MEMORYPREPARED BY:

HAYDEE KRISTINE A. LUZONSOURCES:

Ormrod, Jeanne E. Human Learning.6th edition. Pearson Education Inc. USA: 2012King, Laura A. The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View. Mc Graw Hill Companies. New York: 2011

WHAT IS MEMORY?

•RELATED TO THE ABILITY TO RECALL PREVIOUSLY ACQUIRED INFORMATION

• IN SOME INSTANCES, THE WORD MEMORY REFERS TO THE PROCESS OF RETAINING INFO. FOR A PERIOD OF TIME

WHAT IS MEMORY?

• IN OTHER INSTANCES, IT REFERS TO PARTICULAR “LOCATION” (E.G., WORKING MEMORY OR LTM) WHERE ACQUIRED INFO. IS KEPT

HOW DOES IT RELATE TO LEARNING?

•LEARNING RELIES ON MEMORY–LEARNING REQUIRES THE STORAGE & RETRIEVAL OF INFO.

•MEMORY RELIES ON LEARNING–AN INDIVIDUAL’S ESTABLISHED KNOWLEDGE BASE PROVIDES A STRUCTURE OF PAST LEARNING

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?…THROUGH THE FF. PROCESSES:1.ENCODING– THE PROCESS BY W/C INFO.

GETS INTO THE SYSTEM– HELPS STORE INFO. MORE

EASILY

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?…THROUGH THE FF. PROCESSES:

1.ENCODING… MAY INVOLVE THE FF.:

CHANGING THE FORM OF THE INFO.ADDING TO NEW INFO. USING ONE’S

EXISTING KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD SIMPLIFYING NEW INFO.

- REMEMBERING THE OVERALL MEANING OF A SITUATION RATHER THAN THE SPECIFIC DETAILS OF WHAT HAPPENED

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?

1. ENCODING– SOME INFO. GETS INTO MEMORY

VIRTUALLY AUTOMATICALLY–SOME REQUIRE EFFORT

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?1. ENCODINGENCODING PROCESSES THAT REQUIRE EFFORT:

•PAYING ATTENTIONSELECTIVE ATTENTION

-INVOLVES FOCUSING ON A SPECIFIC ASPECT OF EXPERIENCE WHILE IGNORING OTHERS

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?1. ENCODINGENCODING PROCESSES THAT REQUIRE EFFORT:

DIVIDED ATTENTION–CONCENTRATING ON MORE THAN ONE ACTIVITY AT THE SAME TIME–(E.G.,READING WHILE TEXTING)

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?1. ENCODINGENCODING PROCESSES THAT REQUIRE EFFORT:SUSTAINED ATTENTION–ALSO CALLED VIGILANCE–ABILITY TO MAINTAIN ATTENTION TO A

SELECTED STIMULUS FOR A PROLONGED PERIOD OF TIME–(E.G., PAYING CLOSE ATTENTION TO YOUR

NOTES WHILE STUDYING FOR AN EXAM)

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?

1. ENCODING WHY DO WE BECOME SELECTIVE? MOTION

– MOVING OBJECT ARE MORE LIKELY TO CAPTURE ATTENTION THAN STATIONARY ONES

SIZE– ATTENTION TENDS TO BE DRAWN

TO LARGE OBJECTSINTENSITY

– MORE INTENSE STIMULI (BRIGHT COLORS & LOUD NOISES) ATTRACT ATTENTION

NOVELTY– UNUSUAL STIMULI TEND TO DRAW

MORE ATTENTION OF PEOPLE

INCONGRUITY– OBJECTS THAT DON’T MAKE SENSE

W/IN THEIR CONTEXT TEND TO CAPTURE ATTENTION

– (E.G., I TOOK A WALK TO THE RABBIT THIS MORNING)

SOCIAL CUES– PEOPLE ARE MORE LIKELY TO PAY

ATTENTION TO THINGS THEY SEE OTHERS LOOKING AT & REACTING TO

EMOTIONS– STIMULI W/ STRONG EMOTIONAL

ASSOCIATIONS ATTRACT ATTENTION PERSONAL SIGNIFICANCE

– PERSONAL SIGNIFICANCE CAN CAPTURE & MAINTAIN ATTENTION

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?1. ENCODINGENCODING PROCESSES THAT REQUIRE EFFORT:•LEVELS OF PROCESSING– A CONTINUUM OF MEMORY PROCESSING FROM

SHALLOW TO INTERMEDIATE TO DEEP, W/ DEEPER PROCESSING PRODUCING BETTER MEMORY

•ELABORATION– THE FORMATION OF A NO. OF DIFFERENT

CONNECTIONS AROUND A STIMULUS AT A GIVEN LEVEL OF MEMORY ENCODING

– E.G., SELF REFERENCE»RELATING THE MATERIAL TO OWN

EXPERIENCE

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?

1. ENCODINGENCODING PROCESSES THAT REQUIRE EFFORT:•MENTAL IMAGERY– UNIQUE VISUAL IMAGINATION IN ORDER TO

REMEMBER AN EXTRA AMOUNT OF DETAIL– PROVIDES FOR A NO. OF MEMORY STRATEGIES

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?2. STORAGE– THE PROCESS OF “PUTTING” NEW INFO. IN MEMORY– RETENTION OF INFO. OVER TIME & HOW THIS INFO. IS

REPRESENTED IN MEMORY

HOW DOES STORAGE TAKE PLACE?…BY WAY OF THE FF. COMPONENTS OF MEMORY:

ATKINSON & SHIFFRIN’S THEORY OF MEMORY

COMPONENTS OF MEMORY:o SENSORY MEMORY/ SENSORY REGISTER– HOLDS INCOMING INFO. FROM THE WORLD LONG

ENOUGH FOR IT TO UNDERGO VERY PRELIMINARY COGNITIVE PROCESSING

CHARACTERSITICS OF SENSORY REGISTER:• CAPACITY– LARGE, ALBEIT ONLY TEMPORARILY

• FORMS OF STORAGE– BASICALLY IN THE SAME FORM IN W/C IT HAS BEEN

SENSED(VISUAL,AUDITORY, HAPTIC, OLFACTORY)• DURATION– VISUAL (1/4 SEC), AUDITORY(2 SEC)

COMPONENTS OF MEMORY:o SHORT – TERM MEMORY– MEMORY COMPONENT IN W/C ACTIVE THINKING

OCCURS– THE “AWARENESS” OR “CONSCIOUSNESS” OF THE

MEMORY SYSTEMCHARACTERISTICS OF WORKING MEMORY:

• CAPACITY– MORE LIMITED THAN THE SENSORY REGISTER– HAS 7±2 LIMITED CAPACITY– LIKENED TO THE RAM OF YOUR PC

• FORMS OF STORAGE– USUALLY IN AUDITORY FORM ESP. WHEN IT IS

LANGUAGE BASED

CHARACTERISTICS OF WORKING MEMORY:• DURATION

– AS LONG AS 30 SEC.• FACTORS THAT AFFECT STORAGE IN WORKING MEMORY:

– DECAY & INTERFERENCE

IT IS SAID THAT WORKING MEMORY IS…

• ALLOWS US TO HOLD INFO. TEMPORARILY WHILE PERFORMING COGNITIVE TASKS

• THE HOME OF IMPORTANT PROCESSES FOR LEARNING, THINKING & BEHAVIOR –E.G DIRECTING ATTENTION, PROBLEM SOLVING, PLANNING, & INHIBITING IRRELEVANT THOUGHTS

…BUT WHY IS IT THAT SOMETIME WE FIND IT DIFFICULT TO PLAN, THINK, ETC?

3 CONTROL PROCESSES THAT AFFECT THE FUNCTIONING OF WM:– ORGANIZATION– RETRIEVAL– MAINTAINANCE REHEARSAL

COMPONENTS OF MEMORY:

o LONG – TERM MEMORY– THE MOST COMPLEX COMPONENT OF THE HUMAN

MEMORY SYSTEM– MUCH OF ITS CONTENT RELATE TO THE NATURE OF HOW

THINGS ARE, WERE OR WILL BE OR HOW TO DO THINGSCHARACTERISTICS OF LTM:

• CAPACITY–UNLIMITED

• FORMS OF STORAGE–VARIETY OF WAYS

• DURATION–LONGER PERIOD OF TIME

2 SUBSTRUCTURES OF LTM:

1. EXPLICIT MEMORY(DECLARATIVE)– CONSCIOUS RECOLLECTION OF INFO. SUCH AS FACTS

OR EVENTS THAT CAN AT LEAST BE VERBALLY COMMUNICATED

2 SUBDIVIDIONS:• EPISODIC• SEMANTIC

2 SUBSTRUCTURES OF LTM:

2. IMPLICIT MEMORY(NONDECLARATIVE)– MEMORY IN W/C BEHAVIOR IS AFFECTED BY PRIOR

EXPERIENCE W/O A CONSCIOUS RECOLLECTION OF THAT EXPERIENCE

SUBDIVISIONS:• PROCEDURAL• CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

HOW IS MEMORY ORGANIZED?

• SCHEMAS– PREEXISTING MENTAL CONCEPT/ FRAMEWORK THAT

HELPS PEOPLE TO ORGANIZE & INTERPRET INFO.• CONNECTIONIST NETWORKS– CONNECTIONS AMONG NEURONS W/C MAY WORK

TOGETHER TO PROCESS A SINGLE MEMORY

WHERE MEMORIES ARE STORED?• SPECIFIC SETS OF NEURONS

– 1,000 CLUSTERED NEURONS• BRAIN STRUCTURES

– EXPLICIT MEMORIES• HIPPOCAMPUS• TEMPORAL LOBES• CORTEX• LIMBIC SYSTEM(AMYGDALA, HYPOTHALAMUS)

– IMPLICIT MEMORIES• CEREBELLUM• VARIOUS AREAS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX(TEMPORAL LOBES,

HIPPOCAMPUS

THE BRAIN

HOW DOES MEMORY OCCUR?

3. RETRIEVAL– OCCURS WHEN INFO. THAT WAS RETAINED IN MEMORY COMES OUT

OF STORAGE

WHY DO FIND IT HARD TO RETRIEVE INFO. IN OUR MEMORY OR SIMPLY FORGET IT?

• RETRIEVAL TENDENCIES• SERIAL POSITION EFFECT

-THE TENDENCY TO RECALL ITEMS AT THE BEGINNING & END OF A LIST MORE READILY THAN IN THE MIDDLE

• RETRIEVAL CUES • RETRIEVAL TASKS– RECOGNITION– RECALL

WHY DO FIND IT HARD TO RETRIEVE INFO. IN OUR MEMORY OR SIMPLY FORGET IT?

• SPECIAL CASES OF RETRIEVAL– PATTERNS OF INFO.– SCHEMA & SCRIPTS– SITUATIONS TO W/C WE ASSOCIATE MEMORIES– PERSONAL & EMOTIONAL CONTEXT

• RECONSTRUCTIVE TENDENCY• ENCODING FAILURE

– INFO. WAS NEVER ENTERED INTO THE LTM

WHY DO FIND IT HARD TO RETRIEVE INFO. IN OUR MEMORY OR SIMPLY FORGET IT?

• RETRIEVAL FAILURE DUE TO THE FF:• INTERFERENCE

• PROACTIVE• RETROACTIVE

• DECAY• AMNESIA

• RETROGRADE- MEMORY LOSS FOR A SEGMENT OF THE PAST BUT NOT FOR NEW

EVENTS• ANTEROGRADE

- MEMORY DISORDER THAT AFFECTS THE RETENTION OF NEW INFO. & EVENTS

WHY DO FIND IT HARD TO RETRIEVE INFO. IN OUR MEMORY OR SIMPLY FORGET IT?

• INFANTILE AMNESIA– PEOPLE REMEMBER LITTLE OR NOTHING ABOUT SPECIFIC EVENTS IN

THEIR LIVES THAT OCCURRED BEFORE THE AGE OF 3• REPRESSION

– MOTIVATED FORGETTING• FAILURE TO STORE

SO… HOW ARE GOING TO RETAIN INFO. IN OUR MEMORY?

REMEMBER THE FF.:•ENCODING DOES NOT ENSURE RETENTION

– 80% OF LEARNING IS FORGOTTEN WITHIN 48 HRS

•NEED TO ACTIVATE STORAGE & RETRIEVAL PROCESS:–HAVING GOOD ENOUGH SLEEP(REM SLEEP)–AVOIDING ACCIDENTS–REVIEW• ORGANIZING• PAYING ATTENTION• REHEARSING

ASSIGNMENT:

•STUDY WHAT WE HAVE DISCUSSED & WATCH THE MOVIE, “GAJINI”•QUIZ NEXT MEETING

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING & GOD BLESS!!!