menejmenti da marketingi - t rt efeqturi inovaciuri ... · resursebi, finansebi, diversificireba....
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15inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #4, 2017
menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
anotacianaSromSi ganxilulia qveynis da qarTve
li eris saerTaSoriso imiji kritikul zRvarze. amis mizezad migvaCnia qveynaSi mougvarebeli problemebi, iseTi, rogoricaa ekonomikis ganviTarebis, adamianis konstituciuri uflebebis da infrastruqturis dabali done.
niSandoblivia, rom erisa da soflis dasusteba qveynis istoriis, tradiciebis ganadgurebis tolfasia. amisaTvis aucilebelia demografiuli viTarebis gajansaReba.demografiuli politikis erTerTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba unda iyos mastimulirebeli da xelSemwyobi efeqturi pirobebis Seqmna. saWiroa gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamoviCinoT bavSvTa sikvdilianobis Semcirebasa da saerTod jandacvis gaumjobesebis mizniT. harmoniuli urTierTobebis damyareba xalxsa da saxelmwifo instituciebs Soris xels Seuwyobs qveynisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebas. yovelive es dafuZnebuli unda iyos eris tradiciul faseulobebis gaTvaliswinebaze, xalxisa da qveynis keTildReobis amaRlebis yovelmxriv zrunvaze. qveynis ZiriTad resursad
unda iqces janmrTeli, kargad aRzrdili, ganaTlebuli, zneobrivad Camoyalibebuli, patriotuli suliskveTebiT gamorCeuli adamiani. qveyanaSi prioritetuli unda iyos inovaciebis danergva yvela sferoSi. amisaTvis unda moxdes inovaciebis waxaliseba. qveyanaSi tardeba bevri konkursi axalgazrdebs Soris, iqmneba inovaciuri klubebi, ixarjeba finansebi da Sedegi isaa, rom gamorCeuli axalgazrdoba miyavT ucxoeTSi saswavleblad, samwuxarod maTgan saukeTesoni ukan aRar brundeba, vinc brundeba perspeqtivis gareSe rCeba, radgan aq ar xvdebaT iseTi garemo, sadac srulad gamoiyenebs miRebul codnas.
imis gamo, rom xarvezebia ganaTlebaSi ar gvyavs kvalificiuri kadri, ikargeba ganaTlebisa da Sromisadmi interesi, mkveTrad ecema cxovrebis done, Rrmavdeba TaobaTaSoris gaucxoeba, uaresdeba demografiuli mdgomareoba, imatebs uperspeqtiulobis SegrZneba, matulobs emigracia, xdeba erovnuli faseulobebis gadafaseba, niavdeba da gapartaxebis pirasaa misuli erovnuli simdidreebi, katastrofulad uaresdeba qveynis ekologia, mouv
efeqturi inovaciuri menejmenti -
qveynis saerTaSoriso imijis gaumjobebisaken
EFFECTIVE INNOVATIVE MANAGEMENT - TO IMPROVE THE COUNTRY’S INTERNATIONAL IMAGE
Tamazi gamsaxurdia,ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis, asocirebuli profesori saqarTvelo, quTaisiTeimuraz festveniZe,teqnikur mecnierebaTa akademiuri doqtori, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori saqarTvelo, quTaisi
TAMAZI GAMSAKHURDIA,
Doctor of Economic, Associate Professor,
Akaki Tsereteli State University
Georgia, Kutaisi
TEIMURAZ PESTVENIDZE,
Academic Doctor of Technical Sciences,
Associate Professor, Akaki Tsereteli State
University, Georgia, Kutaisi
16 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #4, 2017
inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva - INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
lelobisa da araswori eqspluataciis Sedegad gamofitulia isedac mwiri savargulebi. kolxeTis dablobSic ki SeimCneva gaudabnoebis sawyisi procesebi.
SevqmnaT samarTlebrivi baza imisaTvis, rom mkacrad vakontroloT investorebTan dad ebuli xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis pirobebi. qveyanaSi yvela piroba arsebobs imisaTvis rom gonivrulad gamoviyenoT Cven xelT arsebuli bunebrivi resursebi da efeqturi xasiaTi mivceT qveynis regionebis ganviTarebas. qveyanaSi unda iqnas miRebuli gadamwyveti zomebi iseTi sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnisa bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis, investiciebis marTvis saqmeSi, romelic nakleb zians miayenebs qveynis interesebs da met sargeblobas moutans mis ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
ekonomikis aRmavlobis erTerTi mniSvnelovani etapia axali saxeobis produqciis Seqmna, axali bazrebis diversificireba da axali resursebis mobilizeba–aTviseba.ufro meti aqtiurobaa saWiro ekonomikaSi siaxleebis danergvisaTvis da arsebuli, jer kidev gamouyenebeli resursebis aTviseba–gaaqtiurebis saqmeSi.
qveyanaSi ganviTarebulma am da sxva negatiurma movlenebma uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia qveynis mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebze. modunda qveynisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis agroseqtorisadmi yuradReba, romelmac mosaxleobis didi nawili siRaribis zRvars miRma datova.
xelisuflebis erTerTi mTavari mizani unda iyos qveynis globaluri konkurentunarianobis zrda. am TvalsazrisiT jer kid ev arsebobs inovaciebisa da samecniero kvlevebis deficiti, rac ganaTlebis sistemis araefeqturma reformirebam da samecniero institutebze mizanmimarTulma Setevam da qveynidan inteleqtis gadinebam ganapiroba. amis gamo qveynis globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi sakmaod dabalia.
sakvanZo sityvebi: inovaciuri menejmenti, resursebi, finansebi, diversificireba.
ABSTRACT
The paper deals with the international image of the country and the Georgian nation on the critical edge. The reasons are considered to be the unre-solved problems in the country such as the low lev-el of economic development, human constitutional rights and infrastructure.
It is worth mentioning that the weakening of the nation and the village is the destruction of the coun-try’s history and traditions. It is necessary to improve the demographic situation. One of the main direc-tions of the demographic policy is to create stimu-lating and facilitating effective conditions.Special at-tention should be paid to the reduction of child mor-tality and the improvement of healthcare in general. Establishment of harmonious relationship between people and state institutions will promotethe welfare of the country and its population.
All these should be based on the consideration of the traditional values of the nation, overall care of the people and the country’s well-being. The main resource of the country must be a healthy, well-edu-cated, morally formidable and patriotic spirit.
The priority of the country should be the intro-duction of innovations in all areas. There are many competitions among young people, innovative clubs are created, finances are spent and the result is that distinctive young people are taken abroad to study.
Unfortunately, the best of them do not come back anymore, who returns they are without prospects, be-cause there is no environment here where they can use their knowledge.
Because of the errors in education we do not have a qualified staff, we lose the interest of education and labor, there is the sharpest decline in living stan-dards, the deepening of alienation, the demographic situation worsens, the feeling of unconsciousness in-creases, the emigration increases, the national values are evaluated, damaged, and ruined. The national treasuresare on the critical edge. The country’s ecol-ogy is dramatically worsening, as a result of the un-explained exploitation and misuse of spoilages made a negative effect on the ground that is already blown out. Even in the Colchis Valley, the initial processes of desertification are observed.
Create a legal base in order to monitor strictly the terms of the contract with investors. There are all conditions in the country to use our natural re-
17inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #4, 2017
menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
sources reasonably and use the country’s regions effectively.
The decisive measures in the country should be taken to create such a legislative basis for the ratio-nal use of natural resources,in the management of investments which will damage less the interests of the country and will benefit more from its econom-ic development.
One of the most important steps for the growth of economic is the creation of new types of prod-ucts, diversification of new markets and mobilizing new resources.More activity is needed to imple-ment innovations in the economy and activate still unused resources.
These and other negative developments in the country have had a negative effect on the living conditions of the country’s population.The atten-tion of the agro-sector that is the vital importance for the country has relaxed. That left most of the population behind the poverty line.
One of the main goals of the government is to increase the global competitiveness of the country.There is still a shortage of innovations and scien-tific researches, which is caused by ineffective re-forms of the education system, deliberate attacks on scientific institutions and the intellectual drive out of the country. Because of this the index of country’s global competitiveness is quite low.
Keywords:innovation, management, resources, Fi-nance, diversification.
Cveni qveynis gadarCena – arseboba saocrebas unda SevadaroT, radgan Cven qarTvelebad davrCiT, erTmaneTs qarTulad velaparakebiT da saqarTvelos miwawyalze vcxovrobT. swored im saxelovani winaprebis damsaxurebaa, romlebic dReniadag iRwvodnen qveynisaTvis. sicocxlis fasad SeinarCunes mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi es qveyana dRemde ver movidoda da Cven usaTuod gaviziarebdiT wina aziis, axlo aRmosavleTisa, Tu xmelTaSua zRvis auzis im uZvelesi xalxebisa da civilizaciebis beds, romelTa dideba da saxelmwifoebrioba istoriis bnel labirinTebSi Caikarga da Caiferfla. amitom
gvmarTebs yvelas, ersa da bers, viazrovnoT saxelmwifoebrivad, raTa gavacnobieroT is, rom sakuTari bedniereba da keTildReoba SeuZlebelia qveynis siZlieris gareSe.
Cvenda savalalod qveynis da qarTveli eris saerTaSoriso imiji kritikul zRvarzea. amis mizezad migvaCnia qveynaS mougvarebeli problemebi, iseTi, rogoricaa ekonomikis ganviTarebis, adamianis konstituciuri uflebebis (Sromis, usafrTxoebis, samarTlianobis, dasvenebis, jandacvis, damsaxurebuli pensiis da sxva), da infrastruqturis dabali done. am fonze izrdeba migracia, icleba sofeli, mTlianad regioni, uWirs qalaqs, qveynis demografiuli suraTi katastrofis zRvarzea, adamianebi kargaven perspeqtivis rwmenas da maTSi mkvidrdeba nihilizmi. TandaTan ikvreba jadosnuri wre, romlis daZlevac male SeuZlebeli gaxdeba.
yovelive zemoT Tqmuls adasturebs statistikuri monacemebi. 2015 welTan SedarebiT 2016 wels Sobadoba 2680 iT, qorwineba 4000–iT Semcirda. 1970–aTian wlebSi mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba 76 aTass aRwevda, maSin roca es maCvenebeli 2015 wels 10 aTass, xolo 2016 sul raRac 5 aTasamde daeca. imave wlebSi bunebrivi mateba soflad 30–40 aTasidan 359 kacamdea dasuli. Tu 2002 wels saqarTveloSi gaukacrielebuli soflebis raodenoba 143 iyo, amJamad 220–s aRemateba. 2000 wels 16 erTkomliani sofeli arsebobda, xolo 2014 wels 39–s Seadgenda, 2002 wels 5000 kaciani soflebis raodenoba iyo 28, amJamad maTi ricxvi 12–mdea Semcirebuli. katastrofulad mcirdeba eTnikurad qarTveli mosaxleobis saerTo xvedriTi wili Cvens qveyanaSi. eris da soflis dasusteba qveynis istoriis, tradiciebis ganadgurebis tolfasia. amisaTvis aucilebelia daemografiuli viTarebis gajansaReba, romelic warmoudgenelia tradiciuli, aranakleb sam Taobiani ojaxebis aRorZinebis gareSe. demografiuli politikis erTerTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba unda iyos mastimulirebeli da xelSemwyobi efeqturi pirobebis Seqmna. marTalia am mimarTulebiT nabijebi idgmeba, magram dRevandeli katastrofuli
18 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #4, 2017
inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva - INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
mdgomareobidan Tavis dasaRwevad es Zalze mcirea. maSin roca demografiulad ufro nakleb saSiS mdgomareobaSi myofi qveynebi solidur finansur Tu sxva saSualebebs ar iSureben amisaTvis (ara marto TavianT qveynebSi, aramed sazRvargareT mcxovrebi sakuTari diasporebisTvisac). saWiroa gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamoviCinoT bavSvTa sikvdilianobis Semcirebasa da saerTod jandacvis gaumjobesebis mizniT (aq saubari unda iyos aramarto samedicino dazRvevaze, aramed samedicino momsaxureobisa da wamlebis ganusazRvrelad maRal fasebze da maT dabal xarisxze). harmoniuli urTierTobebis damyareba xalxsa da saxelmwifo instituciebs Soris xels Seuwyobs qveynisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRlebas. yovelive es dafuZnebuli unda iyos eris tradiciul faseulobebis gaTvaliswinebaze, xalxisa da qveynis keTildReobis amaRlebis yovelmxriv zrunvaze. am saqmeSi aqtiurad unda iyos CarTuli farTo sazogadoeba, mecniereba, ganaTleba, kultura, sporti, religia da sxva. qveynis ZiriTad resursad unda iqces janmrTeli, kargad aRzrdili, ganaTlebuli, zneobrivad Camoyalibebuli, patriotuli suliskveTebiT gamorCeuli adamiani. adamianebs axasiaTebs garemo pirobebTan adaptaciis SesaniSnavi unari, magram Znelia maT gamoiCinon es unari gauTavebeli da daumTavrebeli reformebis pirobebSi. miTumetes Tu es reformebi yvela sferoSi erTdroulad mimdinareobs, Tanac ise, rom aravin aanalizebs Catarebuli reformebis efeqturobasa da mis gavlenas adamianebisa da qveynis keTildReobis doneze. qveyanaSi prioritetuli unda iyos inovaciebis danergva yvela sferoSi. amisaTvis unda moxdes inovaciebis waxaliseba, axalgazrdebis metad CarTva ara marto saxelmwifos marTvis struqturebSi, aramed warmoebisa de SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi. amiT SevamcirebT niWieri axalgazrdobis gadinebas sazRvargareT da maTi niWisa da codnis gamoyenebas qveynisaTvis sasargeblod. qveyanaSi tardeba bevri konkursi axalgazrdebs Soris, iqmneba inovaciuri klubebi Tu fablabebi, ixarjeba finansebi da Sedegi
isaa, rom gamorCeuli axalgazrdoba miyavT ucxoeTSi saswavleblad, samwuxarod maTgan saukeTesoni ukan aRar brundeba, vinc brundeba perspeqtivis gareSe rCeba, radgan aq ar xvdebaT iseTi garemo, sadac srulad gamoiyenebs miRebul codnas.
imis gamo, rom xarvezebia ganaTlebaSi ar gvyavs kvalificiuri specialistebi, ar gvyavs specialisti ar sruldeba samuSao, ar sruldeba saqme ikargeba ganaTlebisa da Sromisadmi interesi, mkveTrad ecema cxovrebis done, Rrmavdeba TaobaTa Soris gaucxoeba, uaresdeba demografiuli mdgomareoba, imatebs uperspeqtiulobis SegrZneba, matulobs emigracia, iyideba Senoba–nagebobebi da miwis nakveTebi ZiriTadad ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebze, xdeba erovnuli faseulobebis gadafaseba, niavdeba da gapartaxebis pirasaa misuli erovnuli simdidreebi, tyeebi, mdinareebi, wiaRiseuli, katastrofulad uaresdeba qveynis ekologia, mouvlelobisa da araswori eqspluataciis Sedegad gamofitulia isedac mwiri savargulebi. kolxeTis dablobSic ki SeimCneva gaudabnoebis sawyisi procesebi.
qveyanam uari ar unda Tqvas garedan Semosul investiciebze. piriqiT saWiroa rac SeiZleba meti investiciebi movizidoT, magram aucilebelia meti goniereba gamoviCinoT, roca saqme exeba erovnul faseulobebs da strategiul obieqtebs, ar davxarbdeT erTjerad mogebas, ar wamovegoT momxveWeli ucxoelis ankess, ar gadavayoloT qveynis resursi viRac erTi korumpirebuli gaumaZRari Cinovnikis madas. Tu Cven efeqturad ver viTvisebT bunebriv resursebs, is mainc unda movaxerxoT, rac SeiZleba meti materialuri mogeba miviRoT, bunebaze da ekologiaze naklebi zianis miyenebiT. aseve unda CavdoT investorTan xelSekrulebaSi adgilobrivi kadrebis dasaqmebis, bunebrivi, ekologiuri, Tu istoriuli Zeglebis dacvis moTxovnebi da SevqmnaT samarTlebrivi baza imisaTvis, rom mkacrad vakontroloT xelSekrulebis Sesrulebis pirobebi. rac mTavaria, investorebTan xelSekrulebebi SeiZleba iyos grZel vadiani da ara uvado. samwuxarod
19inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #4, 2017
menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
Cveni qveynis “mesveurebs” da Tanamdebobis pirebs saerTo–saxalxo simdidre TavianT sakuTrebad miaCniaT da licenziebs gascemen ucxour Tu Sinaur invevestorze ise, rom xalxs araferi ergeba am qonebidan da Cven, am qveynis moqalaqeebi, imaze ufro Zvirad vyidulobT Cvenive qonebas, vidre is ucxoeTSi iyideba. Tu ase gagrZelda miviRebT imave Sedegs rac dagvrCa sabWoTa memkvidreobidan. maSinac, im ganukiTxaobis periodSi, udierad movepyariT im mciredsac, rac sabWoeTis samarTalmemkvidre ruseTma dagvitova. qonebis sanacvlod miviReT e.w. vauCerebi, romlebic kapikebad SeiZines, an ufasod miiTvises yofilma Cinosnebma. gamdidrdnen dabali Cinis mqone rusi samxedroebi, romlebic CvenTvis kuTnil samxedro teqnikasa Tu sawvav–sapox masalebSi fuls gvaxdevinebdnen. Tu ukrainasa da sxva yofil sabWoTa respublikebs ergoT TavianTi qvotebiT gamoyofili samxedro teqnika, Cven Cveni wilis 10%–ic ver SevinarCuneT. paradoqsia magram faqtia, saqarTvelo, sazRvao qveyana, romelsac sabWoTa sazomiT ori didi, foTisa da baTumis, porti gaaCnda, darCa ramdenime erTeuli TevzsaWeri gemis amara. im qvotidan kuTvnili gemebi jarTis fasad gaiyida TiTqosda amortizirebisa da uvargisobis gamo. am dros cnobilia, rom zogierTi maTgani, mcireodeni SekeTebisa da modernizaciis Semdgom, exlac dacuraven da mogebas aZleven axal mflobelebs. qveyanas gaaCnda mcire gemTmSenebeliSemkeTebeli, tankmSenebeli, saaviacio (TbilisSi da quTaisSi) qarxnebi. maTi SenarCunebiT qveynis TavdacviTunarianoba ufro maRalefeqturi da Semosavlebis momtanic iqneboda, radgan Cven samxreTeli mezobeli qveynebis umetesobas sabWoTa iaraRi sakmaod hqondaT da maTi SekeTeba, marto geografiuli siaxlovis gamo, ufro iafi daujdebodaT, CvenTvis ki udidesi Semosavlebis wyaro iqneboda. amasTan iZulebuli iqneboda saxelmwifo an Tundac kerZo mflobeli teqnologiebi gaeumjobesebina da sxva axali produqciis gamoSvebaze ezruna. es Tavis mxriv ganaviTarebda warmoebas, gazrdida
samuSao adgilebis raodenobas, Seamcirebda qveyanaSi krizisis saSiSroebas.
qveyanaSi yvela piroba arsebobs imisaTvis rom gonivrulad gamoviyenoT Cven xelT arsebuli bunebrivi resursebi da efeqturi xasiaTi mivceT qveynis regionebis ganviTarebas. cxadia, rom wina saarCevno periodSi didi dapirebebi keTdeba, magram Sedegis momcemi jerjerobiT arcerTi ar gamoCenila.
am da mravali sxva, qveynisaTvis saWirboroto mniSvnelobis, Secdomebisa Tu gadaxvevebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da axlis ar daSvebis mizniT qveyanaSi unda miRebuli iqnas gadamwyveti zomebi iseTi sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmnisa bunebrivi resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebis, investiciebis marTvis saqmeSi, romelic nakleb zians miayenebs qveynis interesebs da met sargeblobas moutans mis ekonomikur ganviTarebas.
ekonomikis aRmavlobis erTerTi mniSvnelovani etapia axali saxeobis produqciis Seqmna, axali bazrebis diversificireba da axali resursebis mobilizeba–aTviseba, romelic yovelTvis did dividendebs iZleva. amitom ufro meti aqtiurobaa saWiro ekonomikaSi siaxleebis danergvisaTvis da arsebuli, jer kidev gamouyenebeli resursebis aTviseba–gaaqtiurebis saqmeSi. saqmiani adamianebi siaxleebis danergvamde specialistebs kvlevebs ukveTaven da did Tanxebsac xarjaven am saqmeSi momavali mogebis miRebis imedad. CvenTan rogorc yovelTvis yvelaferi piriqiTaa. arsebobs mecnieruli kvlevebi unikaluri qarTuli wylis resursisa, romelsac investori ratomRac ar gamouCnda. am kvlevis mixedviT saqarTvelos gaaCnia Zvirfasi bunebrivi resursi mtknari wylis saxiT. qveyanaSi wylis maragi uSretia (da aseTad darCeba, Tu saTanadod gavufrTxildebiT bunebas), amasTan sxva bunebrivi simdidreebisagan (navTobi, gazi da sxva madneuli wiaRiseuli) gansxvavebiT aRdgenadia. bunebis aseT saCuqars verc vafasebT da verc viyenebT. samwuxaroa rom XXI saukuneSi, Cvens qveyanaSi yoveli arCevnebis win mTavrobebis danapirebSi pirvel adgilzea dapireba 24
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inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva - INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
saaTiani an saerTod sasmeli wyliT uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb, es maSin roca Cven gagvaCnia resursi vawarmooT dRe–RameSi 26 miliardi litri maRal xarisxiani sasmeli wyali, anu dedamiwis mosaxleobis sadRe–Ramiso moTxovnilebaze (17,5 mil. litri) meti. aq saubaria ara marto ubralod mtknar wyalze, romelic saocneboa dedamiwis 7 miliardiani mosaxleobidan 4,5 miliardisaTvis, aramed unikaluri Tvisebebis mqone, sxvadasxva mineralizaciiT gamorCeul samkurnalo–mineralur wylebzec. imave kvlevebiT dgindeba, rom dabalmineralizebuli sasmeli wyali miwis xuTsarTulovan bunebriv SreebSi ifiltreba da dedamiwis zedapirze mza produqtis saxiT amoedineba. gasakviri araa, rom legendebSi qarTul wyals ukdavebis wylad moixsenieben. samwuxaroa da uyairaTobis Tu uniaTobis magaliTia, hqondes dRe–RameSi 26 miliardi litri wylis resursi, roca moTxovnilebis dasakmayofilebad msoflios 12 miliardi litris deficitis Sevseba sWirdeba. yovelgvari gadaWarbebis gareSe saqarTvelos SeuZlia 50 miliardi litri wyali gaitanos saerTaSoriso bazarze, rac biujets mniSvnelovnad gazrdis (zogierTi gaTvlebiT 4,5 miliardi dolariT).
cnobilia, rom adamianis organizmi Seicavs 90%mde wyals. sicocxlis unarianobis SenarCunebisaTvismisTvisaucilebeliadReRameSi 36 litriwyalimiiRos. wylisbevrad meti raodenobaa saWiro sanitaruli da sameurneoyofiTi moTxovnilebisaTvis. mosaxleobis mier wylis moxmareba epidemiologiuri TvalsazrisiT unda iyos uxifaTo. wyali ar unda Seicavdes infeqciuri daavadebebis gamomwvev mikrobebs da virusebs. wylis epidemiologiur usafrTxoebas uzrunvelyofs Camdinare wylis biologiuri wmenda, sasmeli wylis gausnebovneba, wyalsatevebis sanitarul dacva da sxv. rogorc iuneskos monacemebidan irkveva, msoflioSi yovelwliurad 250 milioni adamiani iRupeba sasmeli wylis deficitis an uxarisxo wylis moxmarebis mizeziT. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis prognoziT, ramdenime weliwadSi, mtknari wylis msof
lio resursis Semcirebis gamo 4 miliardi adamiani darCeba fiziologiuri saWiroebisaTvis aucilebeli wylis minimumis gareSe. aRniSnuli problemebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi saqarTvelom udavod unda SeiZinos maRali xarisxis mqone bunebrivi sasmeli wylis mwarmoebeli da mimwodebeli, erTerTi mniSvnelovani qveynis funqcia.
wyali aris is upirvelesi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis kvebis produqti, romlis gareSec kacobriobis arseboba warmoudgenelia, amitom TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi am mxriv metnaklebi problemebi arsebobs. Cvens qveyanaSi wyali bunebis mier naboZebi RvTiuri Zalaa, romlis mimarT araerTi miTi Tu legendebi arsebobs.
unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelo mdidaria mdinareebiT (26060), romelTa saerTo sigrZe 60 aTas kms aRwevs, tbebiT (850) romelTa moculoba 0.5 mln m3s aRemateba da wyalsacavebiT (44) wylis zedapiris saerTo farTobi 163 km2ia. CvenSi myinvarebis ricxvi 786 aRwevs, xolo saerTo farTobi — 555.88 km²s. saqarTveloSi, aseve, mravladaa CanCqerebi. is gvxvdeba samegreloSi (oCxomuris, abaSisa da tobas), afxazeTSi (gegis, kliCis), yazbegis raionSi (arSis, gveleTis), kaxeTSi (lagodexis) da sxv.
sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdgomi wlebis statistikurma monacemebma dagvanaxa, Tu rogor moiSala da ganadgurda agroseqtoris iseTi wamyvani dargebi rogoricaa meCaioba, mecitruseoba, mexileoba, dafnis warmoeba, meTxeoba da mravali sxva sasicocxlod mniSvnelobis dargebi, romelTa xvedriTi wili agroseqtoris mTlian Sida produqciaSi sakmaod didi iyo. Zirfesvianad ganadgurda arsebuli jer kidev vargisiani teqnika, romelic jarTad aqcies. privatizaciis Sedegad pirvel etapze SenarCunebuli unda yofiliyo sawarmoebis 2030% mainc, romelsac SeeZlo ewarmoebina is saWiro produqti, romelic uzrunvelyofda mosaxleobis moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebas Sida bazarze, amis nacvlad Sida bazris kari farTod gavuReT mdare xarisxis, magram iaffasian genmodificirebul importirebul saqonels.
21inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #4, 2017
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saqarTveloSi damoukideblobis gamocxadebis dRidan Tavi iCina sabWoTa mentalurma damokidebulebam saqmisadmi. xelisuflebaSi da sawarmos mmarTvelobaSi mokalaTdnen Zveli partiuli da sameurneo nomenklatura, romlebic inerciiT, sabWoTa meTodebiT ganagrZobdnen marTvas. amas Tan erToda uamravi subieqturi Tu obieqturi, Sinagani da gare problemebi, ramac didi daRi daasva qveynis ganviTarebas. mmarTveli elita SeCveuli iyo zemdgomi organoebis direqtivebis usityvo Sesrulebas da maTi warmatebuloba dakavSirebuli iyo imasTan, Tu rogor moaxerxebdnen gamoyofili fondebis droze mopovebasa da aTvisebas, xolo Semsruleblebi mTlianad damokidebuli iyvnen xelmZRvanelobaze da sruliad inertulad da yovelgvari motivaciis gareSe, formalurad asrulebda samuSaos. yvelas, dawyebuli damlageblidan warmoebis xelmZRvanelamde, sazrunavi iyo rac SeiZleba meti materialuri faseuloba wamoeRo sawarmodan. es CvenSi, xolo aRmosavleT evropis socialistur qveynebSi ufro meti doziT iyo ganviTarebuli kerZo sakuTreba (ungreTSi, poloneTSi, CexoslovakiaSi), ramac dadebiTi roli iTamaSa am qveynebSi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebaSi. igive gzas daadga baltiispireTis yofili sabWoTa respublikebi. roca ssr kavSirSi “gardqmnis” periodSi dauSves kooperativebis Seqmna, Tu CvenSi umetes wilad savaWro da ufro naklebad momsaxureobisa da kidev ufro naklebi samewarmeo kooperativebi iqmneboda, baltiispireTSi masiurad yalibdeboda samrewvelo da sasoflosameurneo sawarmoebi. im periodSi maTi moqalaqeebis sabanko Tu naRdi fuladi danazogebi ixarjeboda manqanadanadgarebisa sxvadasxva daniSnulebis teqnikis SeZenaze, Cveni moqalaqeebis milionobiT danazogebi ki “Semnaxvelma bankma” STanTqa. es Tanxa dakarga mosaxleobamac da saxelmwifomac, radgan misi saSinao valad asaxvaze didi brZola mimdinareobs dResac. aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom sabWoTa Caketili meurneobidan droze ver ganxorcielda sagareo bazarze orientirebul, Tanamedrove msof
lio meurneobis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi tendenciad da saerTaSoriso biznesis ganviTarebis ekonomikuri safuZvlad miCneul “Ria ekonomikaze” gadasvla. samwuxarod, dResdReobiT Cveni qveynis CarTuloba globalizaciis procesSi mxolod natosa da evrostruqturebisaken ltolvaSi gamoixateba da am dros importis saxiT upiratesad mza produqti Semoedineba, xolo eqsportiT resursebi gaedineba.
qveyanaSi ganviTarebulma am da sxva negatiurma movlenebma uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia qveynis mosaxleobis cxovrebis pirobebze. modunda qveynisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis agroseqtorisadmi yuradReba, romelmac mosaxleobis didi nawili siRaribis zRvars miRma datova. iwyeba umuSevrobis, uimedobis jerjerobiT dausrulebeli procesi mosaxleobis didi nawili tovebs sofels, legalurad Tu aralegalurad miemgzavreba sazRvargareT lukmapuris saSovnelad, iq ki, xSir SemTxvevaSi qarTveli kacis imedebi kraxiT mTavrdeba.
xelisuflebis erTerTi mTavari mizani unda iyos qveynis globaluri konkurentunarianobis zrda. am TvalsazrisiT jer kidev arsebobs inovaciebisa da samecniero kvlevebis deficiti, rac ganaTlebis sistemis araefeqturma reformirebam da samecniero institutebze mizanmimar Tulma Setevam da qveynidan inteleqtis gadinebam ganapiroba. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mier gamoqveynebuli monacemebiT, qveynis globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi sakmaod dabalia. amis mizezad da saqarTvelos erTerT umTavres problemad samuSao Zalis dabal kompetencia saxeldeba. amas emateba proteqcionizmi, nepotizmi, naTesaobrivi Tu megobruli klanebis arseboba.
sabWoTa respublikebs Soris saqarTvelo erTerTi mowinave iyo mosaxleobis cxovrebis doniT, axla ki, msoflio ekonomikuri forumis angariSis mixedviT, saqarTvelo Tavisi konkurentunarianobis reitingiT 131 qveynidan oTxmocdameaTe adgilzea, xolo 2010 wlisaTvis erT sul mosaxleze gaTvlili mTliani Sida produqtis realuri moculobiT 1990 wlis maCvenebels 25%iT
22 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #4, 2017
inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva - INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT
CamorCeba, rac mas yofil sabWoTa qveynebs Sorisac arasaxarbielo maCveneblebiT gamoarCevs. magaliTad, amave periodSi estoneTSi zrdam Seadgina 63%, latviaSi 24%, somxeTSi 66%, azerbaijanSi87%. mSp saqarTveloSi 1997 wlidan 2003 wlis CaTvliT gaizarda 70%iT, xolo 2004 wlidan 2009 wlis CaTvliT mxolod 36%iT; bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi gaizarda mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba, magram realuri ekonomikuri ganviTareba ver moxda. zrdis stimulirebisaTvis didi raodenobiT krediti iqna aRebuli, gaizarda sagareo valdebulebebi da gasxvisda strategiuli mniSvnelobis saxelmwifo qoneba. permanentulad uaresdeba viTareba dasaqmebaSi, izrdeba umuSevroba da kritikul niSnuls miaRwia farulma umuSevrobam. oficialuri statistikiT soflis mcxovrebi TviTdasaqmebulebs miekuTvnebian, amitom soflad statistikuri monacemebiT umuSebrobis 6,5%iani maCvenebeli gvaqvs, maSin roca es maCvenebeli 27% mdea. statistikas Tu moviSveliebT, saqarTveloSi daqiravebulTa raodenoba 600 000 ar aRemateba, xolo TviTdasaqmebulTa raodenoba milionze metia. amaTgan 50% soflis mcxovrebia. mniSvnelovania, rom 15 welia arc soflis meurneoba viTardeba teqnologiurad da arc ekonomikis sxva seqtorebSi iqmneba axali samuSao adgilebi. amasTan ukve mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi mkveTrad Camoyalibda saqarTvelodan sxvadasxva qveynebSi samuSao Zalis gadinebis saxifaTo tende
cia. gasuli samuSao Zalis absoluturi umravlesoba dakavebulia dabalkvalificiuri, dabalanazRaurebadi SromiT da Zalian mcire nawilia maRalkvalificiur samuSao adgilebze.
Cveni qveyana aravis mona ar unda iyos, qarTveli xalxi yovelTvis gmiruli suliskveTebiT gamoirCeoda, dRes ki yvela juris vai konsultatebisa Tu gulSematkivrebis miTiTebebis, romelTac rCevebis formiT niRbaven, savaldebulod aRsrulebis poligonad viqeciT. oRond ucxoels moewonos da ar ewyinos, Cveni Cinovnikebi aras dagideven erovnuli interesebis xelyofasac ki.
qveyana moigebs maSin, roca arCeviT da daniSnul Tanamdebobebze xelisuflebis sxvadasxva StoebSi iqnebian patriotuli suliskveTebiT gulanTebuli da amasTanave kargi warsulis, reputaciisa da maRali kvalifikaciis mqone specialistebi. saqarTvelos mosaxleobas meti saSualebebi unda hqondes akontrolos sajaro moxeleebi, SeeZloT maTi gamowveva arCeviTi organoebidan da uRirsebis ganTavisuflebis moTxovna dakavebuli Tanamdebobebidan. maSin mavansa da mavans aRar eqneba ltolva didi Tanamdebobisaken, gamorCeuli privilegiebisa da ganusazRvreli uflebebis misaRebad, movaleobebis Sesrulebis ugulvelyofiT. amiT xalxisneba survilebi metad dakmayofildeba da qveyanac ufro swrafad da mizanmimarTulad ganviTardeba.