Memory'

!

The'persistence'of'learning'over'5me'through'

the'storage'and'retrieval'of'informa5on.'

Take'out'a'piece'of'paper…..'

•  Name!the!seven!dwarves…..!

Now'name'them…..'

Choose the Dwarfs’ names. Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby

Choose the Dwarfs’ names. Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby

Was'it'easy'or'difficult?'

•  It'depends'on'several'things….'

•  Do'you'like'Disney'movies?'

•  When'was'the'last'

5me'you'saw'the'

movie?'

•  Tip'of'the'Tongue?''•  Encoding?'Storage?'Retrieval?'''

In order of most remembered Sleepy Dopey Grumpy Sneezy Happy Doc Bashful

Take'10'minutes'to'write'out'as'

many'details'as'possible'of'your'

earliest'childhood'memory.'

•  Mine'–'I'remember'stopping'with'my'mom'on'a'red'dirt'

road.''She'talked'to'a'man'in'a'truck'while'I'ran'back'and'

forth'across'the'road.'It'was'so'different'than'anything'

I’d'seen'before,'with'lots'of'liLle'rocks'stuck'all'in'it.'Then'

I'tripped'and'fell.''She'picked'me'up'and'hugged'me.''

Alfred Adler suggests that early recollections are “the most trustworthy way of exploring personality” because they often encapsulate a person’s life theme or script. While Freud argued that the past determines the future, Adler believed that the present determines the past.

Consider'these'ten'ques5ons'to'examine'your'

early'recollec5on'in'light'of'Adler’s'theory…''

'1.  Who'is'present'in'your'early'recollec5on—mom,'dad,'siblings,'

friends,'strangers?''

2.  Who'is'not'present?''

3.  How'are'different'people'portrayed—basic'thoughts'and'feelings?''

4.  What'is'the'world'like—friendly,'hos5le,'coopera5ve,'exci5ng?''

5.  What'is'your'role'or'behavior—helping,'passive,'sick,'dependent?''

6.  What'is'the'outcome'of'your'behavior—success,'punishment?''

7.  What'is'your'primary'social'aYtude—I'or'we?'

8.  What'is'your'dominant'emo5on—happy,'worried,'fearful,'guilty,'

proud?'

9.  What'is'your'primary'mo5ve—to'help,'to'gain'aLen5on,'to'exert'

power?''

10. What'are'the'underlying'themes,'expressed'as'a'single'sentence?—

for'example,'I'need'to'rescue'people.''

Write'down'in'a'sentence'or'two'

your'three'most'vivid'memories.''

'•  Researchers'discovered'that'the'most'vivid'memories'are'

almost'all'personally'important'rather'than'na5onally'

important'events''

•  injury'or'accident'(18'percent),'sports'(11'percent),'members'of'the'opposite'sex'(10'percent),'animals'(9'

percent),'deaths'(5'percent),'and'vaca5ons'(5'percent).''

•  Events'that'were'surprising,'consequen5al,'or'emo5onal'

are'most'likely'to'be'judged'as'having'“flashbulb”'quality.''

Flashbulb'Memory'

A'unique'and'highly'emo5onal'moment'may'give'rise'to'

a'clear,'strong,'and'persistent'memory'called'flashbulb'

memory.'However,'this'memory'is'not'free'from'errors.'

President'Bush'being'told'of'9/11'aLack.'R

uter

s/ C

orbi

s

Do'any'of'these'events'have'flashbulb'quality'for'you?'

'•  A'car'accident'you'were'in'or'witnessed'(85)''

•  When'you'first'met'your'college'roommate'(82)''

•  Your'high'school'gradua5on'(81)''

•  Your'senior'prom'(if'you'went'or'not)'(78)''

•  An'early'roman5c'experience'(77)''

•  A'5me'you'had'to'speak'in'front'of'an'audience'(72)''

•  When'you'got'your'admissions'leLer'from'college'(65)''

•  Your'first'date'(the'moment'you'met'him/her)'(57)''

•  The'day'President'Reagan'was'shot'in'Washington'(52)''

•  Your'first'flight'(40)''

•  The'moment'you'opened'your'SAT'scores'(33)''

•  Your'seventeenth'birthday'(30)''

•  The'last'5me'you'ate'a'holiday'dinner'at'home'(23)''

•  Your'first'college'class'(21)''

•  The'first'5me'your'parents'leh'you'alone'for'some'5me'(19)''

•  Your'thirteenth'birthday'(12)''

The details of a flashbulb memory are not necessarily accurate, even though the person typically believes they are. Not only do people rehearse and reconstruct an event time and again, but others’ accounts of the same event may also come to influence their recall. Memory can be constructive.

Barry'Gordon’s'ForgeYng'Frequency'

Ques5onnaire'Average'Answers''

'•  1.'C'to'D''•  2.'A'•  3.'B''•  4.'B''•  5.'D'•  6.'B'to'C''•  7.'B'to'C''•  8.'B'to'C''•  9.'A'•  10.'B''

•  11.'A''•  12.'D''•  13.'B''•  14.'A'•  15.'B'to'C''•  16.'C''•  17.'B''•  18.'B''•  19.'A'•  20.'A''

A'midget'playing'

a'trombone'in'a'

phone'booth.''

The'Memory'Process'

Three'step'process….'

'

1.  Encoding:'The'processing'of'

informa5on'into'the'

memory'system.'

2.  Storage:'The'reten5on'of'encoded'material'

over'5me.'

3.  Retrieval:'The'process'of'geYng'the'

informa5on'out'of'

memory'storage.'

''

Sensory'Memory'

•  A'split'second'holding'tank'for'ALL'

sensory'informa5on.'

•  Sperling�s'research'on'Iconic'Memory'

•  Echoic'Memory'

Short'Term'Memory'

•  The'stuff'we'encode'from'

the'sensory'goes'to'STM.'

•  Events'are'encoded'visually,'acous5cally'or'

seman5cally.'

•  Holds'about'7'(plus'or'minus'2)'items'for'about'

20'seconds.'

•  We'recall'digits'beLer'

than'leLers.'

'

Short'Term'Memory'Ac5vity'

Long'Term'Memory'

•  Unlimited'storehouse'of'

informa5on.'

•  Explicit'(declara5ve)'memories'

•  Implicit'(nonndeclara5ve)'

memories'

Three'Stage'Processing'Model'of'Memory'

16'

Problems'with'the'Model'

1.  Some'informa5on'skips'the'first'two'stages'and'

enters'longnterm'memory'automa5cally.'

2.  Since'we'cannot'focus'all'the'sensory'informa5on'

in'the'environment,'we'select'informa5on'

(through'aLen5on)'that'is'important'to'us.'

3.  The'nature'of'shortnterm'memory'is'more'

complex'(at'least'this'gives'researchers'

somewhere'to'start).''

17'

Automa5c'Processing'

We'process'an'enormous'amount'of'informa5on'

effortlessly,'such'as'the'following:''

1.  Space:'While'reading'a'textbook,'you'

automa5cally'encode'the'place'of'a'picture'on'a'

page.'

2.  Time:'We'uninten5onally'note'the'events'that'

take'place'in'a'day.'

3.  Frequency:'You'effortlessly'keep'track'of'things'

that'happen'to'you.'

CommiYng'novel'

informa5on'to'memory'

requires'effort'just'like'

learning'a'concept'from'

a'textbook.'Such'

processing'leads'to'

durable'and'accessible'

memories.'

Spencer G

rant/ Photo E

dit

Efforoul'Processing'

19'

Rehearsal'

Efforoul'learning'usually'

requires'rehearsal'or'

conscious'repe55on.''

'

Ebbinghaus'studied'

rehearsal'by'using'

nonsense'syllables:'TUV'

YOF'GEK'XOZ'

Hermann'Ebbinghaus'

(1850n1909)'

http://ww

w.isbn3-540-21358-9.de

•  Don’t'be'a'crammer.'

•  Ebbinghaus�s!Forge?ng!Curve!

“Learn quickly; forget quickly.” Spacing effect (Massed practice vs distributed practice)

The'Ways'We'Can'Encode…'

•  #1:!Visual!Encoding:'the'encoding'of'picture'images.'

•  #2:!AcousEc!Encoding:'the'encoding'of'sound,'especially'

the'sounds'of'words.'

•  #3:!SemanEc!Encoding:'the'

encoding'of'meaning.'

•  Remember'the'memory'

exercise'from'the'first'day'of'

school?''

•  #4:!selfHreference:'processing'informa5on'in'terms'of'selfn

reference,'whether'or'not'the'

par5cipants'actually'felt%that'the'words'applied'to'them,'

produced'the'best'recall.''

The'Most'Effec5ve'Method'of'Encoding'

Ebbinghaus found it’s 1/10 as difficult to learn information if it’s meaningful… so time spent deeply understanding material is worthwhile.

Ways'to'remember'things'in'STM…so'they'

go'to'LTM'

•  Chunking:'Organizing'items'into'familiar,'

manageable'units.'

•  Mnemonic!devices!

•  Rehearsal!

•  OrganizaEon/categories!!

1n4n9n2n1n7n7n6n1n8n1n2n1n9n4n1'

"Mary'Very'Easily'Makes'Jam'

Saturday'Unless'No'Plums."''

24'

Acronyms'are'another'way'of'chunking'informa5on.'

HOMES'='Huron,'Ontario,'Michigan,'Erie,'Superior'

'

PEMDAS'='Parentheses,'Exponent,'Mul5ply,'Divide,'Add,'Subtract'

'

ROY'G.'BIV'='Red,'Orange,'Yellow,'Green,'Blue,'Indigo,'Violet'

Hierarchy'

Complex'informa5on'broken'down'into'

broad'concepts'and'further'subdivided'into'

categories'and'subcategories.'

Grocery'list'=''

3'meat'items'(turkey,'

ground'beef,'pepperoni)''

2'bread'items'(sandwich'

bread,'tor5llas)''

4'dairy'items'(milk,'

cheese,'yogurt,'sour'

cream)'

Take'out'a'piece'of'paper'and'name'the'Presidents…'

The'von'Restorff'Effect'–'a'unique'item'embedded'in'an'otherwise'homogeneous'list'is'

recalled'beLer'than'the'average'homogeneous'items.'Ohen,'the'items'immediately'

around'the'dis5nc5ve'one'are'also'remembered'beLer.''

This'early'bird'

caught'a'REALLY'

strong'worm.'

Can'you'remember'the'

two'images'from'the'

beginning'of'class?'