menangle
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Menangle
![Page 2: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
OverviewOverview
• Organism• Economic Impact• Epidemiology• Transmission• Clinical Signs• Diagnosis and Treatment• Prevention and Control • Actions to take
![Page 3: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Organism
![Page 4: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
The OrganismThe Organism
• Paramyxoviridae−Rubulavirus
• Syncytia and vacuolation• Not highly contagious
−Spreads slowly throughout the herd• Does not survive in environment for
very long
![Page 5: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Importance
![Page 6: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
History andEconomic Impact
History andEconomic Impact
• Newly isolated in 1997−New South Wales, Australia −Loss of fetuses and piglets−Reduced size and number of litters−Pseudopregnancy in sows −All postnatal pigs seroconvert
• Decreased number of animal will be economically damaging
![Page 7: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Epidemiology
![Page 8: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
HistoryHistory
• 1997: New South Wales, Australia−2,600 sow intensive piggery−4 breeding units−21 week period−Mummified fetuses and stillborn piglets−Reduced farrowing rates−Reduced number and size of litters
![Page 9: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Transmission
![Page 10: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
TransmissionTransmission
• Animal−Exact mechanism unknown
Fecal-oral or urinary-oral suspected
−Reservoir Fruit bats (flying foxes) Roost near piggery
• Human−Exact mechanism unknown−Very close contact with infected pig
required
![Page 11: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Pteropus speciesPteropus species
• Fruit bats, flying foxes−Pteropus poliocephalus
• Native to Australia• Found seropositive for
Menangle before and during 1997 outbreak
The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus)
![Page 12: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Animals and Menangle
![Page 13: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
• Seroconvert in 10-14 days• Reproductive disease
−Fetal mummification and stillbirths−Reduced farrowing rate−Reduced number and size of litters−Abortions
• No clinical signs in postnatal pigs• Other animal species seronegative
![Page 14: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Post Mortem LesionsPost Mortem Lesions
• Mummification• Stillborns• Severe degeneration of
brain and spinal cord• Domed cranium• Histopathology
− Degeneration, necrosis of nervous tissue− Inclusion bodies− Nonsuppurative myocarditis
![Page 15: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Morbidity/ MortalityMorbidity/ Mortality
• Farrowing percentage down to 38%• Number of live piglets per litter
declined • Mummified fetuses, stillborn piglets
−Arthrogryposis, skeletal deformities−Degeneration of brain and spinal cord
• Occasional abortions
![Page 16: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
• Classical swine fever• Porcine reproductive and respiratory
syndrome• Porcine parvovirus• Aujesky’s disease (pseudorabies)• Blue eye paramyxovirus
− (La Piedad Michoacan)
![Page 17: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
SamplingSampling
• Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted
• Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease
![Page 18: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
DiagnosisDiagnosis
• Clinical− Increased proportion of mummified and
stillborn piglets• Laboratory Tests
−Serology - antibody (sows) Virus neutralization, ELISA
−Virus isolation (piglet) For definitive diagnosis Brain, lung, myocardial tissue
![Page 19: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Treatment Treatment
• No treatment• No vaccine• Once infected, no further
reproductive failures occur
![Page 20: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Menangle in Humans
![Page 21: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Public Health SignificancePublic Health Significance
• Two human cases−Sudden fever, malaise, chills,
drenching sweats, headache, myalgia
−Followed by spotty, red, non-pruritic rash
−No coughing, vomiting, or diarrhea−Recovered in 10-14 days
![Page 22: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Prevention and Control
![Page 23: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Recommended ActionsRecommended Actions
• Notification of Authorities−Federal:
Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/area_offices.htm
−State veterinarian www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/sregs/official.htm
• Quarantine
![Page 24: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Prevention and ControlPrevention and Control
• Avoid contact between fruit bats and swine
• Spread through population by time signs of disease are seen
• Endemic population−Remove pigs ages 10-16 weeks−Restock with unexposed pigs or pigs
known to be immune to the virus• No vaccine available
![Page 25: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Additional Resources
![Page 26: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Internet ResourcesInternet Resources
• APHIS-Center for Emerging Issues− www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/ceah/cei/menangle.htm
• CSIROnline (Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation)− www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=faq&id=Menangle
• Communicable Diseases Network Australia− www.health.gov.au/pubhlth/cdi/pubs/pdf/
batsgen.pdf
![Page 27: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
![Page 28: Menangle](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032504/55c4690cbb61eb2b258b45c5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Author:
Co-authors:
Reviewer:
Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MS, MPH
Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM, PhDRadford Davis, DVM, MPH, DACVPM
Bindy Comito Sornsin, BA
Acknowledgments