METABOLIC DISORDERS OF LIVESTOCK

Inborn errors of metabolism occur from a group of rare genetic disordersDisorders caused by defects in the enzymes

PASTURE BLOAT

bull Cause ndash High legume

pastures produce more foam

bull Heavy foam traps gasses

ENTEROTOXEMIA(OVER-EATING DISEASE)

bull Causendash Toxin produced by clostridium perfringensbacteria that grow when fed high energy feedsor lush pasturesbull Symptomsndash Sudden deathndash Can be prevented by vaccination

GRASS TETANY (GRASS STAGGERS)

bull Causendash Low blood Mg and in many cases low blood Candash Cattle grazing on lush grass pastures in latterstages of gestation or early lactationbull Symptomsndash Nervousness staggering convulsions coma anddeath

KETOSIS

bull Causendash CHO- low blood sugarndash High energy demand pulls down fat reservesrapidlybull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite acetone (sweetish chloroformlikesmell) odor from milk urine and breath

Night Blindness bull Cause ndash Vitamin A deficiency bull Symptoms bull Roughened hair and

scaly skin with mild deficiency

bull Prolonged deficiency leads to poor vision in dim

light and eye ulceration

Nitrate poisoning bull Cause ndash Excessive levels of

nitrate plant material bull Symptoms ndash Bluish coloration of

membranes staggering

shortness of breath and death

LIVER ABSCESSES

bull Cause ndash High concentrate

rations bull Symptoms ndash Symptoms include

reduced feed intake and gain

ndash Can be prevented with antibiotics

Pregnancy disease of ewes

bull Cause ndash Ewes carrying twins

or triplets in the last 6 weeks of gestation ndash Insufficient CHO -

low blood sugar bull Symptoms ndash Ketosis in sheep

PARTURIENT PARESISMILK FEVER HYPOCALEMIA

bull Causendash Low blood Calciumndash Usually occurs within 72 hours followingparturitionndash Ewes in the latter stages of gestationbull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite nervousness collapse headturned back toward flank

NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM

It is nutritional metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) usually secondary to poor nutrition

All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder

Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia

Increased PTH causes bone resorption amp Ca thus mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid

Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities fractures and loss of structural support

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

PASTURE BLOAT

bull Cause ndash High legume

pastures produce more foam

bull Heavy foam traps gasses

ENTEROTOXEMIA(OVER-EATING DISEASE)

bull Causendash Toxin produced by clostridium perfringensbacteria that grow when fed high energy feedsor lush pasturesbull Symptomsndash Sudden deathndash Can be prevented by vaccination

GRASS TETANY (GRASS STAGGERS)

bull Causendash Low blood Mg and in many cases low blood Candash Cattle grazing on lush grass pastures in latterstages of gestation or early lactationbull Symptomsndash Nervousness staggering convulsions coma anddeath

KETOSIS

bull Causendash CHO- low blood sugarndash High energy demand pulls down fat reservesrapidlybull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite acetone (sweetish chloroformlikesmell) odor from milk urine and breath

Night Blindness bull Cause ndash Vitamin A deficiency bull Symptoms bull Roughened hair and

scaly skin with mild deficiency

bull Prolonged deficiency leads to poor vision in dim

light and eye ulceration

Nitrate poisoning bull Cause ndash Excessive levels of

nitrate plant material bull Symptoms ndash Bluish coloration of

membranes staggering

shortness of breath and death

LIVER ABSCESSES

bull Cause ndash High concentrate

rations bull Symptoms ndash Symptoms include

reduced feed intake and gain

ndash Can be prevented with antibiotics

Pregnancy disease of ewes

bull Cause ndash Ewes carrying twins

or triplets in the last 6 weeks of gestation ndash Insufficient CHO -

low blood sugar bull Symptoms ndash Ketosis in sheep

PARTURIENT PARESISMILK FEVER HYPOCALEMIA

bull Causendash Low blood Calciumndash Usually occurs within 72 hours followingparturitionndash Ewes in the latter stages of gestationbull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite nervousness collapse headturned back toward flank

NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM

It is nutritional metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) usually secondary to poor nutrition

All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder

Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia

Increased PTH causes bone resorption amp Ca thus mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid

Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities fractures and loss of structural support

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

ENTEROTOXEMIA(OVER-EATING DISEASE)

bull Causendash Toxin produced by clostridium perfringensbacteria that grow when fed high energy feedsor lush pasturesbull Symptomsndash Sudden deathndash Can be prevented by vaccination

GRASS TETANY (GRASS STAGGERS)

bull Causendash Low blood Mg and in many cases low blood Candash Cattle grazing on lush grass pastures in latterstages of gestation or early lactationbull Symptomsndash Nervousness staggering convulsions coma anddeath

KETOSIS

bull Causendash CHO- low blood sugarndash High energy demand pulls down fat reservesrapidlybull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite acetone (sweetish chloroformlikesmell) odor from milk urine and breath

Night Blindness bull Cause ndash Vitamin A deficiency bull Symptoms bull Roughened hair and

scaly skin with mild deficiency

bull Prolonged deficiency leads to poor vision in dim

light and eye ulceration

Nitrate poisoning bull Cause ndash Excessive levels of

nitrate plant material bull Symptoms ndash Bluish coloration of

membranes staggering

shortness of breath and death

LIVER ABSCESSES

bull Cause ndash High concentrate

rations bull Symptoms ndash Symptoms include

reduced feed intake and gain

ndash Can be prevented with antibiotics

Pregnancy disease of ewes

bull Cause ndash Ewes carrying twins

or triplets in the last 6 weeks of gestation ndash Insufficient CHO -

low blood sugar bull Symptoms ndash Ketosis in sheep

PARTURIENT PARESISMILK FEVER HYPOCALEMIA

bull Causendash Low blood Calciumndash Usually occurs within 72 hours followingparturitionndash Ewes in the latter stages of gestationbull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite nervousness collapse headturned back toward flank

NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM

It is nutritional metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) usually secondary to poor nutrition

All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder

Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia

Increased PTH causes bone resorption amp Ca thus mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid

Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities fractures and loss of structural support

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

GRASS TETANY (GRASS STAGGERS)

bull Causendash Low blood Mg and in many cases low blood Candash Cattle grazing on lush grass pastures in latterstages of gestation or early lactationbull Symptomsndash Nervousness staggering convulsions coma anddeath

KETOSIS

bull Causendash CHO- low blood sugarndash High energy demand pulls down fat reservesrapidlybull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite acetone (sweetish chloroformlikesmell) odor from milk urine and breath

Night Blindness bull Cause ndash Vitamin A deficiency bull Symptoms bull Roughened hair and

scaly skin with mild deficiency

bull Prolonged deficiency leads to poor vision in dim

light and eye ulceration

Nitrate poisoning bull Cause ndash Excessive levels of

nitrate plant material bull Symptoms ndash Bluish coloration of

membranes staggering

shortness of breath and death

LIVER ABSCESSES

bull Cause ndash High concentrate

rations bull Symptoms ndash Symptoms include

reduced feed intake and gain

ndash Can be prevented with antibiotics

Pregnancy disease of ewes

bull Cause ndash Ewes carrying twins

or triplets in the last 6 weeks of gestation ndash Insufficient CHO -

low blood sugar bull Symptoms ndash Ketosis in sheep

PARTURIENT PARESISMILK FEVER HYPOCALEMIA

bull Causendash Low blood Calciumndash Usually occurs within 72 hours followingparturitionndash Ewes in the latter stages of gestationbull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite nervousness collapse headturned back toward flank

NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM

It is nutritional metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) usually secondary to poor nutrition

All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder

Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia

Increased PTH causes bone resorption amp Ca thus mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid

Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities fractures and loss of structural support

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

KETOSIS

bull Causendash CHO- low blood sugarndash High energy demand pulls down fat reservesrapidlybull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite acetone (sweetish chloroformlikesmell) odor from milk urine and breath

Night Blindness bull Cause ndash Vitamin A deficiency bull Symptoms bull Roughened hair and

scaly skin with mild deficiency

bull Prolonged deficiency leads to poor vision in dim

light and eye ulceration

Nitrate poisoning bull Cause ndash Excessive levels of

nitrate plant material bull Symptoms ndash Bluish coloration of

membranes staggering

shortness of breath and death

LIVER ABSCESSES

bull Cause ndash High concentrate

rations bull Symptoms ndash Symptoms include

reduced feed intake and gain

ndash Can be prevented with antibiotics

Pregnancy disease of ewes

bull Cause ndash Ewes carrying twins

or triplets in the last 6 weeks of gestation ndash Insufficient CHO -

low blood sugar bull Symptoms ndash Ketosis in sheep

PARTURIENT PARESISMILK FEVER HYPOCALEMIA

bull Causendash Low blood Calciumndash Usually occurs within 72 hours followingparturitionndash Ewes in the latter stages of gestationbull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite nervousness collapse headturned back toward flank

NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM

It is nutritional metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) usually secondary to poor nutrition

All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder

Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia

Increased PTH causes bone resorption amp Ca thus mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid

Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities fractures and loss of structural support

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

Night Blindness bull Cause ndash Vitamin A deficiency bull Symptoms bull Roughened hair and

scaly skin with mild deficiency

bull Prolonged deficiency leads to poor vision in dim

light and eye ulceration

Nitrate poisoning bull Cause ndash Excessive levels of

nitrate plant material bull Symptoms ndash Bluish coloration of

membranes staggering

shortness of breath and death

LIVER ABSCESSES

bull Cause ndash High concentrate

rations bull Symptoms ndash Symptoms include

reduced feed intake and gain

ndash Can be prevented with antibiotics

Pregnancy disease of ewes

bull Cause ndash Ewes carrying twins

or triplets in the last 6 weeks of gestation ndash Insufficient CHO -

low blood sugar bull Symptoms ndash Ketosis in sheep

PARTURIENT PARESISMILK FEVER HYPOCALEMIA

bull Causendash Low blood Calciumndash Usually occurs within 72 hours followingparturitionndash Ewes in the latter stages of gestationbull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite nervousness collapse headturned back toward flank

NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM

It is nutritional metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) usually secondary to poor nutrition

All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder

Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia

Increased PTH causes bone resorption amp Ca thus mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid

Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities fractures and loss of structural support

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

LIVER ABSCESSES

bull Cause ndash High concentrate

rations bull Symptoms ndash Symptoms include

reduced feed intake and gain

ndash Can be prevented with antibiotics

Pregnancy disease of ewes

bull Cause ndash Ewes carrying twins

or triplets in the last 6 weeks of gestation ndash Insufficient CHO -

low blood sugar bull Symptoms ndash Ketosis in sheep

PARTURIENT PARESISMILK FEVER HYPOCALEMIA

bull Causendash Low blood Calciumndash Usually occurs within 72 hours followingparturitionndash Ewes in the latter stages of gestationbull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite nervousness collapse headturned back toward flank

NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM

It is nutritional metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) usually secondary to poor nutrition

All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder

Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia

Increased PTH causes bone resorption amp Ca thus mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid

Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities fractures and loss of structural support

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

PARTURIENT PARESISMILK FEVER HYPOCALEMIA

bull Causendash Low blood Calciumndash Usually occurs within 72 hours followingparturitionndash Ewes in the latter stages of gestationbull Symptomsndash Loss of appetite nervousness collapse headturned back toward flank

NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM

It is nutritional metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) usually secondary to poor nutrition

All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder

Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia

Increased PTH causes bone resorption amp Ca thus mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid

Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities fractures and loss of structural support

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

NUTRITIONAL SECONDARY HYPER-PARATHYROIDISM

It is nutritional metabolic disorder caused by elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) usually secondary to poor nutrition

All meat or all grain diet is rich in P which is responsible for this disorder

Low calcium and Vitamin D and malabsorption also cause hypocalcaemia

Increased PTH causes bone resorption amp Ca thus mobilized is transferred to extra-cellular fluid

Depletion of bone osteoid leads to deformities fractures and loss of structural support

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

Refers to repositioning of abomasal

compartment from the right ventral abdominal wall Twisting from this repositioning

slows or stops flow of digesta Gas buildup leads to bloat

appearance ldquoPingingrdquo detected with

stethoscope by thumping the cow near the last rib and listening

on the left flank 85-90 left-sided Right-sided more complete torsion 75 occur within 1st 14 days

postcalving Rare in heifers

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum

Abomasum = A Rumen = B C = Omasum D = Liver

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

Symptoms of DA 1048708 Dramatically

decreased feed intake 1048708 Drastic drop in milk

production 1048708 Pain (stand with

back arched) 1048708 Can diagnose by

ldquothumpingrdquo near last rib and listening along

left flank

Causes and Risk Factors 1048708 Space in abdominal cavity 1048708 Decreased feed intake 1048708 Sudden ration changes 10487081048708 Hypocalcemia allows stagnant

gut and gas buildup in abomasum 1048708 High grain feeding (high VFA

production) prior to proper rumen papillae

development 1048708 Over 23 of cases are preceded by

a different metabolic disorder 1048708 Cows with high condition scores at

parturition are more prone to displacements

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

DISPLACED ABOMASUM

1048708 When abomasal attachments stretch during

pregnancy this may increase risk for developing a DA 1048708 Genetics of the animal may also

affect the predisposition to this disorder 1048708 Resting positions may affect risk for

DA 1048708 Resting on left side reduces risk of

LDA relative to resting on right side Non-surgical treatment 1048708 Removal of gas from abomasum 1048708 Rolling cow over taking on rough

trailer ride 1048708 Tethering of right hind leg 1048708 87 recovery rate

Prevention 1048708 Prevent other metabolic

diseases 1048708 Cows should be in proper

body condition at parturition 1048708 Cows fed to encourage

maximal intake 1048708 Prevent hypocalcemia 1048708 Encourage cows to lie on left

side 1048708 Cows lie with hooves

downhill 1048708 StallBarn design may affect

incidence

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

HEMORRHAGIC BOWEL SYNDROME(HBS)

1048708 Newly emerging highly fatal intestinal disease

1048708 Sudden progressive amp occasionally massive hemorrhage into small

intestine with formation of blood clots that cause obstruction

1048708 Affected areas of intestine become necrotic

1048708 Most commonly seen in adult cows early in lactation

1048708 Cause of HBS is unknown 1048708 Maybe associated with Clostridium

perfringens type A 1048708 Treatment is difficult and often

unsuccessful 1048708 Medical therapy fluids laxatives

antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs 1048708 Surgical excision of affected bowel 1048708 There is no current control measures

unsure of pathogenesis of disease

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

MILK FEVER

1048708 Hypocalcemia 1048708 Ca mobilization unable to keep

up with demand 1048708 Calcium moves from blood to

mammary gland 10487081048708 Requires increased absorption

of calcium from feed 1048708 Requires increased resorption of

calcium from bone 1048708 Associated with blood changes 1048708 Hypophosphatemia 1048708 Hypermagnesemia 1048708 Hyperglycemia 1048708 Most cases in first 24 hours post-

calving 1048708 Higher frequency in older cows 1048708 Higher frequency in Jerseys

Symptoms No fever ears and teats actually

become hypothermic Loss of appetite Feed remains in rumen calcium is

essential for gut motility Pulse and respiration rate increase Milk fever is 100 fatal if

untreated After treatment secondary

problems may occur Degeneration of muscle nerve

paralysis from laying too long Injuries from staggering and falling

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

MASTITIS

Pathogens colonize mammary gland

1048708 Spread by milking machines milkers amp cow to

cow 1048708 Streptococcus agalactiae 1048708 Streptococcus

dysgalactiae 1048708 Staphylococcus aureus 1048708 Mycoplasma bovis Important to maintain

sanitary conditions

Mastitis Signs and Symptoms 1048708 Acute mastitis 1048708 Udder is hot very hard and

tender 1048708 Increase in temperature

refusal to eat dull eyes

1048708 Increase in blood proteins and leukocytes in

mammary tissue and milk 1048708 Blood vessels greatly dilated 1048708 Milk ducts compressed 1048708 Treatments more likely to be

unsuccessful under these conditions

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

Mastitis 1048708 Sphincter open in high-

pathogen environment 1048708 Neutrophil function

compromised by low Ca 1048708 Increases risk of ketosis 1048708 Depression of feed

intake is long-term 1048708 Dystocia 1048708 Pre-calving

hypocalcemia 1048708 No uterine contractions 1048708 Uterine prolapse

Incomplete first milking Increased incidence of mastitis Preventative feeding strategies Limit calcium intake during dry

period Not practical Limit potassium intake in forages

fed to dry cows More important By increasing concentration of

anions in diet it becomes acidogenic Decreases blood pH much less

susceptible to milk fever Increases calcium resorption from

bone Reduces severity of hypocalcemia

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

FACTORS AFFECTING RISK OFMASTITIS

Majority of new infections occur during

First three weeks of dry period

Milk left in udder First month after parturition Immune system

compromised Frequency of milking

affects risk of infection Pathogen load decreased

by evacuating milk more frequently

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

TREATMENT

1048708 Slow infusion of calcium intravenously

1048708 Rapid delivery will cause heart to stop

1048708 Some animals need second treatment 8 hours after the

first treatment 1048708 Some herds regularly use oral

calcium gels at calving to improve calcium status 1048708 Calcium chloride problematic 1048708 Calcium propionate preferred 1048708 Can be used as stand-alone

treatment in conjunction with IV calcium or as prevention

Cows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of IllCows with milk fever will typically tuck their head back

against their flank (Courtesy of University of llinois)inois)

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

PREVENTION

1048708 Clean and dry environment

1048708 Clean and dry teats at milking

1048708 Teat dips (pre- and post-milking)

1048708 Properly maintained equipment

1048708 Early identification 1048708 Prompt treatment

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats is

accomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpa

Teat dips are only effective if adequate coverage of all teats isaccomplished (Courtesy of Mark Kirkpatrick)

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

LAMINITIS

Separation of epidermal laminae from dermal laminae of hoof

Causes in cattle include Carbohydrate overload metritis ketosis

mastitis and a heritable form in Jerseys Foot rot or hoof damage and secondary

infection can result in laminitis in cattle (Bacteroides nodosus Fusobacterium

necrophorum ) Typical Clinical Findings Pain lameness abnormal stance

reluctance to move Pounding digital pulses increased

temperature of hoof wall Typical Gross Findings Acute Swelling of coronary band Chronic Circumferential hoof rings

altered hoof growth flattened sole penetration of third phalanx through sole

depressed coronary band

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

FOUNDER (LAMINITIS)

bull Cause ndash Overeating grain

digestive disturbances lush

Pasture bull Symptoms ndash Extreme pain

reluctance to move excessive

hooftoe growth

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

THANKYOU FOR ATTENTION

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class

PRESENTED BYDRIRFAN BHATTIPRESENTED TODRJAMIL AHMADCLASS DVM(IST SEMMESTER)DEPTBZUCOLLEGE OF VERINARY SCIENCES LAYYAH EMAILBZUVETSCARECLUBLAYYAHYAHOOCOM

• Metabolic disorders of livestock
• Pasture Bloat
• Enterotoxemia (over-eating disease)
• Grass Tetany (grass staggers)
• Ketosis
• Slide 6
• Liver Abscesses
• Parturient Paresis milk fever hypocalemia
• Nutritional secondary hyper-parathyroidism
• Displaced Abomasum
• Slide 11
• Displaced Abomasum (2)
• Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome(HBS)
• Milk Fever
• mastitis
• Slide 16
• Factors Affecting Risk of Mastitis
• Treatment
• Prevention
• Laminitis
• Founder (laminitis)
• Thankyou for attention
• Presented ByDRirfan bhatti presented todrjamil ahmad class