen'influence'the'form'in'which'informa5on'is'encoded'and'retrieved'from'longPterm'memory.'

•  Schema'='the'integrated'frameworks'of'knowledge'and'assump5ons'we'have'about'people,'objects'and'events'which'affect'how'we'encode'and'recall'informa5on''

•  We'create'a'memory'as'an'experience'based'on'what'happened'to'us'in'past'

•  Unconscious'mental'representa5ons'of'events,'situa5ons,'processes'stored'in'memory'that'lead'you'to'interpret'experiences'in'certain'ways'

•  In'childhood'–'all'fourPlegged'animals'on'farms'are'cows''

•  In'adulthood'–'abandonment'(everyone'will'leave'me),'failure'(I'will'never'succeed),'cops'are'evil,'democrats/republicans'are'liars''

•  Purpose!of!schemata:!'*'framework'to'fit'new'info''*'helps'you'to'draw'inferences'Pstereotype''*'to'streamline'process'of'retrieving'informa5on''

•  Can’t'encode/retrieve'well'if'you'don’t'have'a'schema'for'it…'educa5on/experiences''

•  Relates'to'semanPc!encoding!S!our'preconceived'ideas'contribute'to'our'ability'to'process'new'info'!

Construc5ve'Memory'

Children�s!eyewitness!recall!can'be'unreliable'if'leading'ques5ons'are'posed.'Neutrally'worded'cogni5ve'interviews'in'increase'accuracy'of'their'recall'increases.''In'cases'of'sexual'abuse,'this'usually'suggests'a'lower'percentage'of'abuse.'

Are'memories'of'abuse'repressed'or'constructed?'

Psychotherapists'believe'early'childhood'sexual'abuse'results'in'repressed'memories.'

Many'psychologists'think'some'“recovered”'memories'were'constructed.'

They!all!agree!that!we!commonly!recover!memories!of!longSforgoben!negaPve!as!well!as!posiPve!events.'!

'

Thinking!

What'is'thought?'We'think'in…'Concepts'(schemas)…that'are'based'on'prototypes'because'we'have'to'simplify'our'lives.'

Our'concept'of'men'may'include'all'of'the'following'guys….'

The'concept'is'based'on'our'prototype'(ideal)'male…..''

Schema'Adjustment''•  As'we'learn'new'info,'we'either'assimilate'it'or'accommodate'it.'''

•  Assimilate'='put'new'info'into'exis5ng'category'

•  Accommodate'='change'or'adapt'a'category'to'suit'the'new'info''

•  stereotypes'

Problem'Solving'

Algorithms'•  A'rule'that'guarantees'the'right'solu5on'to'a'problem.'

•  Usually'by'using'a'formula.'

•  They'work''but'are'some5mes'imprac5cal.'

'

Heuris5cs'•  A'rule'of'thumb'that'generally,'but'not'always,'can'be'used'to'make'a'judgment'to'solve'a'problem.'

•  Simple'thinking'strategy''

•  It'is'fast,'but'is…'•  Prone'to'errors'•  Two'major'types'of'heuris5cs….'

“i before e except after c.”

ex: Buying a rug for a dorm room. Eyeball it or measure it.

Representa5veness'Heuris5c'•  When'we'judge'

the'likelihood'of'category'membership'by'how'closely'an'object'or'event'resembles'a'par5cular'prototype.'

•  Like'thinking'everyone'from'GAC'is'preppy,'or'someone'with'glasses'is'nerdy,'or'a'blonde'is'not'smart.'

Who'went'to'Harvard?'

Availability'Heuris5c'•  Our'tendency'to'judge'the'likelihood'of'an'event'on'the'basis'of'how'readily'we'can'remember'instances'of'its'occurrence''

•  Vivid'examples'in'the'news'oZen'cause'an'availability'heuris5c.'

In'which'place'would'you'be'more'afraid'of'gelng'mugged'or'murdered?'

NYC!

When'you'think'of'crime,'which'town'comes'to'mind?'

Which'one'will'(probably)'cause'you'to'take'ac5on'about'a'hunger'problem?''Why?'

•  Approximately'147'million'children'worldwide'who'have'lost'one'or'both'parents.'

•  Approximately'88'million'orphans'live'in'Asia.'

•  Approximately'45'million'orphans'live'in'Africa.'

•  Approximately'14'million'orphans'live'in'La5n'America'&'the'Caribbean.'

•  Approximately'1'million'children'live'in'public'care'in'Central'&'Eastern'Europe'

•  More'than'800,000'children'pass'through'America’s'foster'care'system'each'year. ''

Musoke'recovers'from'severe'acute'malnutri5on'and'tuberculosis.'hgp://www.kissesfromka5e.blogspot.com'

CREATIVITY'•  The'ability'to'create'new'ideas'that'are'both'novel'&'valuable'

•  Ligle'correla5on'between'crea5vity'and'intelligence.'

•  Convergent!Thinking'versus'Divergent!Thinking!

Crea5vity'•  Apollo%13%shows:''•  The'need'to'break'one's'func5onal'fixedness'about'exactly'what'an'object'is'and'could'be''

•  Convergent'thinking'because'the'ul5mate'goal'here'was'to'create'a'piece'of'equipment'that'would'serve'a'specific'purpose''

Need: 1.  Expertise 2.  Imagination 3.  Adventurous personality 4.  Intrinsic motivation 5.  Creative Environment Kisses from Katie

Hurdles'to'problem'solving'

Heuris5cs'can'lead'to'Overconfidence…'•  Our'confidence'is'not'a'good'

indicator'of'how'right'we'are.'•  Belief!PerseveranceP'

maintaining'a'belief'even'aZer'it'has'been'proven'wrong.'

•  Belief!BiasP'tendency'for'preexis5ng'opinions'to'distort'our'sense'of'whether'a'par5cular'conclusion'is'logically'valid.'(if'it’s'consistent'with'our'opinion,'we'think'it’s'valid…'even'if'it’s'illogical'

Overconfidence – tend to be more confident than correct.

Remember Groupthink?

One'kind'of'fixa5on'is'a'Mental!Set!•  a.k.a.'rigidity'•  The'tendency'to'approach'a'problem'the'same'way'we'did'last'5me.''

•  Some'examples'are….'

The'other'kind'of'fixa5on'is'FuncPonal!Fixedness!

•  The'inability'to'see'a'new'use'for'an'object.'

•  See'only'the'normal'use.'

Think'of'as'many'uses'as'you'can'for''a'……''

Confirma5on'Bias'•  We'look'for'evidence'to'confirm'our'beliefs'and'ignore'evidence'that'contradicts'them.'

•  For'example,'if'one'believes'that'all'Italians'are'in'shape'and'go'tanning,'then'they'turn'on'MTV.'

•  I'hate'____,'so'I'no5ce'all'the'instances'in'which'___'exhibit'“bad”'behavior.'''

“Look…I'knew'it'was'true!!!”''(But'is'it'REALLY?)'

Framing'•  90%!of!the!populaPon!will!

be!saved!with!this!medicaPon…..or!

•  10%%of%the%popula9on%will%die%despite%this%medica9on.%

•  You!should!not!drink!more!than!two!drinks!per!day….or!

•  You%should%not%drink%more%than%730%drinks%a%year.%

Look%at%the%following%ques9on%and%think%about%how%the%ques9on%is%worded%may%affect%the%way%it%is%answered.%

•  How'can'businesses'become'more'socially'responsible?'

•  The'way'a'problem'is'presented'can'dras5cally'affect'the'way'we'view'it.'

All'languages'contain….'

Phonemes! Morphemes!•  The'smallest'unit'of'

meaningful'sound.'

•  Can'be'words'like'a,%cat,%eye,'or'but.'

•  Can'also'be'roots,'prefixes'or'suffixes…'

–  �ed�'at'the'end'of'a'word'means'past'

–  “ly”'means'adverb'

–  “s”'means'plural.'What%morphemes%can%you%add%to%the%word%“read”?''''

How'many'phonemes'does'platypus'have?'

How'many'morphemes?''

•  The'smallest'units'of'sound'in'a'language.'

•  English'has'about'40'phonemes.'

•  Grammar:'the'rules'of'a'language.'

•  Syntax:''the'order'of'words'in'a'language.'

•  SemanPcs:'The'meaning'of'a'word,'phrase,'sentence,'or'text'

Is'this'the'White'House'or'the'House'White?'

The shark is ready to eat. They were hunting dogs. She’s a German language teacher.

Language'Acquisi5on'

Stages'that'we'learn'language…'

1.  Babbling!Stage!2.  HolophrasPc,!one'word!Stage!!

3.  TwoSWord,!Telegraphic!Speech!Stage!

'AZer'the'telegraphic'stage'we'get'overgeneraliza3on.'

How'does'a'child'learn'language?'•  Child memorizes

sentences?

•  Child learns by uttering random strings and having only the correct ones reinforced?

•  Innate programming?

Social'Learning'Theory'

•  B.F.'Skinner'from'the'Behaviorist'School'

•  Baby'imitates'a'parent.'

•  Reinforcement'leads'to'repe55on.'

•  Punishment'leads'to'ex5nc5on.''

Chomsky�s'Theory'(na5vist'theory)'

•  We'learn'language'too'quickly'for'it'to'be'through'reinforcement'and'punishment.'

•  A!naPvist'assumes'that'some'important'aspects'of'children's'linguis9c'knowledge'are'not'acquired,'but'innate'(present'from'birth'and,'for'at'least'some'researchers,'encoded'in'the'genome)'

Chomsky�s'Theory'(na5vist'theory)'

•  Inborn'universal'language!acquisiPon!device!!(preprogramed!or!preorganized)!!

•  Overgeneraliza5on'of'verb'tense''•  new'sentence'construc5on''•  parents'speak'imperfectly'

John!ate!an!apple!!John!ate.!!(If!something!is!missing!in!the!sentence,!we!just!understand!what’s!missing.)!!!John!is!too!stubborn!to!talk!to!Bill.!!!John!is!too!stubborn!to!talk!to.!!!(No!one!has!to!explain!these!complexiPes!to!us.)!

Cri5cal'Period'•  The'hypothesis'that'(1)'the'first'few'years'of'life'are'the'

crucial'5me'for'individuals'to'acquire'a'first'language'and'that'(2)'aZer'a'certain'age'(7'years'old)'language'learning'is'more'and'more'difficult.''

•  Evidence'for'the'hypothesis:'''(1)'The'existence'of'feral'children'who'couldn't'learn''to'speak'aZer'being'deprived'of'early'linguis5c''input.''

'(2)'Adults'are'more'likely'to'suffer'permanent''language'impairment'from'brain'damage'than'are''children'because'the'lager's'brains'can'adapt'to'the''changes.'

“They'Should'Learn'Our'Language.”'

Genie'In'Genie’s'phonological'system:'

–  rules'are'op5onal'– many'subs5tu5ons'and'dele5ons'make'Genie’s'speech'almost'impossible'to'understand'

– her'subs5tu5ons'are'not'random''

– Vowels'are'not'subs5tuted'for'consonants'and'consonants'are'not'subs5tuted'for'vowels'

– she'cannot'understand'most'gramma5cal'rules'

– “Applesauce'buy'store,”'rather'than,'“We'need'to'buy'applesauce'at'the'store.”'''

Whorf’s!LinguisPc!RelaPvity!•  The'theory'that'language'

determines'how'we'think.'

•  If'you'don’t'have'a'word'for'it,'can'you'think'about'it?'''

•  The'Hopi'tribe'has'no'past'tense'in'their'language.''

•  The'lexicon'might'exert'a'causal'influence'on:''

–  aspects'of'visual'percep5on'(which'colors'we'discriminate)'

–  classifica5on'(how'we'sort'things'by'their'color)'

–  longPterm'memory'(color'differences'we'remember)'

Do'animals'use'language?'

Outcome!SimulaPon!!

Process!SimulaPon!!Mental Practice Pianist from China Basketball players & free throws